Ingabe Ukudoba Ngamanetha Akhukhulayo Kuyaphela?
ISISHAYA-MTHETHO seUN eNew York sikubiza ngokuthi “ukungacabangi nokusaphaza okukhulu.” Ihhovisi laseYurophu leIIED (International Institute for Environment and Development) eliseLondon likuchaza ngokuthi “usongo olukhulu ezintweni eziphilayo ezisolwandle.” Izizwe eziyishumi nesithupha zasePacific zikusola ngokuthi “ukuphanga okungenangqondo.” Ngokukhanyayo, ukudoba ngamanetha akhukhulayo kuyahlaselwa embulungeni yonke. Kungani?
Amanetha akhukhulayo—amanetha avundliswa olwandle alenge njengamakhethini—aye ehliselwa emanzini asogwini izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Nokho, ekupheleni kwawo-1970, ukudoba ngamanetha akhukhulayo olwandle kuye kwanda ngokuphawuleka kangangokuthi namuhla iviyo elingaphezu kwenkulungwane lemikhumbi yamanetha akhukhulayo yaseJapan, eTaiwan, naseRepublic of Korea likhukhula isquid, izinhlanzi okuthiwa ialbacore, ibillfish, isalmon olwandle lwasePacific, eAtlantic naseIndia. Njengoba umkhumbi ngamunye, uma kucatshangelwa, usebenzisa amanetha amakhulu afakwa ajule ngamamitha angu-11 futhi andlaleke abe ngamakhilomitha angu-50, ubude obuhlangene bamanetha emikhumbi bulinganiselwa kumakhilomitha angu-50 000—ibanga elingaphezu kobude obuzungeza umhlaba!
“Amakhethini Okufa”
Lamanetha enayiloni acishe angabonakali asebenza kahle kakhulu kangangokuthi ngokwephephabhuku iIIED Perspectives, “ngezindlela zamuva lamanetha angase akuqede ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi okuthiwa ama-albacore eNingizimu Pacific phakathi neminyaka emibili.” Ukudoba ngamanetha akhukhulayo, kusho uSam LaBudde oyisazi sesayensi yezinto eziphila olwandle uthi, kuwukungacabangi okufana “nokugawula ihlathi ngenjongo yokugawula inhlobo eyodwa yesihlahla noma ukuwisa isihlahla se-oki ukuze uvune izithelo zaso kuphela.” Ngokuqinisekile, uma leliviyo lemikhumbi emikhulu kakhulu yokudoba emhlabeni selisebenza, likhukhula namathani ezinhlobo okungamelwe zithinteke, njengebluefin neskipjack tuna, inhlanzi imarlin, iswordfish, nezinhlanzi ezithuthayo zisuka kwenye indawo ziya kwenye okuthiwa amasteelhead.
NgokukaJames M. Coe, umcwaningi weNational Marine Fisheries Service eUnited States, kunobufakazi bokuthi leliviyo lemikhumbi laseAsia libamba ngokungemthetho amanani amakhulu ezinhlanzi zesalmon ezingeke zisafika emifudlaneni yaseNyakatho Melika ukuze ziyozalela.
Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, amanetha akhukhulayo abuye athandele, akhubaze futhi aminzise izinkulungwane zemithini, izimvu zamanzi, amahlengethwa, amaporpoise, imikhomo, izimfudu zasolwandle, nezinyoni zasolwandle. Akumangalisi ukuthi isibalo esikhulayo sabacwaningi sibhekisela ekudobeni ngamanetha akhukhulayo “njengokulimazayo olwandle” nasemanetheni akhukhulayo “njengamakhethini okufa”!
Lezincazelo zibonakala zifaneleka. Umbiko wamuva kanobhala wezentengiselwano waseU.S. uthi phakathi nezinkambo ezintathu zokudoba ngomkhumbi, imikhumbi emithathu yabamba ngengozi ‘ihlengethwa elilodwa elinemithende, amaDall porpoise angu-8, izimvu zamanzi ezinoboya zasenyakatho ezingu-18, amahlengethwa asePacific amhlophe ohlangothini angu-19, namawhale porpoise asenyakatho engu-65.’
Umbiko onikezwe iZizwe Ezihlangene ngonyaka odlule kuphela wathi ukudoba ngokukhukhula ngenetha eJapane, kuqhubeka nokuvuna izigidi ezingu-106 zamasquid, kwabulala izigidi ezingu-39 zezinhlanzi abadobi ababengazifuni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lalokho ababengakufuni lahlanganisa oshaka abangu-700 000, izinyoni zasolwandle ezingu-270 000, izilwane zasolwandle ezingu-26-000, nezimfudu zasolwandle ezingu-406, ezilinyazwayo.
Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphila olwandle ziyaqiniseka ukuthi uma ukukhukhula ngamanetha kuqhubeka kunganqandwa, “kuyoqeda ngokungenakugwenywa izinto eziyigugu ezingokwemvelo ezake zabhekwa njengezingenakuphela.” Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi sekudaleke umonakalo omkhulu kakade. Ngo-1988 ukaputeni wokudoba watshela isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo uLaBudde: “Cishe asisabulali amahlengethwa amaningi njengakuqala.” ULaBudde uyaphawula: “Lokho ku-ngenzeka kungenxa yokuthi awasemaningi kangako asele ukuba abulawe.”
Izivumelwano Zembulunga Yonke Ziyavela
Nokho, muva nje ubizo lokuthatha izinyathelo ngokumelene nokukhukhula ngamanetha luye lwazwakala kusukela eLondon kuya eWashington, D.C., naseAlaska kuya eNew Zealand, futhi kuye kwathathwa izinyathelo ezithile ukuze kucindezelwe abadobi ukuba bayeke unomphela ukusebenzisa imikhumbi yabo yokudoba namanetha akhukhulayo. Ukuphawula abambalwa: Iqembu lamaZwe aseNingizimu Pacific liye lamukela iSivumelwano saseWellington (New Zealand), esilivumela ukuba linciphise amanetha akhukhulayo phakathi nendawo yalo yokudoba engamakhilomitha angu-320 futhi esinqabela abadobi balo siqu ekusebenziseni amanetha akhukhulayo nomaphi eNingizimu Pacific.
NgoDecember 1989 isinqumo seUN sakhuthaza ukuyeka ngezinga elikhulu ukudoba ngamanetha akhukhulayo ezilwandle ezinkulu ngoJune 30, 1992. IWorld Watch Institute yathi ngaphandle kokuncishiswa kokudoba ngamanetha akhukhulayo, “isintu siyoba nethemba elincane lokuvikela izilwandle zaso ngenxa yezizukulwane ezizayo” futhi yanezela: “Kumelwe senze izivumelwano ezihlanganisa imbulunga yonke.” Ngakho amaZwe aseNingizimu Pacific, ayiqembu leForum Fisheries Agency, ahlongoza ukwakha isigungu sezwe lonke ukuze silawule umsebenzi wokudoba futhi akhuthaza abadobi ukuba bamukele imikhuba yokudoba eyinselele.
Kodwa ingabe ukucindezela kwezwe lonke kunalo ithonya elithile? Yebo, kunalo kakhulu!
NgoNovember 26, 1991, iJapane yavuma “ukwamukela ukunciphisa kweZizwe Ezihlangene ukusetshenziswa kwamanetha amakhulu okudoba oLwandle lwasePacific esenyakatho lawo ososayensi abathi ahilelekile ekubulaweni okusakazekile kwezinto eziphila olwandle.” Lesinqumo “saqeda impikiswano eyayisongele ukwenza umonakalo owengeziwe edumeleni leJapane mayelana nezindaba zendawo ezungezile.” IJapane yavuma ukuyeka ingxenye yemisebenzi yayo yamanetha akhukhulayo ngoJune 1992 futhi ingxenye esele iyiyeke ekupheleni kwalowonyaka.
Osukwini olulodwa kamuva uhlu lomhleli kuyiNew York Times lwathi: “‘Ukunqoba okuhle kwendawo ezungezile embulungeni yonke’ indlela esinye isazi esijabulile sesayensi yezinto eziphila olwandle esasichaza ngayo isimemezelo seJapane ngoLwesibili sokuthi izowuvala ngokuphelele umsebenzi wayo wokudoba ngamanetha akhukhulayo ekupheleni konyaka ozayo [1992].”
Umbiko kamagazini iTime, kaDecember 9, 1991, wathi izwe laseTaiwan nelaseRepublic of Korea nawo ayezokuyeka ukusebenzisa amanetha akhukhulayo.
“Nantu ulwandle, lukhulu, lubanzi; lapho kukhona izilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo ezingenakubalwa, izilwane ezincane nezinkulu.”—IHubo 104:25.
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Umkhumbi wenetha elikhukhulayo uyadoba
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Photo: Steve Ignell, ABL
Ugebhezi lwamathambo omthini wasolwandle olu-thandele enethini elikhukhulayo elalahleka emanzini
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Photo: T. Merrell
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Izinyoni zasolwandle ezibanjwe futhi zabulawa amanetha akhukhulayo
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Photo: A. Degànge
IDall porpoise ebanjiwe
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Photo: N. Stone