Kujabulisa Kangakanani Ukuphila Kwasedolobheni?
ISINTU esikhungathekile emadolobheni anamuhla sifuna injabulo ngezindlela eziningana. Amadolobha anjengeBombay, iBangkok, iMonte Carlo, iSan Francisco, neDallas ayazama ukuyinikeza. Ngezindlela eziningi ayakwenza lokho. Kodwa ingabe akhona amadolobha omhlaba awumthombo wenjabulo ehlala njalo?
Isimo Esikhohlisayo Uma Siqhathaniswa Nesimo Esingokoqobo
Ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, iHollywood yaba inhloko-dolobha yomhlaba kwezamabhayisikobho. Ngakho kungase kumangalise ukwazi ukuthi izwe laseNdiya likhiqiza amabhayisikobho mhlawumbe angaba ngu-800 ngonyaka. “Abantu baseNdiya baluthwe amabhayisikobho,” kuphawula umagazini waseJalimane i-Geo, ukulutheka kwabo ukubiza ngokuthi “kucishe kube njengenkolo.” Uyanezela: “Ayikho enye indawo lapho indawo yamabhayisikobho iyizwe lamaphupho lapho izigidi ezibuthene zithola khona impumelelo nengcebo, injabulo nobulungisa kumabhayisikobho kuphela ngokusobala kangaka.”
Nakuba cishe ingxenye yamabhayisikobho aseNdiya yenziwa eMadras ogwini olungasempumalanga, imboni yakhona yamabhayisikobho yaqala ogwini olungasentshonalanga. Ngo-1896, izelamani ezingamaFulentshi u-Auguste noLouis Lumière, abasunguli bomshini wokudlala amabhayisikobho othengwayo, bethula ibhayisikobho yabo yokuqala eHhotela laseBombay iWatson.
IBombay yayiyidolobhana lapho ithathwa abahwebi abangamaPutukezi ngo-1534. INkosi yaseBrithani uCharles II yashada nenkosazana engumPutukezi ngo-1661, futhi yaphiwa lelidolobhana njengesipho somshado. Ngo-1668 yathathwa i-East India Company, futhi ngokushesha iBombay yaba ichweba eliyinhloko laseNdiya elingasentshonalanga.
Enye i-encyclopedia ithi “ubuhle obungokwemvelo beBombay abudlulwa yinoma obaliphi idolobha kulendawo.” Ngenxa yokuba sendaweni enhle nangokuhambisana kwayo nesimo esikhohlisayo samabhayisikobho aseNdiya eye yasiza ekuwenzeni—ingxubevange yomculo, umdanso, nothando—iBombay bekufanele ibe idolobha lenjabulo.
Kodwa iBombay inenani labantu eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Izimo zokuminyana zisithibeza indawo enhle ezungezile yalelidolobha futhi azizijabulisi izinkulungwane eziningi ezihlala emijondolo “engenawo amanzi ahlanzekile” futhi eziphoqeleka ukusebenzisa “imifula eseduze kanye nezindawo ezisobala njengezindlu zangasese.”—5000 Days to Save the Planet.
IBombay futhi inezinkolo eziningana. Kodwa kunokuba kube nenjabulo, kuye kwaba nodlame olungokwenkolo olunzima kakhulu eNdiya. Kuleminyaka emibili nje edlule, loludlame luye lwathatha ukuphila okungamakhulukhulu eBombay iyodwa.
Izinto Eziningi Ezikhangayo Azinayo Inzuzo Yangempela
ISan Francisco nayo iyidolobha elihle ngokwemvelo. Yaziwa ngamagquma ayo, ngokuba nelinye lamachweba amahle kakhulu emhlabeni, nangamabhuloho ayo, kuhlanganise neGolden Gate eyeqa phezu kwetheku. Zimbalwa izivakashi ezihamba zingahlabekanga umxhwele.
