Ibhizinisi Elinomlando Omude
Ishabhu lokubaza likaJohn lalakhiwe kahle kunawo wonke emphakathini wakubo futhi linamathuluzi aphambili. Wayeziqhenya ngalo. Kodwa ngobunye ubusuku kwaqubuka umlilo. Emahoreni nje ambalwa, ishabhu lakhe elihle lasha langqongqa.
NGAPHAMBI kwalokho, uJohn wayekucabangile ukuthatha umshuwalense womlilo ngenye yemali ayeyisebenzisela ukwakha ishabhu lakhe. Nokho, wacabanga: ‘Ngiyacophelela kakhulu. Futhi uma kungaqubuki mlilo, umshuwalense uwukuchitha imali nje.’ Kodwa umlilo waqubuka. Ukube ishabhu likaJohn lalinomshuwalense, cishe wayeyokwazi ukulivuselela. Ngaphandle komshuwalense, akukho ayengakwenza.
Uyini Umshuwalense?
Umshuwalense awukona ukutshala imali umuntu anethemba lokubuye ayithole. Futhi awukona ukugembula. Umgembuli uzifaka engozini, kanti umshuwalense uyisivikelo ezingozini esezikhona kakade. Umshuwalense uyindlela yokuhlanganyela ingozi nabanye.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, imiphakathi iye yahlanganisa izimali zayo ukuze isize abantu abalahlekelwe. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 500 edlule, uMose wayala isizwe sakwa-Israyeli ukuba sinikele ngengxenye yesivuno saso ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kusizwe ‘umfokazi, nentandane, nomfelokazi.’—Duteronomi 14:28, 29.
Umsuka Womshuwalense
Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka umshuwalense ukhona. Uhlobo oluthile lomshuwalense wesikweletu lwalufakiwe eMthethweni KaHammurabi, iqoqo lemithetho yaseBabiloni okuthiwa labhalwa ngaphambi koMthetho KaMose. Ukuze babe nemali yokuxhasa izinkambo zabo zohwebo zasendulo, abanikazi bemikhumbi babetsheleka imali kubatshali bezimali. Uma umkhumbi uphahlazeka, abanikazi babengenawo umthwalo wokukhokha imali abayibolekile. Njengoba imikhumbi eminingi yayibuya iphephile, inzalo eyayikhokhwa abanikazi bemikhumbi abaningi yayinxephezela abatshelekisa ngemali.
Ngokufanayo, enye yezinkampani zomshuwalense edume kakhulu emhlabeni, iLloyd’s of London, yavela ngenxa yohwebo lwemikhumbi. Ngo-1688, u-Edward Lloyd wayenethilomu lapho abathengisi nabanikazi bamabhange baseLondon babehlangana khona bezohwebelana. Lapho, abatshali bezimali, ababenikeza amatilosi izivumelwano zomshuwalense, babebhala amagama abo ngaphansi kohlu lwezingozi ezithile ezazizoba umthwalo wabo uma bethola imali ethile. Laba basunguli bomshuwalense bagcina baziwa ngokuthi abaphathi bomshuwalense. Ekugcineni, ngo-1769, iLloyd’s yaba yiqembu elisemthethweni lomshuwalense okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi laba yinkampani ephambili esingatha izingozi zemikhumbi.
Umshuwalense Namuhla
Lapho abantu bethenga umshuwalense namuhla, basahlanganyela ekusizaneni lapho kuvela ingozi. Izinkampani zesimanje zomshuwalense zihlola izibalo ezibonisa ukuvama kwezingozi esikhathini esidlule—ngokwesibonelo, ukulahlekelwa okubangelwe ukusha kweshabhu—ukuze zizame ukubikezela ukuthi amakhasimende azo azolahlekelwa yini esikhathini esizayo. Inkampani yomshuwalense isebenzisa izimali ezikhokhwa amakhasimende amaningi ukuze inxephezele amakhasimende alahlekelwa okuthile.
Ingabe uyawudinga umshuwalense? Uma kunjalo, yimuphi umshuwalense okulungele? Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unawo yini umshuwalense noma cha, yiziphi izinyathelo zokuqapha ezingakusiza ukuba ubhekane nezingozi zokuphila?
[Isithombe ekhasini 3]
Enye yezinkampani zomshuwalense edume kakhulu emhlabeni yaqala ethilomu
[Umthombo]
Courtesy of Lloyd’s of London