Ukubuka Okwezwe
Izimoto Zikagesi Nendawo Ezungezile
I-German Automobile Company yenza ukuhlola ukuze ithole ukuthi izimoto ezihamba ngamabhetri ziyiphatha kangcono yini indawo ezungezile kunezimoto ezinezinjini zikaphethiloli. Ngokwephephandaba i-Süddeutsche Zeitung, lokhu kuhlola kwahlanganisa abashayeli abayikhulu abahamba amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-1,3 phakathi kuka-1992 no-1996. Kwatholakala ukuthi izimoto zikagesi zinezinzuzo eziningana, nakuba zihamba ibanga elifushane: Zazingabangi msindo, zazingawukhiphi ngokuqondile umusi endaweni ezikuyo. Nokho, lezi zinzuzo zingase zithiywe inkinga eyodwa eyinhloko. Ukuvuselela lamabhetri kudinga amandla amaningi kunamandla asetshenziswa yizimoto ezihamba ngophethiloli—ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1,5 kuya kwezine, kuye ngokuthi zisetshenziswa kangakanani—futhi lawo mandla kumelwe aphehlwe kwenye indawo. Leli phephandaba laphawula ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi “umonakalo odaleka endaweni ezungezile mkhulu kunomonakalo obangelwa yizimoto ezivamile,” kuye ngokuthi lamandla aphehlwa kanjani.
Qaphela: Kuwela Ama-colobus
IHlathi laseDiani, eduze nogu lwaseningizimu yeKenya, lingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa eMpumalanga Afrika lapho izinkawu ama-colobus zisachuma khona. Inkinga lezi zilwane ezibhekene nayo ukuthi zingawuwela kanjani ngokuphephile umgwaqo ongasebhishi. I-Swara, umagazini weNhlangano YaseMpumalanga Afrika Yezilwane Zasendle, ibika ukuthi ngokokunye ukulinganisela, okungenani izinkawu ezingu-12 zishayiswa yizimoto kulomgwaqo inyanga ngayinye. Iqembu lezakhamuzi zaseDiani ezikhathazekile lanquma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokunciphisa ukufa kwalezi zilwane. Ngaphandle kokunxusa abashayeli ukuba baqaphele ngokwengeziwe, muva nje lezi zakhamuzi zakhe ibhuloho ngezindophi ngaphezu komgwaqo. Zikhuthazwe ukubona izinkawu zisebenzisa leli bhuloho, izakhamuzi zenza amacebo okwakha amabhuloho engeziwe.
Isixwayiso: Izingcingo Zingaba Ingozi
Zingaba ingozi uma zisetshenziswa lapho umuntu eshayela. Ukuhlola okwanyatheliswa kuyi-New England Journal of Medicine kubonisa ukuthi abashayeli abasebenzisa izingcingo ezimotweni basengozini ephindwe kane yokwehlelwa yingozi kunabashayeli abagxilisa ingqondo emgwaqweni kuphela. Lokhu kungase kwenze ukushayela usebenzisa ucingo kube yingozi njengokushayela unezinga elingu-0,1% lotshwala egazini. Futhi abashayeli abanezingcingo abakhuluma bengazibambile basengozini efanayo nalabo abaziphatha ngesandla. Abacwaningi bakuveza ngokushesha ukuthi izingcingo ngokwazo azizibangeli izingozi kodwa zimane zihlobene nezingozi, njengalapho kuphakama impikiswano bese umuntu ephazamiseka. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amaphesenti angu-39 abashayeli abahileleka ezingozini kamuva asebenzisa izingcingo zawo ezisezimotweni ukuze acele usizo. Kusikiselwa ukuthi labo abanezingcingo ezimotweni bagweme zonke izingcingo ezingadingekile lapho beshayela futhi bafushanise izingxoxo zabo. Amanye amazwe, njengeBrazil, i-Israyeli neSwitzerland kakade asenemithetho enqabela abashayeli ukusebenzisa izingcingo eziphathwayo.
Iqhinga Likagwayi
“Ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani imboni kagwayi ingalisebenzisi ithonya layo elikhulu lezombangazwe ukuze yenze iSishaya-mthetho sithambise noma sisuse amazwi ayisixwayiso adingekayo kuzo zonke izikhangiso namaphakethe kagwayi [e-United States]?” kubuza i-Christian Century. “Impendulo ilula: leso sixwayiso ngezingozi zokubhema sivikela imboni kagwayi ekumangalelweni enkantolo. Uma uqala ukubhema uneminyaka engu-12 bese ugcina unomdlavuza wamaphaphu lapho uneminyaka engu-45, futhi unqume ukumangalela inkampani kagwayi eyakwenza umlutha, lemboni iphendula kalula ngokuthi: ‘Sakuxwayisa ngokuthi ukubhema kuyingozi empilweni.’” Elinye lamacebo amuva nje okuthengisa liwukukhuthaza ukubhema isigazu ngokuba lowo mkhiqizo ukhulunyelwe osaziwayo bamabhayisikobho nonobuhle. Nokho, isigazu siwohloza kakhulu kunosikilidi futhi siyingozi kakhulu empilweni. UDkt. Neil Schachter waseMount Sinai Medical Center, eNew York City, uthi: “Ukubhema isigazu akumsizi ngalutho owesifazane ngaphandle kokwandisa ingozi akuyo yokuba nezifo ezisongela ukuphila, futhi kumephuce amandla nomdlandla akudingayo ukuze aphumelele ekuphileni.”