IYerba Buena yasungulwa ngo-1835, futhi ngo-1847 yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi yiSan Francisco. Ngemva konyaka owodwa kwatholakala igolide eduze nakhona, futhi kwaqala ukuphangelana ngegolide kwaseCalifornia. Lokho okwakukade kuyidolobhana elinabantu abangamakhulu ambalwa nje ngokushesha kwaba idolobha elisemngceleni elichuma ngamabhizinisi nangamanani abantu. Kodwa laba nazo izithiyo zalo, njengokuzamazama komhlaba okubhubhisayo nomlilo wango-1906.
Okunezela ekuthandweni kweSan Francisco izitayela zayo ezithandeka emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi kwemingcele yayo, kuphawula i-European, “kunezizinda ezihlukene kakhulu ngesimo nangokubukeka kwazo.” Amaqembu ezizwe amaningana amelela iYurophu ne-Asia, njengomunye wemiphakathi emikhulu kakhulu yamaShayina engaphandle kwe-Asia. Ukuba khona kwezakhamuzi ezikhuluma iSipanishi kugcizelela ukuthi lelidolobha linendabuko yaseMexico.
Muva nje, ochwepheshe bezokuvakashela amazwe abangamakhulu amaningana bakhethe iSan Francisco “njengedolobha elihle kakhulu” kubo, bencoma “inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yobungane, ubuhle nokubekezela okutholakala khona.” Enye intatheli yenaba: “Uma ikhona into ehlukanisa iNyakatho California nedolobha engihlala kulo, leyonto iwukubekezelela lonke uhlobo lokuziphatha kwabantu okukhungathekisa futhi kuthukuthelise abantu bakwezinye izingxenye zalelizwe.”
Imikhuba yayo engavamile iye yasakazeka kabanzi. Ngawo-1960 abaningi babebukele ngokungakhululeki ngesikhathi ama-hippie anezihluthu, angahlanzekile ehlonipha “uthando” “nokuthula” ngaphambi kokubuyela endleleni yokuphila yezidakamizwa nokuziphatha okubi. Futhi lelidolobha linongqingili abaningi kulelozwe lilonke.
Ingculaza iye yayihlasela kanzima iSan Francisco. Iphephandaba elithile laseJalimane libiza lomqedazwe ngokuthi “inhlekelele embi kakhulu” yalelidolobha selokhu kwazamazama umhlaba nomlilo wango-1906, linezela ngokuthi “isimo salo senjabulo kubonakala sengathi sesinyamalele unomphela.” Lelidolobha eliseduze neGolden Gate kuye kwadingeka libhekane neqiniso elibuhlungu: Izindlela zokuphila “ezibonakala zikhanga,” nakuba zibonakala zithembisa, ziye zalahlekelwa ukukhanga kwazo ngenxa yenhliziyo ebuhlungu.
Baningi Abadliwayo Kunabawinayo
IMonte Carlo, osekuyisikhathi eside iyindawo lapho kuchanasa khona izigwili nabekhethelo, iyikhaya lenye yezindawo zokugembula ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kusukela yavulwa ngo-1861, i-casino yakhona iye yaba indawo edumile yokuphumula yezivakashi. Ama-casino amaningana asetshenziswa yilabo abanomuzwa wokuthi ukuwina ekugembuleni kuyindlela eyisa enjabulweni engapheli. Kodwa baningi kakhulu abantu abadliwayo kunabawinayo.
IMonte Carlo isoGwini Lokungcebeleka lwaseFrance ngaphansi kwesifunda saseMonaco futhi iyindawo engaphansi kwamakhilomitha-skwele angu-2,5. EMonaco kwakuhlala izakhamuzi ezingamaRoma ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngo-1297 umkhaya ocebile wakwaGrimaldi owawuvela e-Italy wayithatha. Ngemva kokulahlekelwa inkululeko yayo, okokuqala ithathwa iSpain kwase kuba iFrance, lesisifunda sabuyiselwa kwabakwaGrimaldi ngo-1814.
Ngo-1992, uRainier III, ongowesizukulwane sakwaGrimaldi, wazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwezikhonzi zakhe. Ngemva kokuphawula ukuthi “amaphesenti angamashumi amane emikhumbi yomhlaba ethwala uwoyela adlula eMedithera,” wanezela: “Ingcoliswe uwoyela ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-150 kunoLwandle LwaseNyakatho. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili amapayipi athutha ukungcola agudla lolulwandle achithela kulo ngokuqondile engazange ahlanzwe ngemithi.”
