Ukufuna Amakhambi Amukelekayo

AKUZONA izimoto kuphela ezibangela ukungcola. Amakhaya, izikhungo zezimboni, nezikhungo zokuphehla amandla kagesi nazo kumelwe zisolwe. Nokho, inkulu ingxenye efezwa izimoto ekubangeleni ukungcola embulungeni yonke.

Eqinisweni, incwadi ethi 5000 Days to Save the Planet ngesibindi ithi: “Ukuba bekungabikwa wonke lomonakalo—ikakhulukazi umonakalo obangelwa isikhutha esimweni sethu sezulu—khona-ke mhlawumbe izimoto bezingasoze zakhiwa.” Noma kunjalo, iyavuma: “Kodwa lokho ukukhetha abakhi bezimoto, izimboni zezemigwaqo, amanxusa kahulumeni, noma umphakathi imbala, abakuphila kwabo kuxhomeke ngokuqhubekayo ezimotweni, abangazimisele ukucabanga ngakho.”

Ingabe ubuchwepheshe obayisa umuntu enyangeni akufanele bukwazi ukukhiqiza imoto engabangeli ukungcola? Ukwenza akulula njengokusho, ngakho kuze kube yilapho kunqotshwa izithiyo zokwakha imoto engabangeli ukungcola, kuyaqhubeka ukufuna amanye amakhambi amukelekayo.

Ukunciphisa Izinto Ezingcolisayo

Ngawo-1960 i-United States yashaya umthetho wokuba kufakwe izinto zokuqondisa ezimotweni ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi amanye amazwe nohulumeni baye benza kanjalo.

Ama-catalytic converter, adinga ukuba kusetshenziswe uphethiloli ongenawo umthofu, manje asetshenziswa kabanzi ukuze kuhluzwe izinto ezingcolisayo eziyingozi. Phakathi kuka-1976 no-1980, ngemva kokuba abashayeli bezimoto abaningi beqale ukusebenzisa uphethiloli ongenawo umthofu, izinga lomthofu egazini lamaMelika lehla ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu. Futhi lokho kuyancomeka, ngoba umthofu omningi ngokweqile ungalimaza isimiso sezinzwa futhi uthiye ikhono lokufunda. Nokho, ngokudabukisayo, nakuba liye lehla izinga lomthofu emazweni amaningi athuthukile, alizange lehle emazweni asathuthuka.

Iyajabulisa impumelelo yama-catalytic converter, kodwa kusaphikiswana ngokusetshenziswa kwawo. Ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla lapho umthofu ungasanezelwa, izakhi zikaphethiloli ze-hydrocarbon zashintshwa. Lokhu kuye kwaphumela ekwandeni kokukhishwa kwezinye izinto ezibangela umdlavuza, njenge-benzene ne-toluene, amazinga okukhishwa kwazo angenakuncishiswa ama-catalytic converter.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, ama-catalytic converter adinga kusetshenziswe i-platinum. NgokukaProfesa Iain Thornton, wase-Imperial College eBrithani, omunye wemiphumela yazo emibi kuye kwaba ukwanda kwe-platinum othulini olusezinhlangothini zomgwaqo. Waxwayisa ngokuthi kungenzeka “izinhlobo ze-platinum encibilikayo zingene esimisweni sokudla esingokwemvelo.”

Naphezu kwanoma iyiphi impumelelo elethwa “ama-catalytic converter eNyakatho Melika, eJapane, eNingizimu Korea, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu,” incwadi ethi 5000 Days to Save the Planet ngobuqotho iyavuma, “ukwanda okukhulu kwamanani ezimoto emhlabeni wonke kuye kwaziqeda nyá izinzuzo zomoya ohlanzekile.”

Ukwehlisa Ijubane

Enye indlela yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwentuthu yezimoto ukwehlisa ijubane. Kodwa e-United States, ezinye izifundazwe zisanda kwenyusa isilinganiso sejubane. EJalimane akuthandeki ukubeka imibandela. Abakhi bezimoto abathengisa izimoto ezinamandla ezikwazi ukugijima kalula ngejubane elingamakhilomitha angu-150 ngehora bamelene nakho, njengoba kunjalo nangabashayeli abaningi. Nokho, manje kubonakala sengathi amaJalimane amaningi azimisele ukwamukela imibandela yejubane hhayi ngenxa yezizathu zendawo ezungezile kuphela kodwa futhi nangenxa yokuphepha.

Kwamanye amazwe abashayeli kudingeka behlise ijubane lapho ukungcola kufinyelela amazinga angamukeleki—noma mhlawumbe bayeke ngokuphelele ukushayela. Inhlolo-vo yango-1995 yembula ukuthi amaJalimane angamaphesenti angu-80 angakwamukela ukubekwa kwesilinganiso sejubane uma amazinga e-ozone ephakama kakhulu. Amadolobha amaningi emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise i-Athens neRome, kakade asethathe izinyathelo zokulinganisela ukushayela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Amanye acabangela ukwenza okufanayo.

Ukusebenzisa Amabhayisikili

Ukuze anciphise ukuminyana kwezimoto, amanye amadolobha aye anciphisa amanani okuhamba ngebhasi. Kwamanye abashayeli abakhokha imadlana yokupaka izimoto zabo ezindaweni zokupaka ezitholakalayo bahamba mahhala ngebhasi. Kwamanye amadolobha kunemizila egcinelwe amabhasi namathekisi ukuze kuthuthukiswe lolu hlobo lwezokuthutha.

