UMfula IDanube—Ukube Nje Ubungakhuluma!

Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! eJalimane

Iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu nengxenye, amaJalimane odumo aye awubuka ngesineke uMfula iDanube—engaqapheli lutho. Kungenzeka kanjani lokho? Ngo-1842, inkosi yaseBavaria uLudwig I yaqeda ukwakha iValhalla,a ithempeli eliklanywe ngendlela yamaGreki ngemabula elalakhelwe ukuhlonipha amaJalimane avelele ayeseshonile.

NJENGOBA siseceleni kweDanube egqumeni elingaseRegensburg, eJalimane, lesi sakhiwo sabantu bodumo—esakhiwa safana neParthenon yase-Acropolis e-Athens—sinezithombe eziningi eziqoshiwe zamakhanda amadoda nabesifazane bodumo.

Lesi simo siyafaneleka. La makhosana, izimbongi, izazi zobuciko, osombangazwe, ososayensi nabaculi—kuhlanganise nosaziwayo abanjengoBeethoven, u-Einstein, uGoethe, uGutenberg, uKepler noLuther—babewazi kahle umfula iDanube. Abaningi babehlala ngasosebeni lwawo, bewuwela njalo noma baqambe izingoma ngawo. Yeka ukuthi umfula iDanube ubungalandisa indaba engakanani—ukube nje ubukhuluma!

Akuwona Nje Amanzi Agelezayo

Isazi-mlando uNorman Davies siyabhala: “Kumuntu oyisazi sokuma komhlaba, imifula ithwala inhlabathi ezike phansi futhi ithuthukise uhwebo.” Nokho, siphawula ukuthi “kumuntu oyisazi-mlando iphethe amasiko, imibono, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nombango. Injengokuphila uqobo.” Umfula iDanube ugeleza noma uhambe emingceleni yamazwe ayishumi ahlukene—iJalimane, i-Austria, iSlovakia, iHungary, iCroatia, iYugoslavia, iBulgaria, iRomania, iMoldova ne-Ukraine—ngakho kuye kwaba namasiko, imibono nemibango eminingi kuwo. Yingakho imiphakathi eminingi eyakhe ngaseDanube iye yafeza izindima eziyinhloko emlandweni wezwe laseYurophu, ngisho nasemlandweni womhlaba.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela iVienna, inhloko-dolobha yase-Austria. Leli dolobha sekuyisikhathi eside liqashelwa njengesikhungo somhlaba wonke sempucuko, ngoba linezindawo eziningi ze-opera, amahholo emidlalo yaseshashalazini, iminyuziyamu, izakhiwo ezingokomlando nemitapo yezincwadi. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka laziwa nangamathilomu nezinkantini zalo. Iqembu iVienna Philharmonic Orchestra libhekwa njengelinye lamaqembu adl’ ubhedu emhlabeni. I-University of Vienna, eyakhiwa ngo-1365, indala kunawo wonke emazweni akhuluma isiJalimane.

Uma kuziwa endabeni yemibono, i-New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka iVienna “yaba yindawo efanelekile yokuthuthukisa imiqondo eyayizothonya izwe lanamuhla—ngendlela enhle noma embi.” Phakathi kwabantu ngandlela-thile abathonywa ukuhlala kule ndawo iminyaka eminingi kubalwa uTheodor Herzl, umsunguli wenkolo yeZiyoni; uSigmund Freud, umsunguli wesayensi yokuhlaziya ingqondo; no-Adolf Hitler, owaziwa kahle kamhlophe.

Ukuhlukanisa “Impucuko Nobuqaba”

UNorman Davies uthi: “Endulo, uMfula iDanube wawumelela omunye wemingcele emikhulu eNhlonhlweni yaseYurophu.” Uyachaza: “Njengoba yabekwa njengomngcele woMbuso WamaRoma ekhulwini lokuqala AD, i-Danuvius ngesiLatini . . . yayihlukanisa impucuko nobuqaba.”

