Ukuthumba—Inkathazo Eyenziwa Ibhizinisi

“UKUTHUMBA akufani nobugebengu bokuthatha izimpahla. Kubonisa ukuliphatha kabi, ukuliphatha ngonya nokungalikhathaleli iqembu lesintu elibaluleké kakhulu, umkhaya” kusho uMark Bles, encwadini yakhe ethi The Kidnap Business. Ukuthumba kubangela ukukhathazeka ngokomzwelo emalungwini omkhaya. Umzuzu nomzuzu, ihora nehora, baba nemizwa eshintshashintshayo yokuqina idolo babuye baphelelwe ithemba, njengoba belwa nemizwa yecala, yenzondo nokungabi nalusizo. Lolu sizi lungase luqhubeke izinsuku, amasonto, izinyanga noma ngezinye izikhathi, ngisho neminyaka.

Ngenxa yokomela kwabo imali okunganeliseki, abathumbi basizakala ngemizwelo yomkhaya. Elinye iqembu labathumbi laphoqa isisulu salo ukuba sibhalele umthombo wezindaba lokhu okulandelayo: “Ngicela uMthombo Wezindaba usakaze lokhu yonke indawo ukuze uma ngingabuyi icala libe kubathumbi bami kodwa nomkhaya wakithi ngoba uncamela imali kunami.” Abathumbi base-Italy baye bafuna imali yesihlengo ngenkani ngokusika izitho zomzimba bese bezithumela ezihlotsheni noma eziteshini ze-TV. Umthumbi waseMexico wayehlukumeza izisulu zakhe ngisho nalapho zixoxa nemikhaya yazo ocingweni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abathumbi bazama ukuthola umusa ezisulwini zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ePhilippines usomabhizinisi owayethunjiwe wagcinwa ehhotela eliphambili eManila, lapho abathumbi bakhe babemnika khona utshwala futhi bamlalise nezifebe kwaze kwakhokhwa isihlengo. Nokho, izisulu eziningi ziyavalelwa kungabi bikho muntu onendaba nezidingo zazo ezingokomzimba noma zenhlanzeko. Eziningi ziphathwa ngonya. Kunoma ikuphi, isisulu sihlale sesaba, sizibuza ukuthi kazi kuzokwenzekani kuso.

Ukubhekana Nokuphazamiseka

Ngisho nangemva kokuba izisulu sezikhululiwe, zingase zibe nezibazi ezingokomzwelo ezingapheli. Umhlengikazi waseSweden owathunjwa eSomalia uzwakalisa lo mbono: “Yinye into ebaluleké kunazo zonke. Kufanele ukhulume nabangane nezihlobo futhi uthole usizo lochwepheshe uma uludinga.”

Ochwepheshe abelaphayo baye basungula indlela yokusiza izisulu ezinjalo. Ngezikhathi ezimfushane eziningana, izisulu zihlaziya izenzakalo eziye zabhekana nazo ngosizo lochwepheshe, ngaphambi kokuba zihlangane nemikhaya yazo futhi zibuyele ekuphileni okuvamile. “Ukwelashwa okutholakala ngokushesha ngemva kwesenzakalo kunciphisa ingozi yokulimala okungelapheki,” kusho uRigmor Gillberg, uchwepheshe wenhlangano yeSiphambano Esibomvu owelapha ababhekané nesikhathi esinzima.

Imiphumela Eyengeziwe

Izisulu nemikhaya yazo akubona bodwa abathintekayo ngokuthumba. Ukwesaba ukuthunjwa kungaphazamisa ezokuvakasha futhi kukhinyabeze nabatshali bezimali; futhi kwenza umphakathi uzizwe ungaphephile. Ngezinyanga ezimbalwa nje ngo-1997, izinkampani eziyisithupha zakwamanye amazwe zathutha ePhilippines ngenxa yosongo lokuthunjwa. Owesifazane wasePhilippines osebenzela iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi i-Citizens Against Crime wathi: “Siphilela usizi.”

Isihloko kuyi-Arizona Republic sithi: “Izikhulu zaseMexico zikwesaba kakhulu ukuthunjwa, futhi zikwesaba kufanele.” Umagazini waseBrazil i-Veja ubika ukuthi abathumbi nabaphangi sebethathe indawo yezinunu ezesatshwa yizingane zaseBrazil. ETaiwan, esikoleni kufundiswa izindlela zokuvimbela ukuthunjwa, kanti e-United States kuye kwafakwa amakhamera okuqapha ezinkulisa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthumba.