Naphezu kwezinkinga, “ayikho enye indawo yokungcebeleka,” kusho i-European, “ekwazi ngokushesha kangaka ukwakha umbono wenjabulo nokwethaba kwasendulo lapho nje kuphathwa igama layo.” Okunengxenye kulombono ama-casino akhona, iminyuziyamu, indawo yezikebhe zokungcebeleka, umjaho wezimoto—abanye bathi umjaho omkhulu kunayo yonke nonobucwazicwazi ukuyedlula yonke—kanye nendawo yakhona yomculo we-opera. Nokho, impucuko akuyona yodwa edonsela izigwili eMonte Carlo; izinzuzo zakhona zentela zinkulu.
Nokho, imali nempucuko ngeke kuyiqinisekise injabulo ehlala njalo. UCharles Wells, oyiNgisi, eqinisweni wake waziwina izizumbulu zemali eMonte Carlo ngo-1891, kodwa naphezu ‘kwalenhlanhla yakhe,’ wagcina ngokubhadla ejele. Futhi kulelidolobha elaziwa ngezinjabulo zomjaho wezimoto nezikebhe, kuyindida edabukisayo ukuthi unkosikazi weNkosana uRainier, uNkosazane uGrace, washonela engozini yemoto ngo-1982 futhi umyeni wendodakazi yabo wafa engozini yomjaho wezikebhe ngo-1990.
Impucuko Yase-United States
Nakuba indlela yokuphila yesimanje yaseMelika beyigxeka, abaseYurophu abaningi babonakala beyamukela. Ngokwesibonelo, babebukele ngenjabulo ngesikhathi izigcawu ezivusa amadlingozi namahlazo omkhaya kuvela kuma-TV iminyaka eminingana emdlalweni ozigcawugcawu obizwa ngokuthi i-Dallas. Iphephandaba laseJalimane lawuncoma lomdlalo ozigcawugcawu “ngokwanelisa isidingo esingokomzwelo” nangokudlulisela “umuzwa wokulondeka, ukwethembana, nomuzwa wokuzizwa udingekile.”
Umagazini i-Time awuncomanga lutho. Waphawula ukuthi loluhlelo “lwaphakamisa ukuzitika okusobala lwakwenza inkolo yezwe . . . Lwangenisa izibukeli eminyakeni yawo-1980 enobuGovu, ngokumisa njengesithombe sokukhulekelwa indoda yaseTexas eyaceba ngebhizinisi likawoyela.”
Umfanekiso walelidolobha eliwunikezwa ubizo walo waku-TV awukhona nakancane lokho ummeli nomhwebi uJohn Bryan ayecabanga ngakho lapho esungula isikhungo sezohwebo ngo-1841, ngokunokwenzeka esibiza ngegama likaGeorge Dallas, owayeyiphini likamongameli wase-United States. Njengoba iyidolobha lezohwebo, ezokuthutha, nokukhiqiza—liyisikhungo sezinkampani zikawoyela eziningi ukudlula noma yiliphi idolobha e-U.S.—ngempela i“Big D” inothile.
Ngokuvamile ingcebo ihlanganiswa nenjabulo, ngakho abantu bangase babheke iDallas njengedolobha elinenjabulo. Nokho, ingcebo ayizivimbeli izinto ezimbi ukuba zenzeke. EDallas kulapho uJohn F. Kennedy, umongameli wama-35 wase-United States, abulawelwa khona ngo-November 22, 1963.
Ubugebengu basedolobheni elikhulu bungenye yezinkinga zaseDallas eziphuca abantu injabulo. Enye iwukucindezeleka okubangelwa ubuhlanga nempucuko. EDallas, njengakunoma yiliphi idolobha elinomphakathi oxube izinhlanga nezindlela zokuphila, kuhlala kunengozi yokuvela kobudlova, njengoba kufakazelwa udlame lwezinhlanga eLos Angeles nodlame olungokwenkolo eBombay.