Amadolobha amaningana aseDanube aba nendima evelele emlandweni woMbuso WamaRoma nakulokho kamuva okwabizwa ngokuthi uMbuso WamaRoma Ongcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, iBratislava, isikhungo esingokwesiko saseSlovakia futhi namuhla eyinhloko-dolobha yakhona, yayiyinhloko-dolobha yaseHungary kusukela ngo-1526 kuya ku-1784. Futhi umkhaya wasebukhosini wase-Austria wahlala isikhathi eside enqabeni enkulu, esendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayikhulu ngaphezu kweDanube. Lapho iVienna isongelwa amabutho aseFrance naseBavaria ngo-1741, uMaria Theresa, kamuva owaba yindlovukazi, wabalekela kule nqaba.

UMaria Theresa wayezalwa kwaHabsburg. Le ndlu yasebukhosini—engenye yezazivelele eYurophu—inezithombe eziningi eziqoshiwe eValhalla.b Lo mkhaya ovelele, onomlando ohlehlela emuva ekhulwini leshumi, wathola ubukhosi ekhulwini le-13 futhi ekugcineni wabusa ingxenye enkulu yeYurophu Ephakathi—ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokwendiselana nabantu abafanele. UFrancis Ferdinand, owayeyindlalifa yobukhosi bakwaHabsburg, wabulawa eSarajevo ngo-1914, okwabangela ukugqashuka kwempi emhlabeni wonke.

Amanzi Agcwele Igazi

Imibuso iye yavela yadlula, okuye kwenza umfula iDanube wabhekana nesimo sezombangazwe esishintsha njalo. Wawungumngcele woMbuso WaseByzantium wekhulu le-11 nele-12. Kamuva, ingxenye yawo enkulu yayigelezela eMbusweni WaseTurkey, njengoba abaseTurkey banqoba amadolobha aseDanube anjengeBelgrade neBudapest. Ngisho neVienna yahlaselwa kodwa yanganqotshwa ngo-1529 nango-1683.

Yingakho-ke umlobi waseJalimane uWerner Heider ethi: “Awukho omunye umfula waseYurophu obaluleke njengeDanube emlandweni.” Omunye umlobi uphawula ukuthi esikhathini esidlule lo mfula wawusebenza “njengomzila oyinhloko wokuhlasela elaseYurophu ngasempumalanga owawusetshenziswa amaHun, abaseTartary, abaseMongolia nabaseTurkey.”

Umfula iDanube uye wasetshenziswa kabi nasezimpini zamuva nje. Umlobi uWilliam L. Shirer uyabhala: “[Ngo-1941] ebusuku bango-February 28 amabutho eMpi AseJalimane awela iDanube evela eRumania futhi aphaka impi eBulgaria.” Ngo-1945, eminyakeni emine kamuva, “amaRashiya, ngemva kokuthumba iVienna ngo-April 13, akhuphuka ngeDanube, kanti iThird Army yase-United States yayewuka ngomfula ukuze impi itholane phezulu.”

Umlando wempucuko nemibono ephathelene nomfula iDanube uye waba umlando wengxabano, futhi amanzi awo aye angcoliswa yigazi lezimpi zabantu. Kodwa uye wangcoliswa nangezinye izindlela.

Awuseluhlaza Okwesibhakabhaka

Lapho uJohann Strauss, Jr. eqamba ingoma ethi “The Blue Danube” ngo-1867, kusobala ukuthi la manzi ayenombala wesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza ngempela. Kodwa kuthiwani namuhla?

Uma usuka emthonjeni wawo eBlack Forest eJalimane, umfula iDanube ugwingciza ushone ngasempumalanga amakhilomitha angaba ngu-2 850 uyongena oLwandle Olumnyama. Uwumfula wesibili ngobude kunayo yonke eYurophu, ulandela iVolga. Amanzi awo ahlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-817 000. Nokho, ukwakhiwa kweDamu LaseGabcikovo, eliyingxenye yesimiso sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi esiseDanube phakathi kweVienna neBudapest, kuye kwayilimaza indawo ezungezile. Ngokomthombo othile, leli damu “liye lawanciphisa kakhulu amanzi omfula iDanube, lenza ukuba amahlathi namaxhaphozi amaningi ome, futhi lanciphisa izinhlanzi kwezinye izingxenye zeDanube ngo-80%.”

