Udokotela Ondizayo—Usindisa Ukuphila Emaphandleni

Ngomlobeli wePhaphama! eAustralia

KWENZEKA eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-80 edlule, ekuqaleni kwawo 1900. UJimmy, umalusi wemfuyo osemusha, wayebuyisa izinkomo eduze neHall’s Creek enyakatho ekude yeAustralia eseNtshonalanga. Ngokungazelelwe, ihhashi lakhe lama ngokushesha. UJimmy wajikijeleka phansi futhi walimala kabi.

Uhambo ngeveni ehamba kancane lwayisa lomfana olimele kabi eHall’s Creek, lapho isikhulu saseposini sasisebenza khona futhi “njengodokotela wasehlathini.” Kodwa okuwuphela kweziqu lesikhulu esasinazo zazingezokuthi sasike saya ochungechungeni lwezifundo zosizo lokuqala ngaphambi kokushiya iPerth eminyakeni ethile ngaphambili. Udokotela oqeqeshiwe owayeseduze kakhulu wayekude ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu.

Isikhulu saseposini sabhala umyalezo ophuthumayo ngocingo, futhi satshelwa ukuthi udokotela wayebizwe endaweni ekude nokuthi kungase kuthathe izinsuku eziningana ngaphambi kokuba abuye. Siphelelwe ithemba, isikhulu saseposini sabe sesishayela udokotela owayebe umqeqeshi waso ezifundweni zosizo lokuqala ucingo ePerth—ekude ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwangu-3 200. Bekhuluma ocingweni, udokotela washo okumelwe kwenziwe ngokulandelana. Ngokwesaba okukhulu, isikhulu saseposini sakwazi ukwenza ukuhlinza okuncane kumalusi olimele, sisebenzisa ummese obukhali nensingo.

Ngokushesha udokotela wasuka ePerth wathatha uhambo olude elibangise eHall’s Creek. Kwamthatha izinsuku ezingu-12 1/2 ukuba afike kulelidolobha lasemaphandleni elingalodwa, ehamba okokuqala ngesikebhe sezinkomo ekhuphuka ogwini lwaseNtshonalanga yeAustralia, wabe esehamba emigwaqeni emibi ngemoto, futhi ekugcineni wahamba ngehhashi nekalishi. Udokotela wazihudulela ehhovisi laseposini, ekhathele eyingcuba. Amazwi akhe okuqala ayethi: “Sinjani isiguli?”

“Sishone izolo,” isikhulu saseposini sasho ngokudabuka.

Loluhlobo lokuhlangenwe nakho okuphula inhliziyo kwabangela abantu abaningi abacabangayo ukuba baqale ukushukashukana nenselele enkulu kunazo zonke yaseAustralia esemaphandleni—ibanga! Abantu ababedinga usizo lwezokwelapha oluphuthumayo babengafinyelelwa kanjani ngokushesha ngezikhathi ezibucayi?

Ukunqoba Inkinga Yebanga

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ubunzima abantu abasezindaweni ezisemaphandleni angawodwa ababebhekene nabo babethusa. Kwakukhona odokotela ababili kuphela ababenakekela indawo engamakhilomitha skwele angu-1 800 000, okuyindawo ethi ayilingane neFrance iphindwe kathathu! Nokho, abanye baqala ukucabanga ngesikhathi lapho kwakuzoba khona inxanxathela yezokwelapha ehlanganisa yonke indawo yasemaphandleni. Kanjani? Ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindiza, amaradio, nemithi. Njengoba enye indoda yaphawula: “Okungakhethwa indiza noma ithuna.”

Emuva ngalesosikhathi, ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwezindiza kwakungakazanywa futhi ukulondeka kwakho kwakungabazeka, futhi iradio yayisaqala. Nokho, njengoba iminyaka idlula, ukuhamba emoyeni kwaba ngokoqobo kakhulu futhi iwayilense yathuthuka ngokushesha. Kodwa kwavela esinye isithiyo: ukuthi ayezothalakala kanjani amandla okusebenzisa iradio eneziteshi ezimbili emaphandleni. Lokhu kwaphenya indlela yokusungulwa kwe- . . .

Wayilense Ephambili Esebenza Ngesishovo

Ekupheleni kwawo-1920, unjiniyela osemusha wasungula umqondo wokusebenzisa uhlobo lwezishovo ezifana nezomuntu ogibele ibhayisikili ukuze zinike umshini wokuphehla ugesi amandla. Lomshini wokuphehla ugesi wawungawadingi amalahle, wakhiwa ngemali encane, futhi wenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukudlulisa amaza omoya endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-480. Iwayilense esebenza ngezishovo yasetshenziswa kakhulu emaphandleni iminyaka eminingi.