Ukusanganiswa Inkulungwane Yeminyaka
“Ikhulu lama-20, elaqala njengeKhulu Leminyaka Lezimpi futhi lashintsha laba iNkathi Ye-athomu, kubonakala liya ekupheleni liyiNkathi Yezokuzijabulisa,” kusho umagazini i-Newsweek. “Kakade amahhotela emhlabeni wonke asamukele izicelo ezanele” zemikhosi yokugubha uBusuku Obandulela uNcibijane ngo-1999. Nokho, bekulokhu kunempikiswano eshubile ngokuthi lenkulungwane yeminyaka iyoqala kuphi ngempela. I-U.S.News & World Report iyaphawula: “Inkinga yaqala ezweni laseKiribati. I-date line yomhlaba wonke yayinqamula kulezi ziqhingi: Lapho kuyiSonto empumalanga yeKiribati, kwakunguMsombuluko entshonalanga yeKiribati.” Lelizwe laxazulula lenkinga ngokunquma ukuthi kusukela ngo-January 1, 1995 kuqhubeke, i-date line yayizonqamula eceleni kwesiqhingi sayo sasempumalanga, iCaroline. Lokho kwakuyosho ukuthi iKiribati yayiyoba izwe lokuqala elibona ukuqala kosuku olusha. Nokho, amanye amazwe, njengeTonga neNew Zealand, ayefuna isikhundla “sokuqala.” Ngokwe-Royal Greenwich Observatory, lendaba ixakile. Lombiko uthi: “Njengoba ilanga likhanya eSouth Pole kusukela lapho kulingana ubusuku nemini ngo-September kuze kube ngenkathi efanayo ngo-March, lenkulungwane yeminyaka iyoqala eningizimu yoMhlaba.” Nokho, i-Observatory inezela ukuthi lokho kuyokwenzeka ngo-January 1, 2001—hhayi ngonyaka ka-2000.
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Akubikezeleki
Muva nje, iqembu lomhlaba wonke lochwepheshe bokuzamazama komhlaba lahlangana eLondon lizodingida ukubikezeleka kokuzamazama komhlaba emkhakheni wezesayensi. Saba yini isinqubo salo? “Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu ososayensi bokwakheka koMhlaba babecabanga ukuthi [ukuzamazama okukhulu] ngokusobala kumelwe kube nezandulela ezibonakalayo neziphawulekayo ezingasetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokuhlaba umkhosi,” kubhala uDkt. Robert Geller, waseTokyo University, ephephandabeni i-Eos. Kunalokho, kudingeka bashintshe umbono wabo njengoba “kubonakala sengathi ngokwemvelo ukuzamazama komhlaba ngakunye akubikezeleki.” Nakuba kungase kungaphumi zibikezelo eziqondile, ososayensi bangalinganisela amathuba nobukhulu bokuzamazama komhlaba ezindaweni ezinomlando ophawulekayo wokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ibalazwe elisha elikhishwe yi-U.S. Geological Survey libonisa izindawo ezingase zibe nokuzamazama okukhulu ezwekazini lase-United States phakathi neminyaka engu-50 ezayo. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kwaziswa, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zibonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-70 ezakhamuzi zaseCalifornia ahlala ezindaweni okungenzeka ukuthi zisengozini.
Izitshalo Zidla Iziqhumane
Umagazini i-New Scientist ubika ukuthi izitshalo ze-sugar beet kanye nezithile zasemanzini zinekhono lokumunca iziqhumane enhlabathini nasemanzini ezindaweni okwakugqitshwe kuzo amabhomu futhi zizithene amandla ngokuphephile. Ososayensi baseRice University, eHouston, eTexas, bathela i-TNT kuyi-periwinkle ne-parrot feather, okuyizitshalo ezivamile zasemanzini. Ngesikhathi esingaphansi kwesonto kwakungasenaziqhumane ezisele eziqwini zalezi zitshalo, futhi ukuzishisa akuzange kubangele ukuqhuma. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abacwaningi base-University of Maryland bathola ukuthi amangqamuzana noketshezi lwe-sugar beet evamile kungamunca futhi kuqede i-nitroglycerin. Womabili lamaqembu ososayensi abulala zonke izilokazane ezikulezi zitshalo ukuze kubonakale ukuthi zazingatholi sizo kuzo. Lesi sihloko sithi: “Okwamanje, ngokuvamile kuyingozi kakhulu futhi kumba eqolo ukuthatha izindawo okwakugqitshwe kuzo amabhomu ngaphambili ukuze kwakhiwe kuzo, kodwa lokho kungashintsha uma kusetshenziswa izitshalo ezingabizi ukuze zimunce lezi ziqhumane enhlabathini nasemanzini futhi zizithene amandla ngokuphephile.” Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo ngoba “umkhuba osetshenziswayo manje wokulahla imfucumfucu yezikhali olwandle uyaqedwa.”
Ukudansa Okuyingozi
Eminye imidanso iye yashintsha isuka ekubeni ubuciko obunesizotha “yaba umdlalo wokuqhudelana ngonya okuzuzwa ngawo izindodla zemali,” kubika i-Times yaseLondon. Ukushayisana ngamandla nokukhahlelana okulimaza abanye abadansi abasemqhudelwaneni kuba ingozi kwezomdanso. Okubi nakakhulu ukuthi abanye abantu badansa ngendlela eyingozi “ngamabomu,” ngokusho kukaHarry Smith-Hampshire, ijaji lezomdanso elaziwayo. I-Times ithi abaqhudelani bomdanso baletha “imikhuba yasenkundleni kanobhutshuzwayo nasesiyingini sesibhakela.” Njengoba kunethemba lokuthi kungekudala ukudansa kuyongena emidlalweni yama-Olympic, abaqeqeshi abangochwepheshe namajaji baye basungula “umthetho wokuziphatha” ukuze baqondise lomdlalo.