Ukube ubungakhuluma, umfula iDanube wanamuhla cishe ubungaba manqikanqika ukulandisa indlela ukuntula ulwazi nokuhaha kwabantu okuye kwawusebenzisa ngayo njengesikhohlakali nanjengesisulu. Ngokwephephandaba laseRussia i-Rossiiskaya Gazeta, umfula iDanube, kanye neminye imifula emithathu emikhulu engenela oLwandle Olumnyama, iye yenza uLwandle Olumnyama lwaba “ulwandle olungcole kakhulu emhlabeni.” Leli phepha elifanayo lichaza ukuthi uLwandle Olumnyama “lubhekene nokufa okulusizi,” liphawula ukuthi kule minyaka engu-30 edlule, “luye lwaba yindawo yokulahla indle yesigamu sabantu baseYurophu—indawo okulahlwa kuyo inqwaba yamakhemikhali e-phosphorus, isigidi, i-DDT, uwoyela nenye imfucumfucu enobuthi.”

Yeka ukuthi idabukisa kanjani indaba yalokho okuye kwenzeka ezizalweni zeDanube! Endaweni engase-Izmail, e-Ukraine, lapho lo mfula ungenela khona oLwandle Olumnyama, umonakalo ongokwemvelo uyesabeka. Amavuba, ayegcwele kule ndawo, aseyivelakancane. Umagazini waseJalimane i-Geo uthi ukulondolozwa phakade “kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane [kule ndawo] . . . kuyisibonelo esiwumhlahla-ndlela emikhankasweni yomhlaba wonke yokulondoloza imvelo.”

Kunesimo Esijabulisayo Esizofika

Ngo-1902 kwafika isakhamuzi esisha eTailfingen, idolobhana elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-60 enyakatho-mpumalanga yomthombo weDanube, kwesinye sezizalo zalo mfula. Leso sakhamuzi kwakunguMargarethe Demut. NgesiJalimane, elithi “Demut” lisho “Ukuthobeka.” Ngenxa yokuthi sasishumayela ngokusondela “kwenkathi yokuchuma,” ngokushesha izakhamuzi zendawo zase zisibiza ngokuthi uGolden Gretle. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, iTailfingen yaba nelinye lamabandla okuqala oFakazi BakaJehova eJalimane.

Ngo-1997, oFakazi BakaJehova abangu-21 687 abakhonza emabandleni angu-258 asesifundeni saseDanube, esihlanganisa amazwe ayishumi, ngobunye babeshumayela sona lesi sigijimi soMbuso kaNkulunkulu omisiwe.

Njengoba uNkulunkulu enqumile ukuthi umhlaba uyoba khona phakade futhi wakhiwe, umfula iDanube uyogeleza phakade. (IHubo 104:5; Isaya 45:18) Uma kunjalo, yeka indlela okujabulisa ngayo ukuthi ekugcineni lo mfula uyolandisa indaba ejabulisayo ngemva komlando wamakhulu eminyaka yamasiko anezigigaba, imibono yabantu eyiphutha nezimpi ezichitha igazi. Abantu abajabulayo nabanempilo bayobe behlala osebeni lwawo, bengasahlukanisiwe yimingcele yezombangazwe noma ulimi. Bonke bayodumisa uMdali Omkhulu. Ngeke isadingeka iValhalla yokuhlonipha abantu abafile, ngoba bonke abafanelekayo bayobe sebebuyiselwe ekuphileni.—Johane 5:28, 29.

