Izihambi—Inkinga Yembulunga Yonke
“SIYA eGoli ukuze siyofuna imali ngoba awukho umsebenzi lapha,” kusho esinye isisebenzi esiwumfuduki esivela emaphandleni aseningizimu yeAfrika. Sithi: “Ukuba ubukhona umsebenzi lapha besingeke sizihluphe ngokuya eGoli.” Incazelo yaso ethinta inhliziyo ichaza usizi izisebenzi eziningi ezingabafokazi nabafuduki ezibhekana nalo.
Kodwa ubukhulu bubodwa bokuthutha okwenzeke emashumini ambalwa eminyaka buyabethusa abanye abantu. (Bheka ibhokisi, ekhasini 5.) Iphephandaba laseSpain iPaís labika: “Ubuhlanga nokwesaba abafokazi sekuphinde kwavela ngokungazelele eJalimane entsha.” Izixuku ezinobudlova, ezichazwa amaphephandaba ngokuthi amahlongandlebe amaNazi amasha agunde izimbungculu, ziye zahlasela abafuduki.
Ezinye iziphathimandla zezokufuduka ziyavuma ukuthi zilandela isimiso sokubaxosha. Esinye isikhulu sezokufuduka kwelinye izwe laseAsia sathi umsebenzi waso ‘wawuwukuxosha abezizwe.’ Futhi, ukhuluma ngokuthutheleka emadolobheni kwababaleki abavela kwelinye izwe laseMpumalanga Yurophu, umagazini iTime ulandisa ngesikhulu esiphakeme esathi: “Asifuni ukubenza bazizwe bekhululeke kakhulu ngoba sifuna baphindele emuva.”
Okubuhlungu ngisho nangokwengeziwe kwakuyizinkulumo zentatheli eFrance eyayiqiniseka ngokuthi ‘abezizwe abafudukela lapho babewuhlupho.’ Izizathu zayo? ‘Bangabohlanga oluhlukile, bakhuluma izilimi ezihlukile, futhi banezindinganiso ezihlukile.’ Isiphetho sayo? “Kufanele sixoshe abaningi ngokusemandleni ethu, [futhi] abanye sibakhiphe inyumbazana.”
Bezungezwe imizwa enjalo yokumelana nezihambi, akumangalisi ukuthi abezizwe babhekana nodonga lobandlululo emiphakathini yendawo ezizwa isongelwa ukuthutheleka okusheshayo kwabafokazi emadolobheni. Ngokwesibonelo, esinye isakhamuzi sakwaIsrael sakhala ngeqiniso lokuthi “abanikazi bezindawo bakhetha abafuduki baseSoviet” ngoba uhulumeni ubalungiselela imali lapho behlala kwaIsrael. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhamuzi zendawo ziphoqelelwa ukwenyuka kwezintela zezindlu ukuba zithuthe ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo.
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi abezizwe ngokuvamile bathatha imisebenzi ephansi edelelwa izakhamuzi zendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi lezifiki kumelwe lisebenze ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima lisebenzele umholo ophansi—ikakhulukazi uma lingabafuduki abangekho ngokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni yomsebenzi abafokazi ngokuvamile babandlululwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuma kwabo kokuba abezizwe.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangobani noma bazama ukuhlalaphi, iningi labafuduki libhekana nenqubo ebuhlungu yokululama ekufudukeni okubuhlungu nokwakha izibopho ezintsha zesikhathi esizayo. Iphephabhuku iU.S.News & World Report lithi izihambi “ngokuvamile ziqala ngokuzizwa zihlukanisiwe futhi zikhungathekile.” Kwezinye umzamo mkhulu kakhulu. Ngokuqondene nalezi, lombiko uyaqhubeka: “Usizi lokulahlekelwa ikhaya lokuqala lukhuliswa ukwehluleka ukuthola elesibili.” Kwabaningi lomuzwa wokuzizwa belahlekile uhlangene kakhulu nomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlangabezana nolimi olusha.
Ubungakubeka Kanjani . . . ?
Ingabe kwake kwadingeka ukuba ufunde olunye ulimi futhi uzivumelanise nenye impucuko? Kwaba namuphi umphumela kuwe? Kungenzeka “ukukhandleka kwakho ekugcineni kuphumele emuzweni obeleselayo wokungapheleli,” kuphendula uStanislaw Baranczak, umfuduki nomlobi wasePoland oseUnited States. Yebo, ulimi lubalulekile ekubeni ingxenye esebenzayo yomphakathi. Ukufunda ulimi olusha kungase kube isici esihlupha ngokukhethekile sokudlelana, ikakhulukazi ngesihambi esingumuntu omdala.
Kulabafuduki, ukufunda ulimi ngokuvamile kuwumjikelezo obuhlungu. Iphephabhuku iAging lithi lapho abafokazi bengenakukwazi ukubhekana nokulahlekelwa ulimi nempucuko, ngokuvamile kubangela ukucindezeleka, nakho okungabavumeli ukuba bagxilise ukunakekela ezidingweni zokufunda ulimi olusha. Ekugcineni, owezizwe uba manqikanqika ngokwengeziwe ukubhekana nemiphumela futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokuphoxeka kokufunda lololimi. Inkinga iyakhula njengoba izingane zifunda ulimi nempucuko ngokushesha okukhulu kunabazali bazo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuholela ekungezwanini nasemhosheni phakathi kwabazali nabantwana emikhayeni yabafuduki, okuwukuthi, uma wonke umkhaya ufuduka ndawonye.