Ekuqaleni, imibiko ekhulunywayo yayingenakuthunyelwa noma yamukelwe. IMorse code esebenza ngocingo—namaqanda nemidwa yayo—kwadingeka ukuba isetshenziswe. Ubunzima bokuthumela imiyalezo balabo abangajwayelene neMorse code banqotshwa ngokusungulwa ngobuchwepheshe kwezinkinobho zekhethelo kusetshenziswa umshini wokubhala okhethekile oxhunywe emshinini wokudlulisa amaza ewayilense. Ababhala ngomshini “basehlathini” bakwazi ukucindezela imibiko ngomunwe owodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucindezela inkinobho u“A” kwaphumela ekuthunyelweni kophawu lweMorse oluthi “dit-dah,” njalo njalo. Eminyakeni yamuva, kwasetshenziswa ilungiselelo lohlobo lukathelefoni, okwenza ukusetshenziswa kweMorse code kungasadingeki.

Ekugcineni, iwayilense enesishovo yathathelwa indawo umshini ophambili ngisho nakakhulu, futhi kwasungulwa lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iqoqo elilodwa lamaza omsakazo. Izikhungo eziningi zenziwa zaba ezesimanje ngokufakelwa lemishini. Namuhla, iziteshi ezikude ezingaphezu kwezingu 2 600 ezamukela amaza zixhumana nalezikhungo njalo.

Udokotela Ondizayo Uba Into Engokoqobo

NgoMay 1928 iNkonzo Yasemoyeni Yezokwelapha yaqalisa. Indiza yokuqala eyasetshenziswa yayithwala umshayeli, udokotela, umhlengikazi noma isiguli esihleli, nohlaka. Ide Havilland DH-50A enenjini eyodwa yayinesivinini sokundiza esingamakhilomitha angu-130 ngehora, kodwa kwakuyisiqalo, futhi ngokuqinisekile yaledlula ihhashi neveni! Ngo-1941 igama lashintshelwa ekubeni iNkonzo Kadokotela Ondizayo. Khona-ke ngo-1955 igama elisemthethweni laba iNkonzo Kadokotela Ondizayo Wasebukhosini.

Izinkinga ezingokwezimali zazikhona kwasekuqaleni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokwehla kwezomnotho kwembulunga yonke kwangasekuqaleni kwawo-1930. Nokho, kancane kancane, izimali zokusekela ezivela kuhulumeni ohlangene nophethe zatholakala njalo, kanye nemali eyayitholakala ivela emphakathini nasezinkampanini. Kuze kube namuhla, iNkonzo Kadokotela Ondizayo incike kakhulu eminikelweni evela emafemini ezebhizinisi nakubantu ngabanye, ngoba nakuba iziguli zasemaphandleni zilindelekile ukuba zikhokhele ukuhanjelwa kwazo nokwelashwa, imali ezikwazi ukuyikhokha incane kunezindleko eziba khona ngenxa yokuhanjelwa kwazo.

Ezinye Zezingozi Zokuqala

Namuhla, izindiza zesimanje nemishini kuye kwenza ukundiza kwaba lula kakhulu futhi kwalondeka, kodwa ezinsukwini zakuqala abashayeli babebeka ukuphila kwabo engozini ukuze behlele ezindaweni ezikude zasemaphandleni. Iziqeshana zendawo eziningi zokumisa kwendiza zazingezinhle futhi zingezinde ngokwanele ukuba indiza yehle futhi isuke ngokuphepha. Ngokuvamile, umshayeli kwakufanele andizele maphansi futhi azungeze indawo eyisiqeshana yokumisa ukuze axoshe amahhashi, amakangaroo, izinkomo, izimvu, ngisho namaemu ngaphambi kokuba ehle ngendiza. Lapho kwakudingeka ukuba indiza yehle ebusuku, kwakudingeka kukhanyiswe izibani zokuzenzela ezingezohlobo oluphansi. Kamuva, njengoba izimoto namaloli kwakuba kuningi kakhulu, kwasetshenziswa izibani zangaphambili ukuze kukhanyiswe emgwaqeni wezindiza.

Ngalezo zinsuku zakuqala, inqubo yokuqondisa ukuhamba kwezindiza ngezinye izikhathi yayiba yinselele. Ngenxa yamabalazwe angenakwethenjwa, noma angekho kwanhlobo, abashayeli ngokuvamile kwakudingeka babone izimpawu zendawo besephezulu—mhlawumbe iqoqo lezingodo, uthango lomngcele, umgwaqo owubhuqu, ixhaphozi, noma umfula.