Indlela entsha yokulwa nalenkinga iphawulwe muva nje kuyi-European: “Beshukunyiswa umkhankaso waseNetherlands ekupheleni kwawo-1960, abantu abacabangayo baseDenmark baye baqhamuka nesu lokunciphisa ukungcola komoya nokuminyana kwezimoto ngokunxusa abantu ukuba basebenzise amabhayisikili esikhundleni sezimoto.” Amabhayisikili abekwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kuyo yonke imigwaqo yaseCopenhagen. Ukufaka uhlamvu lwemali emshinini kukhipha ibhayisikili umuntu angalisebenzisa. Umuntu angabuyiselwa imali yakhe lapho kamuva ebuyisela ibhayisikili endaweni efanele. Kuzobonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi leli cebo lizosebenza noma lizothandwa yini.

Ukuze akhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwamabhayisikili esikhundleni sezimoto, amanye amadolobha aseJalimane avumela abagibeli bamabhayisikili ukuba bahambe emigwaqweni ehamba izimoto eziya nganxanye baphambane nezimoto! Njengoba cishe uhambo olulodwa kwezintathu edolobheni nohambo olungaphezu kolulodwa kwezintathu emaphandleni lungaphansi kwamakhilomitha amathathu, izakhamuzi eziningi zingahamba ngezinyawo noma ngamabhayisikili. Lokhu kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukungcola; ngesikhathi esifanayo, abagibeli bamabhayisikili bayobe bethola ukuvivinya umzimba okudingekayo.

Ukuklama Kabusha

Uyaqhubeka umsebenzi wokuklama izimoto ezingakubangeli ukungcola. Kuye kwakhiqizwa izimoto zikagesi ezisebenza ngamabhethri, kodwa lilinganiselwe ijubane nesikhathi ezisihambayo. Kunjalo nangezimoto ezihamba ngamandla elanga.

Enye indlela ehlolwayo iwukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli. I-hydrogen isebenza ngaphandle kokukhipha izinto ezingcolisayo, kodwa izindleko zayo zimba eqolo.

Esiqaphela isidingo sokusungula umklamo omusha wemoto, umongameli wase-United States uClinton wamemezela ngo-1993 ukuthi uhulumeni nezimboni zezimoto zase-United States babezobambisana ekuklameni imoto yekhethelo. Wathi: “Siyozama ukusungula isu lobuchwepheshe isizwe sethu esingakaze silizame.” Akwaziwa ukuthi kuyokwenzeka yini ukuba “kwakhiwe imoto engenasici futhi engayilimazi indawo ezungezile yaleli khulu lama-21,” okuyimoto ayekhuluma ngayo. Kudingeka kwakhiwe imoto enjalo phakathi neshumi leminyaka—nokho, ngemali eshisiwe.

Abanye abakhi bezimoto bakha izimoto ezisebenza ngenhlanganisela kaphethiloli nogesi. Esitholakala kakade eJalimane—ngemali eshisiwe—imoto ephambili esebenza ngogesi ekwaziyo ukwenyusa ijubane phakathi nemizuzwana engu-9 kade imile kuya emakhilomitheni ayikhulu ngehora, iphokophele ejubaneni layo eliphakeme elingamakhilomitha angu-180 ngehora. Kodwa ngemva kwamakhilomitha angu-200, iphelelwa amandla kuze kube yilapho amabhethri ayo evuselelwa okungenani amahora amathathu. Ukucwaninga kuyaqhubeka, futhi kulindeleke intuthuko eyengeziwe.

Kumane Kuyingxenye Yenkinga

Ukuthi zingaqedwa kanjani izinto ezikhishelwa emoyeni ezinobuthi kumane kuyingxenye yenkinga. Izimoto futhi zibanga umsindo, owaziwa kahle kamhlophe umuntu ohlala eduze komgwaqo ominyene izimoto. Njengoba umsindo wezimoto ophikelelayo ungalimaza impilo, lokhu nakho kuyingxenye eyinhloko yalenkinga edinga ukuxazululwa.

Abathandi bemvelo nabo bangaveza ukuthi izindawo eziningi ezinobuhle bemvelo zisithibezwa imigwaqo emikhulu emibi, kanye nezindawo zamabhizinisi ezingabukeki nezingqwembe zezikhangiso ezingase zibe semaceleni emigwaqo. Kodwa njengoba inani lezimoto landa, siyanda nesidingo semigwaqo eyengeziwe.

Ezinye izimoto, ngemva kokungcolisa iminyaka eminingi lapho zazisetshenziswa abaninizo, ziyaqhubeka zingcolisa ngisho “sezifile.” Izimoto ezilahliwe, ezicasulayo lapho uzibuka, ziye zaba inkinga kangangokuba kuye kwadingeka kushaywe umthetho kwezinye izindawo ukuze kugwenywe ukungcolisa indawo ngokungadingekile. Ingabe iyoke yakhiwe imoto engenasici, eyakhiwe ngezinto eziphinde zisetshenziswe? Ayikho imoto enjalo.

“AmaJalimane amaningi akhathazeke kakhulu ngendawo ezungezile,” kuphawula iphephandaba lamuva nje, linezela, “kodwa ambalwa enza ngokuvumelana nalokho.” Isikhulu esithile sikahulumeni sicashunwa sithi: “Akekho ocabanga ukuthi unecala, futhi akekho ozimisele ukulandisa.” Yebo, kunzima ukuxazulula izinkinga ezweni eliphawuleka ngabantu “abazithandayo” futhi “abangafuni sivumelwano.”—2 Thimothewu 3:1-3.

Nokho, kuyaqhubeka ukufuna amakhambi amukelekayo. Ingabe liyoke litholakale ikhambi eliphelele lokungcola nezimoto?

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Ingabe singakunciphisa ukungcola ngokusebenzisa izinto zokuthutha zomphakathi, ngokusebenzisa imoto eyodwa njengeqembu, noma ngokugibela ibhayisikili?