Ukwanda Kwezinkampani Zokuphepha

Ukwanda kokuthumba kanye nemicikilisho ebucayi ehambisana nako kuye kwabangela ukwanda kwezinkampani zokuphepha ezizimele. Edolobheni laseBrazil iRio de Janeiro, kunezinkampani ezinjalo ezingaphezu kuka-500, ezingenisa imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-11 zamaRandi.

Izinkampani zokuphepha zamazwe ezandayo zifundisa indlela yokuvimbela ukuthumba, zisakaza imibiko ngezindawo eziyingozi futhi zixoxe ngamanani esihlengo. Zeluleka imikhaya nezinkampani, zizifundisa amaqhinga abathumbi futhi zisize abake bathunjwa bakwazi ukubhekana nakho ngokwengqondo. Ezinye izinkampani zize zizame ngisho nokubamba abathumbi futhi babuyise imali yesihlengo ngemva kokuba isisulu sesidedelwe. Nokho, lezi zinkonzo azenziwa mahhala.

Naphezu kwemizamo enjalo, ukuthumba kuyanda emazweni amaningi. Ephawula ngesimo eLatin America, uRichard Johnson, iphini likamongameli weSeitlin & Company, uthi: “Umuntu angalindela ukuba ukuthumba kwande.”

Izizathu Zokuba Kwande

Ochwepheshe basikisela izizathu eziningi ezibangela ukwanda kwako muva nje. Kwezinye izindawo kubangelwa isimo somnotho esidabukisayo. Isisebenzi sosizo edolobheni laseNal’chik, eRussia, sathi: “Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola imali yileli thuluzi elidumile, ukuthumba.” Kwamanye amazwe ayengama-republic aseSoviet, kuthiwa ukuthumba kusetshenziselwa ukuxhasa amabutho angasese abakhuzi bempi bendawo.

Abantu abahamba ngomsebenzi noma abavakashayo baningi kunanoma yinini ngaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela bavula umkhakha omusha abathumbi abangaphendukela kuwo. Inani labantu bakwamanye amazwe abaye bathunjwa liye laphindeka kabili eminyakeni emihlanu. Phakathi no-1991 no-1997, kwathunjwa izivakashi emazweni angu-26.

Bavelaphi bonke laba bathumbi? Ezinye izimpi ziyaphela, zishiya ababengamasosha bengenamsebenzi, bengenamali. Laba bantu banawo wonke amakhono adingekayo okwenza leli bhizinisi elingenisa imali.

Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela eziphumelela kangcono zokunqanda ukuphangwa kwamabhange nokungahambi kahle kwebhizinisi lezidakamizwa kuye kwabangela ukuba izigebengu ziphendukele ekuthumbeni ukuze zithole imali. UMike Ackerman, umcwaningi onguchwepheshe kwezokuthumba, wachaza: “Njengoba senza kube nzima ukwenza ubugebengu empahleni kuyo yonke imiphakathi, lokho kwandisa ubugebengu obenziwa kubantu.” Ukukhuluma kwabemithombo yezindaba ngemali enkulu yesihlengo nakho kungase kushukumise abanye ukuba babe abathumbi.

Izisusa Azifani Ngaso Sonke Isikhathi

Abathumbi abaningi bafuna imali nje kuphela, hhayi okunye. Isihlengo abasifunayo siyashiyana kusukela emaRandini ambalwa nje kuphela kuya enanini lesihlengo elaqopha umlando elingamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-364 elakhokhelwa ukuhlenga inkinsela yaseHong Kong engazange ikhululwe naphezu kokukhokhwa kwemali.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abathumbi baye basebenzisa izisulu zabo ukuze bathole udumo, ukudla, imithi, imisakazo nezimoto kanye nezikole ezintsha, imigwaqo nezibhedlela. Esinye isikhulu esathunjwa e-Asia sakhululwa ngemva kokuba abathumbi sebenikwe ijezi namabhola e-basketball. Amanye amaqembu athumba ukuze esabise abatshali bezimali bakwamanye amazwe nezivakashi, ngenhloso yokuthiya ukuxhashazwa kwezwe nezinto ezingokwemvelo.

Ngakho ziningi izisusa, ziningi izindlela, baningi abangaba abathumbi noma izisulu. Ingabe amakhambi nawo maningi? Ayini amanye awo, futhi ingabe angayixazulula ngempela inkinga? Ngaphambi kokuphendula imibuzo enjalo, ake sihlole ezinye zezimbangela ezijulile zokwanda kwebhizinisi lokuthumba.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 5]

Uma Uthunjwa

Labo abaye bacwaninga ngale ndaba banikeza ukusikisela okulandelayo kubantu abangase bathunjwe.

• Bambisana nabathumbi; ungabi nenkani. Abathunjwa abanenkani bavame ukuhlukunyezwa, futhi baba sengozini enkulu yokubulawa noma bajeziswe bodwa.