Ikude Ngamahora Angaphansi Kwamabili

Njengoba iminyaka yayidlula, iNkonzo Kadokotela Ondizayo yanda kwaze kwaba namuhla lapho kunezikhungo ezingu-13 kuzo zonke izindawo ezisakazekile zasemaphandleni aseAustralia, kanye nenye eseTasmania. (Bheka ibalazwe.) Esikhungweni ngasinye kuhlala kunodokotela ondizayo olungele ukuhamba, futhi ezinye zezikhungo ezinkulu zingase zibe nabathathu noma ngaphezulu. Kuhlala kukhona umshayeli oyedwa, futhi ezinye izikhungo zinabashayeli abathathu abalindile. Ngokuvamile abahlengikazi bayatholakala ezibhedlela zendawo eziseduze nezikhungo.

Manje sekunoxhaxha lwezindiza ezingu-32 ezindiza isilinganiso sohambo olungu-6 500 ngonyaka futhi zithwala iziguli ezifinyelela kwezingu-9 000 ziziyise ezibhedlela minyaka yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziguli ezilinganiselwa ku-90 000 zibonana nodokotela ondizayo futhi azelaphe. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa okungashwampuluzi kwezindawo zasemaphandleni kusho ukuthi udokotela ondizayo ukwazi ukufinyelela noma isiphi isiguli eAustralia phakathi namahora amabili.

Ngisho Nokunakekelwa Kwamazinyo Nenhliziyo

Namuhla, ngisho namazinyo alabo abahlala ezindaweni ezigqagqene zasemaphandleni aseAustralia angahlolwa njalo futhi athole ukunakekelwa kobuchwepheshe. Umsebenzi wamazinyo awenziwa udokotela ondizayo kodwa wenziwa odokotela bamazinyo abahamba njalo ngezindiza zikadokotela ondizayo. Unyaka ngamunye iziguli eziphakathi kuka-5 000 no-6 000 zithola ukwelashwa odokotela bamazinyo abahambele.

Kuthiwani ngokunakekelwa kwenhliziyo? Umagazini iAustralasian Post uxoxa indaba ehlaba umxhwele yesalukazi edolobheni elincane laseNew South Wales yaseTibooburra (abantu abahlala kulo bangu-150). Ukushaya kwenhliziyo yaso kwahlolwa ngomsakazo. Isikhungo sikadokotela ondizayo esasiseduze kakhulu sasiseBroken Hill, ekude ngamakhilomitha angu-340. Lapho izinhlungu zesifuba ziqala futhi zingapheli, isiguli saxhunywa emshinini wamaelectronic owadlulisa izimpawu zikagesi zisuka enhliziyweni yaso ziya eBroken Hill Base Hospital, ukuze kushiwo ukuthi sizolashwa kanjani.

Inkonzo Eyingqayizivele

Ngokwendawo eyihlanganisayo nokutholakala kwayo, iNkonzo Kadokotela Ondizayo WaseAustralia ngempela iyingqayizivele. Kodwa amanye amazwe anamalungiselelo afanayo okusiza labo abahlala ezindaweni ezigqagqene. Ngokwesibonelo, iCanada inezinkonzo eziwusizo zama-ambulensi asemoyeni. Phakathi kwazo kuneNkonzo yaseSaskatchewan Yama-ambulensi Asemoyeni eyaqaliswa ngo-1947. Ngo-1961 iAfrika eseMpumalanga yaqala ukujabulela izinzuzo zebhizinisi ehlanganyelwe yaseBrithani naseMelika.

Nokho, ngokuhamba kwayo izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zalelizwe elikhulukazi lamakhilomitha skwele angu-7 770 000, iNnkonzo Kadokotela Ondizayo YaseAustralia iphuma phambili. Njengamanje, ayikho efana nayo kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yezwe emhlabeni.

Khona-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi incwajana esemthethweni yeNkonzo Kadokotela Ondizayo Wasebukhosini yaseAustralia iphetha ngokuthi: “INkonzo Kadokotela Ondizayo yenza kutholakale, kungakhathaliseki isivumo sokholo, ibala, nobuzwe, inkonzo yobuntu eyingqayizivele engazange yandulelwe ngesikhathi iqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 edlule, nanamuhla engakabi khona enjengayo emhlabeni.”

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 18]

Izikhungo ezingu-14 zeNkonzo kaDokotela Ondizayo emaphandleni asakazekile aseAustralia naseTasmania

IPt. Hedland

ICarnarvon

IMeekatharra

IKalgoorlie

IDerby

IWyndham

IAlice Springs

IMt. Isa

ICharters Towers

ICharleville

IBroken Hill

IHobart

ICeduna

IPt. Augusta

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Uhlobo lwendiza eyayisetshenziswa ezinsukwini zakuqala zikaDokotela Ondizayo