Izici Zobandlululo
“Uma ukhipha ubandlululo ngomnyango, luzobuya ngefasitela.”—UFrederick Omkhulu, iNkosi yasePrussia.
URAJESH uhlala ePaliyad, umzana othile waseNdiya. Njengabanye abantu abakhishwa inyumbazane, kufanele ahambe imizuzu engu-15 eyokhela umkhaya wakubo amanzi. Uyachaza: “Asivunyelwe ukusebenzisa ompompi basemzini abasetshenziswa abezigaba eziphakeme.” Lapho esafunda, uRajesh nabangane bakhe babengavunyelwe ngisho nokuba bathinte ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo ezinye izingane ezazidlala ngalo. Uthi: “Kunalokho, sasidlala ngamatshe.”
“Nginomuzwa wokuthi abantu bayangizonda, kodwa angazi ukuthi bangizondelani,” kusho uChristina, intombazane eyeve eshumini nambili edabuka e-Asia kodwa ehlala eYurophu. Uyanezela: “Kuyakhungathekisa kakhulu. Ngivame ukusabela ngokuthi ngizihlukanise, kodwa nalokho futhi akusizi.”
UStanley waseNtshonalanga Afrika uthi: “Ngaqala ukubona ubandlululo lapho ngineminyaka engu-16 ubudala. Abantu engingabazi nhlobo báthi mangiphume ngiphele edolobheni. Imizi yabantu abathile besizwe sakithi yashiswa. I-akhawunti kababa yasebhange yavalwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaqala ukusizonda isizwe esasisibandlulula.”
URajesh, uChristina, noStanley bayizisulu zobandlululo, futhi ababodwa. “Amakhulu ezigidi zabantu ayaqhubeka ehlupheka namuhla ngenxa yokubandlululwa ngokohlanga, ukucwaswa, inzondo ngezifiki nokukhishwa inyumbazane,” kuchaza uKoichiro Matsuura, umqondisi-jikelele we-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). “Imikhuba enjalo elulaza abantu, ebhebhezelwa ukuntula ulwazi nobandlululo, iye yadala izingxabano zombango emazweni amaningi yabangela nokuhlupheka okukhulu kwabantu.”
Uma ungakaze ube yisisulu sokubandlululwa, ungase ukuthole kunzima ukuqonda indlela okubuhlungu ngayo. “Abanye bafela ngaphakathi. Abanye baphindisela ukubandlululwa ngokubandlulula,” kusho incwadi i-Face to Face Against Prejudice. Ukubandlulula kukulimaza kanjani ukuphila kwabantu?
Uma ungoweqembu elincane, ungathola ukuthi abantu bayakugwema, bakunyonkoloze, noma bakhulume amazwi ayiziswana ngomphakathi wakini. Ungase ungawutholi umsebenzi ngaphandle kwalapho uthatha umsebenzi ophansi ongafunwa muntu. Mhlawumbe kunzima ukuthola indawo efanele yokuhlala. Izingane zakho zingase zizizwe zihlukanisiwe nabanye abantu futhi zingathandwa abanye abafundi esikoleni.
Okubi nakakhulu ukuthi ubandlululo lungenza abantu babe nobudlova futhi baze babulale ngisho nokubulala. Yebo, umlando ugcwele izibonelo ezinyantisayo zobudlova ubandlululo olungabubangela—kuhlanganise ukucekwa kwabantu, ukubulawa kwesizwe esithile, kanye nalokho okuthiwa ukuhlanzwa kohlanga.
Ubandlululo Phakathi Namakhulu Eminyaka
Kunesikhathi lapho amaKristu ayeyizisulu eziyinhloko zokubandlululwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva nje kokufa kukaJesu, abhekana noshushiso olunonya. (IzEnzo 8:3; 9:1, 2; 26:10, 11) Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva ababethi bangamaKristu babhekana nempatho enonya. “Kwakuthi uma kuqubuka ubhubhane,” kubhala umlobi wekhulu lesithathu uTertullian, “kuvele kuthiwe ngokushesha, ‘AmaKristu Mawalahlelwe Ezingonyameni.’ ”
Nokho, kusukela ngeziMpi Zokholo zekhulu le-11, amaJuda aba yiqembu elincane elalingathandwa eYurophu. Lapho ubhubhane lwezimbilapho lushanela leli zwekazi, lubulala cishe ingxenye yesine yabantu bakhona ngeminyaka nje embalwa, kwaba lula ukusola amaJuda, ngenxa yokuthi kakade ayezondwa yiningi. Encwadini yakhe ethi Invisible Enemies, uJeanette Farrell uyabhala: “Lolu bhubhane lwanika le nzondo izaba, futhi inzondo yenza ukuba ukulwesaba kwabantu lolu bhubhane kuthole isisulelo okungabhodlelwa kuso.”