• Yehlisa umoya. Khumbula ukuthi izisulu eziningi ziyasinda ekuthunjweni.

• Cabanga ngezinye izinto ukuze uqhube isikhathi.

• Zama ukusungula isimiso sansuku zonke.

• Vivinya umzimba, ngisho noma amathuba okunyakaza engase abe mancane.

• Qaphela okwenzekayo, zama ukugcina engqondweni imininingwane ethile, imisindo namaphunga. Thola izici ezithile ngabathumbi bakho.

• Hlanganyela engxoxweni elula uma kungenzeka, uzame ukuxoxa. Uma abathumbi sebekubona ukuthi unjani, kungenzeka bangakulimazi noma bangakubulali.

• Batshele izidingo zakho ngomoya okahle.

• Ungazami ukubonisana nabo ngesihlengo sakho.

• Uma kukhona abazokukhulula, hlala phansi futhi uzole ubone ukuthi kwenzekani.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 6]

Impikiswano Ngomshuwalense Wokuthumba

Imboni echumayo ngenxa yokwanda kokuthumba ngumshuwalense. Phakathi nawo-1990 umshuwalense wokuthumba wakwa-Lloyd’s of London uye wakhuphuka ngamaphesenti angu-50 minyaka yonke. Izinkampani eziningi zidayisa imishuwalense enjalo. Umshuwalense ukhokhela uchwepheshe oxoxisana nomthunjwa, imali yesihlengo futhi ngezinye izikhathi wenze imizamo yokubuyisa isihlengo. Nokho, indaba yomshuwalense iyimpikiswano.

Abagxeki bomshuwalense wokuthumba bathi wenza ubugebengu bube ibhizinisi futhi akulungile ukwenza imali ngokuthumba. Bathi futhi umuntu owaziyo ukuthi unomshuwalense angase angakunaki ukuphepha kwakhe futhi lo mshuwalense uzokwenza kube lula ukuba abathumbi bathole imali ngaleyo ndlela ugqugquzela lobu bugebengu. Abanye besaba nokuthi ukuba khona komshuwalense kuzokhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlele ukuba bathunjwe ukuze bathole imali yomshuwalense. Umshuwalense wokuthumba uvinjelwe eColombia, e-Italy naseJalimane.

Abasekeli bomshuwalense wokuthumba bathi njenganoma yimuphi umshuwalense, wenza ukuba abaningi bakhokhele ukulahlekelwa kwabambalwa. Bacabanga ukuthi umshuwalense uqinisekisa ukuphepha ngezinga elithile, ngoba imikhaya nezinkampani ezinalo mshuwalense ziyakwazi ukukhokhela usizo lochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe, abanganciphisa ukucindezeleka, benze ukuba lehliswe inani lesihlengo futhi benze kube lula ukubamba abathumbi.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 7]

I-Stockholm Syndrome

Ngo-1974 ukuthunjwa kukaPatty Hearst, indodakazi kasozigidigidi wephephandaba uRandolph A. Hearst, kwamangaza lapho eshintsha eba ngasohlangothini lwabathumbi bakhe futhi ehlanganyela nabo ekuphangeni behlomile. Kwesinye isehlakalo, umdlali webhola lezinyawo waseSpain owathunjwa wabaxolela abathumbi bakhe futhi wabafisela okuhle.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, lokhu kwabizwa ngokuthi i-Stockholm Syndrome, ngemva kwesehlakalo sokuthumba ebhange laseStockholm, eSweden, ngo-1973. Kuleso sehlakalo, abanye abathunjwa bakha ubungane obukhethekile nabathumbi babo. Ukuxhumana okunjalo kuye kwaba yisivikelo kubathunjwa, njengoba incwadi ethi Criminal Behavior ichaza: “Lapho isisulu nomthumbi bazana kangcono, kulapho beqala khona ukuthandana. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile mancane amathuba okuba umthumbi alimaze umthunjwa.”

Isisulu esiyiNgisi eChechnya esadlwengulwa sathi: “Ngikholelwa ukuthi lapho unogada esesazi ngabanye waqaphela ukuthi wenza kabi ngokungidlwengula. Wayeka futhi waxolisa.”

[Isithombe ekhasini 4]

Emalungwini omkhaya ukuthumba kungenye yezinto ezibangela ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo okubuhlungu kunakho konke ongase ukucabange

[Isithombe ekhasini 5]

Izisulu zidinga induduzo

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Izisulu eziningi zivalelwa kungabi bikho muntu onendaba nezidingo zazo ezingokomzimba noma zenhlanzeko