Ubudlova Kwezemdlalo—Kungani Banda?

UKUTHI “umdlalo uyimpilo” kuyisisho esidala. Ezikhathini zasendulo odokotela bamaGreki bathi ukudlala okusesilinganisweni kungaletha impilo enhle.

Nokho, namuhla izikhathi eziningi zokudlala aziseyona impilo ngabadlali noma ngezibukeli. Ubudlova kwezemidlalo buye bafinyelela amazinga lapho inxusa elingokomthetho, iPhalamende laseYurophu, liye lavumela isinqumo eside “endabeni yobulwane nobudlova kwezemidlalo.” Eshaqiswe ubudlwangudlwangu ngaphambi nangemva kwezikhathi zemidlalo, kokubili phakathi kwabadlali naphakathi kwabalandeli bamaqembu aqhudelanayo, amalungu ePhalamende laseYurophu ahlola lesigameko ezicini zaso ezihlukahlukene, izimbangela zaso, nezinyathelo ezingathathwa zokusiphelisa. Yini ayithola futhi ubudlova buye babakhona ngaziphi izindlela kwezemidlalo?

‘Isenzakalo Esikuyo Yonke Indawo’

Unobhutshuzwayo, umdlalo othandwa emhlabeni wonke, yiwona ogxekwa kakhulu, kodwa cishe zonke ezinye izinhlobo zemidlalo zinayo lenkinga. Ngo-1988 ubudlova baqhuma ngokushesha phakathi nomdlalo kanobhutshuzwayo wezizwe zonke zabaMhlophe owawuseJalimane. Ngemva komdlalo ohilela iqembu lesizwe sabo, abalandeli baseBrithani baqala impi eyayinobudlova eyaphela ngokulimala kwamaphoyisa, ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla, nokuboshwa kwabantu abangama-300. Ngemva kokunqoba kweqembu laseItaly ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuthola umpetha efanayo, abantu abathathu bafa ebuhlanyeni bokuvukwa usinga.

EBrithani izixhwanguxhwangu ezingathandeki zatshala ukwesaba noma kuphi lapho zazihamba khona, zisiza “ekubulaleni umfanekiso webhola likanobhutshuzwayo wamaNgisi ekhaya naphesheya,” njengoba kwasho iGuardian. Futhi izikhathi eziningana phakathi nenkathi eyodwa yemidlalo, amaphephandaba ezemidlalo ayekhishwa ngeMisombuluko aseItaly ayekhuluma ngamaSonto “amnyama”—izikhathi zemidlalo eziphenduka zibe isidumo sokufa, ukulimala, nokukhubaza. Njengoba elinye iphephandaba eliphuma nsuku zonke likubeka, izindawo zemidlalo ziye zaba, “izinkundla zabashokobezi.” Kodwa izimo ezinjalo azilinganiselwe eBrithani naseItaly kuphela. INetherlands, iJalimane, iSoviet Union, iSpain, kanye namanye amazwe amaningi kumelwe alwisane nenkinga efanayo.

“Impi Yabalandeli”

Intukuthelo yabo ivuswe abasakazi bezemidlalo, abanye abalandeli baveza ubulwane babo ngezikhathi zemidlalo. Emdlalweni kanobhutshuzwayo izindlavini zaseItaly okuthiwa (amaultrà) noma izixhwanguxhwangu zaseBrithani zihlangana ndawonye ngaphambi kwamafulege abhalwe ukuthi “IMpi Ebomvu” noma “Umyalo Wesilo.” Umlandeli webhola likanobhutshuzwayo, njengoba esinye isixhwanguxhwangu sasho, “ufuna ukulwa, ukunqoba bonke abaphikisana naye.” Ezinkundleni zemidlalo, izimo zifana nsé nalezo zasezinkundleni zaseRoma lasendulo, lapho izibukeli zazishukumisa izilwi zaseshashalazini ukuba zibulale izitha zazo. Futhi izingoma zokubongela ezishukumisayo” zabalandeli zihlotshiswe ngenhlamba nokukhuzwa kweziqubulo zobuzwe.

Ngokuvamile abalandeli baphatha izikhali eziyingozi. Ukucwaninga okwenziwa amaphoyisa ngaphambi kokuqala kweminye imidlalo kuye kwaveza obala zonke izinhlobo zezikhali—imimese, amavolovolo, iziqhumane ezijikijelwayo. Izimvula zezikhali zensimbi ezicitshwayo ziye zehlela phansi emashashalazini ezinkundla zaseBrithani!