Ukucabanga ngomfula iDanube ojabulisa ngaleyo ndlela kungase kusikhumbuze iHubo 98:8, 9, elithi: “Imifula mayishaye ihlombe . . . ngokuba [uJehova] uyeza ukwahlulela umhlaba. Uyakwahlulela izwe ngokulunga nezizwe ngobuqotho.” Cabanga nje ukuthi umfula iDanube, oyobe usuphinde waba muhle waba luhlaza cwe, uyolandisa indaba evusa amadlingozi kangakanani!

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 16, 17]

IZINDAWO EZINGASEDANUBE

I-ULM, EJALIMANE

U-Albert Einstein, ucwaningo lwakhe olungokwesayensi olwathonya umlando wezwe lanamuhla, wazalelwa e-Ulm ngo-1879. Kuthiwa “ngesikhathi esaphila wayebhekwa njengomunye wongqondongqondo abakhaliphile emlandweni wesintu”

[Isithombe]

IWELTENBURG, EJALIMANE

IREGENSBURG, EJALIMANE

Isazi sezinkanyezi uKepler sashonela lapho ngo-1630, esikhathini eside ngemva kokwakhiwa kweSteinerne Brücke (IBhuloho Lamatshe) eDanube ngekhulu le-12, ibhuloho ngaleso sikhathi elalibhekwa njengesakhiwo esimangalisayo

IMAUTHAUSEN, E-AUSTRIA

Kuleli dolobhana elincane elakhiwe ngaseDanube kwakunekamu lokuhlushwa lamaNazi. Abanye phakathi kwamashumi ezinkulungwane ezaboshwa kule ndawo, babengoFakazi BakaJehova, kuhlanganise noMartin Poetzinger, kamuva owaba yilungu leNdikimba Ebusayo

[Isithombe]

IVIENNA, E-AUSTRIA

[Isithombe]

IBRATISLAVA, ESLOVAKIA

[Umthombo]

Geopress/H. Armstrong Roberts

IBELGRADE, EYUGOSLAVIA

I-World Book Encyclopedia ithi eBelgrade kwaba “nezibhelu zezombangazwe nezempi” ezathatha “amakhulu eminyaka.” Amabutho ayehlasela “anqoba futhi acekela phansi iBel­grade izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-30”

INIKOPOL, EBULGARIA

Leli dolobhana laba yisiphephelo esibalulekile ngemva kokwakhiwa ngumbusi waseByzantium uHeraclius ngo-629 C.E. Ngo-1396 inkosi yaseTurkey uBayezid I yanqoba iNkosi uSigismund yaseHungary kule ndawo, kwase kuqala ukubusa kweTurkey kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu

IGIURGIU, EROMANIA

Ngo-1869, ujantshi wokuqala waseRomania wawuhlanganisa iGiurgiu nomakhelwane wayo owaziwayo iBucharest, engamakhilomitha angaba ngu-65 ngasenyakatho. Ngo-1954 kwakhiwa ibhuloho eliwela iDanube elinemizila emibili yezimoto nojantshi elalihlanganisa iRomania neBulgaria futhi ngesasasa labizwa ngokuthi iBhuloho Lobungane

[Ibalazwe]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

GERMANY

Black Forest

Tailfingen

Ulm

Weltenburg

Regensburg

Valhalla

AUSTRIA

Mauthausen

Vienna

SLOVAKIA

Bratislava

IDamu LaseGabcikovo

HUNGARY

Budapest

CROATIA

YUGOSLAVIA

Belgrade

BULGARIA

Nikopol

ROMANIA

Giurgiu

Bucharest

MOLDOVA

UKRAINE

Izmail

Isizalo seDanube

ULWANDLE OLUMNYAMA

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 18]

IBUDAPEST, EHUNGARY

Njengoba yayaziwa ngokuthi iNdlovukazi yaseDanube, iBudapest yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko iBuda, ngasentshonalanga yeDanube, kanye nePest ngase-mpumalanga. Ngo-1900, cishe ingxenye yesine yomphakathi wakhona kwaku-ngamaJuda—umphakathi owacishe waqothulwa wonke phakathi neMpi Yezwe II