Ekugcineni, indoda ethile engumJuda eningizimu yeFrance yahlukunyezwa yaze “yavuma” ukuthi amaJuda ayebangele lolu bhubhane ngokufaka ubuthi emithonjeni yamanzi. Yiqiniso ukuthi ukuvuma kwayo kwakungamanga, kodwa lokho eyakusho kwasakazwa njengeqiniso. Ngokushesha kwabulawa yonke imiphakathi yamaJuda eSpain, eFrance naseJalimane. Kubonakala sengathi akukho muntu owayinaka imbangela yangempela—amagundane. Futhi bambalwa abantu abaqaphela ukuthi amaJuda nawo ayebulawa yilolu bhubhane njengawo wonke omunye umuntu!
Uma nje ubandlululo seluqubukile, lungaqhubeka amakhulu eminyaka. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, u-Adolf Hitler wabhebhezela amalangabi okuzonda amaJuda ngokuwasola ngenxa yokuhlulwa kweJalimane eMpini Yezwe I. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, uRudolf Hoess—umlawuli wamaNazi ekamu lokuhlushwa lase-Auschwitz—wavuma: “Ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa kwezempi nokulolongwa kwemibono samane sakuthatha kalula nje ukuthi kwakufanele sivikele elaseJalimane kumaJuda.” Ukuze ‘kuvikelwe elaseJalimane,’ uHoess wengamela ukubulawa kwabantu ababalelwa ku-2 000 000, iningi labo okwakungamaJuda.
Ngokudabukisayo, yize sekudlule amanye amashumi eminyaka, izenzo zonya azikapheli. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1994, kwaqubuka inzondo yobuhlanga eMpumalanga Afrika phakathi kwamaTutsi namaHutu, eyashiya okungenani abantu abayingxenye yesigidi befile. Umagazini i-Time wabika: “Kwakungekho siphephelo. Kwakugeleza igazi emaphaseshi amasonto lapho abaningi babephephela khona. . . . Abantu babelwa bukhoma, bebambene ngezihluthu futhi benza izinto ezinyantisayo, njengokungathi banequngo elashiya labo abasinda bephuphuthekile futhi benqunywe imilomo.” Ngisho nezingane azizange zisinde kulobu budlova obunyantisayo. “IRwanda iyindawo encane kakhulu,” kusho isakhamuzi esithile. “Kodwa inzondo esinayo ingamboza umhlaba wonke.”
Izimpi ezazihambisana nokuqhekeka kwezwe elaliyiYugoslavia zaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-200 000. Omakhelwane abase beneminyaka behleli ndawonye ngokuthula babulalana. Izinkulungwane zabesifazane zadlwengulwa, futhi izigidi zabantu zaxoshwa emakhaya ngenxa yesimiso esinonya sokuhlanzwa kohlanga.
Nakuba ubandlululo oluningi lungaholeli ekubulaleni, kodwa njalo luhlukanisa abantu futhi lukhulise inzondo. Naphezu kokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, ubuzwe nokubandlululana ngokobuhlanga “kubonakala kwanda ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba,” kuphawula umbiko wamuva nje we-UNESCO.
Kukhona yini okungenziwa ukuze kuqedwe ubandlululo? Ukuze siphendule lowo mbuzo, kumelwe sithole ukuthi ubandlululo lutshaleka kanjani engqondweni nasenhliziyweni.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 5]
Izici Zobandlululo
Encwadini yakhe ethi The Nature of Prejudice, uGordon W. Allport, uchaza izinhlobo ezinhlanu zokuziphatha okubangelwa ubandlululo. Umuntu onobandlululo ngokuvamile ubonisa enye yalezi zindlela noma ezingaphezulu.
1. Amazwi ayiziswana. Umuntu ukhuluma ngokweyisa ngeqembu angalithandi.
2. Ukugwema. Ugwema noma ubani walelo qembu.
3. Ukucwasa. Uncisha amalungu alelo qembu alikhipha inyumbazane imisebenzi ethile, izindawo zokuhlala, noma amalungelo omphakathi.
4. Ukuhlasela ngokoqobo. Uhlanganyela ezenzweni zobudlova, ezihloselwe ukusabisa abantu abazondayo.
5. Ukubulala. Uhlanganyela ezinhlelweni zokubulala labo bantu ngabanye ngokungemthetho, zokubulala abaningi baleso sizwe, noma zokuqothula isizwe sonke.
[Isithombe ekhasini 4]
Ikamu lababaleki laseBenaco, eTanzania, ngo-May 11, 1994
Owesifazane uhlezi eduze kwemigqomo yakhe yokukha amanzi. Ababaleki abangaphezu kuka-300 000, iningi labo okungamaHutu aseRwanda, babalekela eTanzania
[Umthombo]
Photo by Paula Bronstein/Liaison