Ukungenela Kukahulumeni

Isinqumo sePhalamende laseYurophu sanxusa ohulumeni ukuba bathathe izinyathelo ezinqala ukuze baqede ubudlova kwezemidlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni waseBrithani uye wathatha izinyathelo ezinjalo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaNdunankulu wayo, uMargaret Thatcher. Unkk. Thatcher uye waqinisa ekuthatheni imithetho ebopha kakhulu, njengomazisi bokungena ezinkundleni abayisibopho. Uma abanikazi babo betholakala benecala lezenzo zobudlova, bayokwephucwa lamakhadi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, eBrithani kunamasu okwakha noma okulungisa izinkundla zemidlalo ukuba zifakelwe imishini yethelevishini ethatha izithombe bukhoma ukuze kuhlolwe abalandeli, kwandiswe imingcele yokwehlukanisa abalandeli bamaqembu ancintisanayo, nokususa ngokuphelele noma yini eyinto evuthayo. Amaphoyisa aye athungatha amaviyo ezixhwanguxhwangu, abalandeli abanobudlova kakhulu, ukuze bazi abaholi bamaqembu abo futhi bababophe.

Izinyathelo ziyathathwa nakwamanye amazwe futhi. Izikhulu zezemidlalo zaseItaly, zibambisene noPhiko Lwezangaphakathi, ziye zanquma ukusebenzisa ucingo olunameva kanye nezinto ezivimbelayo eziyisivikelo, izindiza ezinophephela, uquqaba lwamaphoyisa, kanye nemishini yethelevishini ethatha izithombe bukhoma. Kuye kwacatshangelwa ngisho nokuthunyelwa kwamasosha ezinkundleni zemidlalo. Phakathi namalungiselelo eMidlalo YeOlympic eyayiseSeoul, eKorea ngo-1988, izikhulu zalungiselela ukuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa ukuze abhekane nokuhlasela kobuphekula.

Kukhona futhi nezenzo zobudlova eziqondiswe konompempe. Phakathi nenkathi yamuva yomdlalo kanobhutshuzwayo eltaly, onompempe abangama-690 babeyizisulu. Unompempe emdlalweni wesibhakela kuyiOlympics yaseSeoul wahlaselwa ngobudlova abaqeqeshi ngisho nangamaphoyisa angazange avumelane nesinqumo sakhe.

Ngaphandle kwengozi ekuphileni kwabantu, kukhona futhi nokulahlekelwa okukhulu okungokomnotho ebudloveni bezemidlalo. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuchitheka kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaRandi ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukweba, ukuphanga, nokucekelwa phansi kwempahla kodwa futhi nezindleko zokukuvimbela. Osukwini olungenaziyaluyalu ekhalendeni likanobhutshuzwayo laseBrithani, cishe amaRandi ayi-1 800 000 achithwa nje ekuvikeleni kwamaphoyisa kuphela.

Kungani kunokuthukuthela okunjalo kobulwane?

Ubudlova—“Bungokoqobo” Endleleni Imidlalo Edlalwa Ngayo Namuhla

Namuhla, ukuthukuthela kobudlova kuye kwahlobana nemidlalo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, igunya elifanayo elalungiselela isinqumo esathathwa yiPhalamende laseYurophu laveza ukuthi “ubudlova abuyona ingxenye ebalulekile yomdlalo, kodwa bungokoqobo ezimweni umdlalo odlalwa kuzo naseqinisweni lokuthi imithetho yomdlalo, uma lokho kungabizwa kanjalo, ayinakubuvimbela ngokwanele.” Kungani kunjalo?

Nokho, ngaphandle kwezenzo zobudlova zabalandeli, okuye kwashintsha indlela umdlalo odlalwa ngayo. Emphakathini ngokwawo, ‘kunobudlova obandayo,’ njengoba iPhalamende laseYurophu laphawula. Futhi, ezemidlalo azisagcizeleli nje kuphela ukunyakaza okungokomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, eAthens ngo-1896, eMdlalweni wokuqala weOlympic owadlalwa ezikhathini zesimanje, iqembu labagijimi baseBrithani lavinjelwa njengelingafaneleki ngenxa yokuthi babeziqeqeshe ngaphambi kokuqaliswa komdlalo. Sona kanye isenzo sokuziqeqesha ngaphambi kwesikhathi somdlalo sasicatshangelwa njengesiphambene nomoya wezimfundamakhwela owawulwelwa ngalesosikhathi. Namuhla isenzo esinjalo singenza abantu abaningi bahleke.