Imikhaya Ehlukene
Omunye wemiphumela yokufuduka kwabantu abaningi okungabhalwanga ngakho kangako kodwa okubuhlungu kakhulu umphumela obhubhisayo okunawo emkhayeni. Kaningi, imikhaya iyahlukana lapho umzali oyedwa noma bobabili beshiya abantwana babo ekunakekeleni kwamanye amalungu omkhaya kuyilapho besafuna amathemba angcono angokwezomnotho kwezinye izindawo. Okwatholwa iSecond Carnegie Inquiry Into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa kubonisa ukuthi loluhlobo lokufuduka “lulimaza . . . umkhaya.” Lombiko unikeza ubufakazi bezimo ezikhethekile ngendlela imikhaya eye yawohloka ngayo lapho amalungu omkhaya ngamanye eye afuduka ngokwehlukana.
Lezi kumane nje kungezinye zezinkinga abafuduki ababhekana nazo emhlabeni wonke, kungasabalwa izindleko zokufuduka, ukwenza ukuthutha kube ngokomthetho, nezinqumo okudingeka zenziwe ngempilo, izindlu, imfundo, namanye amalungu omkhaya.
Ngakho, naphezu kwabo bonke lobunzima, empeleni kungani abafokazi befuduka?
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 4]
ABANGANE EMSEBENZINI
NAKUBA kunezinkinga ezithile ezihlangene nokuthutheleka okungalawuleki kwabezizwe emadolobheni, kunobufakazi obuningi obubonisa ukuthi ezimweni eziningi izihambi zibaluleke kakhulu emazweni ezifudukele kuwo.
“INtshonalanga Jalimane nezisebenzi zayo ezingabafokazi ngokusobala kuye kwazuzisana,” kusho umagazini iTime, unezela ngokuthi “imishini yensimbi yalapho kuhlanganiswa khona izimoto zeRuhr neMercedes emaphethelweni eStuttgart isetshenzwa izisebenzi eziyizihambi.” Futhi, ngokweNational Geographic, “imboni yezingubo yaseNew York ibingawa” ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi ezingabafuduki.
Izazi zezomnotho ziqaphela ingxenye ebalulekile labafuduki abanayo emazweni abafudukele kuwo. Naphezu kokubhekana nobandlululo olubi, abaseTurkey, abasePakistan, nabaseAlgeria eYurophu baye bafunda ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. “Bayakwazi ukubhekana nezimo,” kusho iU.S.News & World Report, futhi bayoqhubeka benza kanjalo “kuze kube yilapho iYurophu . . . ithola, ngezizathu ezingokomnotho kuphela, ukuthi iyabadinga.”
Befisa kakhulu ukuphumelela emazweni abo amasha, abafokazi bathambekele ekwanelisekeni nasekungancikini ezimisweni zokusekela umphakathi zikahulumeni kunezakhamuzi zendawo. “Akukho okungamanga njengensolo yokuthi abafuduki baya emalungiselelweni okusiza umphakathi,” kusho omunye umeluleki wezokufuduka waseU.S. owayesingethe izindaba zezihambi ezingaphezu kuka-3 000.
Ngokuvamile, yonke imiphakathi iye yavuselelwa abafokazi abafuna ukuthuthukisa indawo yabo ezungezile. Lapho iNingizimu Afrika ibhekana nokuthutheleka okusheshayo kwabafuduki abangamaPutukezi emadolobheni ngemva kokugqashuka kwempi eAngola naseMozambique, zonke izindawo zasemaphandleni eGoli zathathwa futhi zathuthukiswa umphakathi wamaPutukezi.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 5]
Izinye Izibalo Zokufuduka Okukhulu:
▶ Abafuduki abayizigidi ezingu-4,5, kuhlanganise nabaseNyakatho Afrika abayizigidi ezingu-1,5, bakha amaphesenti angu-8 enani labantu baseFrance
▶ Engxenyeni eyodwa nje yomngcele weMexico neU.S., izikhulu ezingu-800 zeBorder Patrol zibopha, ngokwesilinganiso, abafuduki abangekho emthethweni abangu-1 500 ubusuku ngabunye
Amaphesenti angu-20 enani labantu baseAustralia azelwe kwamanye amazwe
▶ Abantu basePoland abayisigidi kungenzeka basebenza ngokungemthetho eNtshonalanga Yurophu
▶ Onyakeni wamuva, amadoda angu-350 000 afudukela ngokusemthethweni eNingizimu Afrika ngesivumelwano somsebenzi. Inani labezizwe abange-kho emthethweni cishe liyizigidi ezingu-1,2
▶ Okungenani amaJuda aseSoviet angu-185 000 afudukela kwaIsrael ngo-1990
▶ AbaseNingizimu-mpulanga Asia abangaphezu kuka-900 000 baye bathuthela eUnited States kusukela ngo-1975
▶ Masonto onke, okungenani abantu abayinkulungwane bayafuduka besuka eHong Kong