Ibindwe Impumelelo Yayo
Ngenxa yemisele yakhona eminingi, iBangkok yayivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ‘iVenice YakwelaseMpumalanga.’ Manje eminingi yaleyomisele seyavalwa imigwaqo, futhi omunye umbiko uthi “umshayeli ovamile wemoto uchitha isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingu-44 ngonyaka egqolozele ingemuva lemoto engaphambi kwakhe.”
INkosi uRama I yayingazi lutho ngezinkinga ezinjalo lapho iguqula idolobhana elincane ilenza idolobha lasebukhosini ngo-1782, iletha kabusha ngokuthi iKrung Thep, okusho ukuthi “Idolobha Lezingelosi.” Ngemva kokwakhiwa kweSigodlo Esikhulu, lonke idolobha lakhiwa lazungeza sona ngokuvumelana nenkolelo yabaseThailand yokuthi lesisigodlo sasiyinkaba yendawo yonke. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iBangkok yaba nomonakalo omkhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ngamabhomu. Naphezu kwegama layo namathempeli ayo awubukhazikhazi, izingelosi azizange ziyivikele.
Nakuba iqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-30 ukusuka eGulf of Siam, iBangkok yaba ichweba lemikhumbi ngenxa yokumbiwa njalo koMfula iChao Phraya odabula kulelidolobha. Ngokuvamile lomfula ugcwala udle izindwani ukhukhule izingxenye ezithile zalelidolobha, ezinye zazo ezinokuphakama okungamasentimitha angu-60 kuphela ngaphezu kolwandle. Nokho, amanzi ezikhukhula manje asephambukiswa umsele, futhi lokhu kuye kwaletha ubungcono obuthile. Enye inkinga iwukuthi izinkulungwane zemithombo embiwa phansi ziye zabangela ukwehla kwesilinganiso samanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Kusukela ngo-1984 amanzi akulo lonke lelidolobha abencipha ngesilinganiso samasentimitha ayishumi ngonyaka.
Ukukhula kweBangkok ibe nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu, kuhlanganise nesilinganiso esithile sempumelelo engokwezomnotho, kufanele kube yimbangela yenjabulo. Futhi minyaka yonke izigidi zezivakashi zivakashela lelidolobha zizochitha imali. Kodwa lokhu ngokwengxenye kubangelwa idumela layo, ngoba izivakashi eziningi zihehwa ubulili obushibhile nobutholakala kalula ezindaweni ezithengisa ngobulili zaseBangkok. Ngakho manje lelidolobha selaziwa ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha enokuziphatha okuxekethile yaseMpumalanga Ekude.
Ngisho nenjabulo elethwa izenzakalo zokugujwa komkhosi weminyaka engamakhulu amabili kusukela iBangkok yaba khona—udwendwe oluphethe izimbali, imibukiso yezomlando, amadili asebukhosini, imidanso yesiko, neziqhumane—akunakulufihla usizi olukulelidolobha. I-Newsweek yathi, “iBangkok ibindwe impumelelo yayo engokwezomnotho.”
Ukuthola Injabulo Yangempela
Yini ngempela engase ilethwe izikhungo zenjabulo ezithathwa njengeziyisibonelo, njengoba zimelelwa yilamadolobha angenhla? Intokozo yesikhashana ngempela, hhayi injabulo ehlala njalo. Namuhla, injabulo ehlala njalo ingafinyelelwa kuphela ngokusebenzelana nomoya kaNkulunkulu, injabulo eyisithelo sawo.—Galathiya 5:22.
Ngakho ungayifuni injabulo ezeni, ayikho ezikhungweni zamabhayisikobho zaseBombay, kuma-casino okugembula aseMonte Carlo, ezindleleni zokuphila eziguquguqukayo zaseSan Francisco, engcebweni ekhohlisayo yaseDallas, noma ezikhungweni zobulili zaseBangkok. Komagazini abalandelayo, sizobona ukuthi injabulo ehlala njalo ingatholakala kuphi.
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ISan Francisco, e-U.S.A.
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IBombay, eNdiya
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IBangkok, eThailand