Ngemva kwempi yezwe yokuqala futhi ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yesibili, abantu ababehlala ezindaweni okuthiwa amazwe athuthukile babenesikhathi esiningi kakhulu esikhululekile. Ukuzijabulisa kuye kwaba umsebenzi ozuzisa ngokushesha kwezamabhizinisi. Izinzuzo ezingokomnotho ziye zangena esikhundleni sezinzuzo zesizwe nezenhlalo. Izigigaba zanamuhla ezenzeka emdlalweni “ziwukubonakaliswa kokubusa kwezici ezingokomnotho, ezingokombangazwe, nezingokwenhlalo.” Ngamanye amazwi, umdlalo uye waba “isenzakalo sabantu abaningi.” Ngokuvamile ukuphumelela kusho izigidi zamaRandi ngabanqobi! Ithelevishini nayo iye yanikela ekuthandweni kwemidlalo futhi kungenzeka iye yenezela ebudloveni bezemidlalo. Ngokuvamile umshini wokuthatha izithombe weTV ugxila engxenyeni yomdlalo enobudlova kunakulezozigigaba ezibhekwa njengezicwathile, beyiphinda kaninginingi ngemishini ephindaphinda imidlalo ngokushesha. Ngakho iTV ngokungazelele ingase ikhulise imiphumela yobudlova bezemidlalo ezingqondweni zabalandeli nabadlali besikhathi esizayo. Kuyivela kancane ukuthola umdlalo wezimfundamakhwela, futhi esikhundleni sawo kukhona “umdlalo wezimfundamakhwela ezingompetha,” njengoba elinye iphephandaba eliphuma ngezikhathi ezithile lawubiza kanjalo, likhuluma ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi atholwa abagijimi eSeoul phakathi neOlympics ka-1988.

Ubuzwe benza abagijimi, abaqeqeshi, abaqondisi, nezibukeli ukuba bakhe umuzwa oweqisile wokubaluleka kokunqoba. Ngemva kwemidlalo ethile yezizwe zonke, iminyezane yokunqoba ichonywa ngasohlangothini oluphumelele, njengalapho nje umphathi wamabutho ongumnqobi ebuyela ekhaya ezikhathini zasendulo. Lokhu kuye kwabonwa eminyakeni yamuva eltaly, eArgentina, naseNetherlands, lapho abagijimi ngokungabinandaba belwa ngokoqobo kuze kube sezithukuthukwini zokugcina. Futhi nabalandeli bayabalingisa, beqisa ekuboniseni kwabo ukwethembeka eqenjini labo noma isizwe sabo, bephehla izimpi ngaphambi komdlalo, nalapho uqhubeka, nangemva kwawo.

Ngaphambi kokuqalisa komdlalo kanobhutshuzwayo wompetha wezizwe zonke waseYurophu, umagazini ophuma masonto onke waseJalimane iSpiegel wathi kwakukhona ukwesaba ukuthi lesikhathi sasiyoba “inkundla efanelekile yokuzala ingxubevange eqhuma kakhulu yokuthukuthela, ubuzwe, namaqembu ezombangazwe eFascism.”

Olunye Uhlobo Lobudlova

Kodwa lokhu akukhona okuwukuphela kobudlova obusemidlalweni. Emdlalweni weOlympics owawuseSeoul ngo-1988, kwagqashuka “ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni.” Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni ezandisa izinga lamandla abagijimi nokubenza ukuba bakwazi ukwenza okungaphezu kwamakhono abo avamile angokomzimba, kwenza ubudlova kukho kokubili umoya wokudlala kanye nempilo yabagijimi.

Sande kangakanani lesigigaba?

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 6]

Ngokuvamile umshini wokuthatha izithombe weTV ugxila engxenyeni yomdlalo enobudlova, beyiphinda kaninginingi ngemishini ephindaphinda imidlalo ngokushesha

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Ubuzwe bugxilisa umuzwa oweqisile wokubaluleka kokunqoba

[Umthombo]

UNancie Battaglia