Ithonya Elinamandla Lamaphephandaba
Lapho iMpi Yezwe I iqeda ukubusa kwamakhosi eJalimane, uhulumeni ombaxa-mbili wokusebenzela umbuso nowentando yeningi waqala ukubusa eBerlin. Ngemva kwalokho, amaKhomanisi azama ukugumbuqela lo hulumeni omusha. Kokubili amaKhomanisi nohulumeni wezwe baba nomuzwa wokuthi ukulawula imithombo yezindaba kwakungeke kusho ukulawula umbono womphakathi wonkana nje kuphela kodwa nabantu ngokwabo. Yaqala kanjalo-ke impi eshubile yokuthi ubani okufanele alawule imithombo yezindaba.
KULE minyaka engamakhulu ambalwa edlule, amaphephandaba aye alolonga indlela umphakathi ocabanga ngayo, athonya ezombangazwe, aba nengxenye ebalulekile kwezamabhizinisi athinta ngisho nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zabantu. Anayiphi ingxenye ekuphileni kwakho?
Kubonakala sengathi ngo-1605, izwe laseJalimane yilona elaba elokuqala ngqa eYurophu ukukhiqiza iphephandaba. Kwezinye izindawo namuhla, cishe abantu abathathu kwabane abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-14 ubudala bafunda iphephandaba nsuku zonke. Nakuba amanye amazwe asathuthuka enyathelisela lezo nalezo zakhamuzi eziyinkulungwane amakhophi angaphansana kwangu-20 ephephandaba lansuku zonke, iNorway inyathelisa amakhophi angaphezu kuka-600. Embulungeni yonke, kunyatheliswa amaphephandaba ahlukahlukene angaba ngu-38 000 esewonke.
Kuyo yonke indawo, amaphephandaba azisa umphakathi ngezindaba ezibalulekile. Kodwa enza okungaphezu kwalokho. Anikeza ukwaziswa abafundi abaningi abaye basekele imibono yabo kukho. “Ukufunda kwethu amaphephandaba nsuku zonke,” kusho uDieter Offenhäusser we-German Commission for UNESCO, kuthinta “isimo sethu sengqondo, ukuziphatha kwethu ngisho nezimiso zokuziphatha eziyisisekelo.”
Izazi-mlando zithi amaphephandaba aye abangela, asekela futhi avuna izimpi. Lezi zazi zibhekisela eMpini YeFrance NePrussia ka-1870 kuya ku-1871, iMpi YeSpain NeMelika ka-1898 kanye neMpi YaseVietnam ka-1955 kuya ku-1975. Osomabhizinisi abaningi, ososayensi, osaziwayo bezokuzijabulisa nezazi zezombangazwe baye bezwa ubuhlungu obukhulu lapho kunyatheliswa amahlazo abo emaphephandabeni. Endabeni edumile eyihlazo yaseWatergate eyenzeka maphakathi nawo-1970, umsebenzi wezintatheli eziphenyayo waqala uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezaphoqa uMongameli wase-United States uRichard M. Nixon ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe. Yebo, imithombo yezindaba ingaba nethonya elinamandla kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lihle noma libi.
Kodwa laqala kanjani leli thonya? Kuthembeke kangakanani lokho esikufunda emaphephandabeni? Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuqapha okumelwe sizithathe ukuze sizuze kuwo?
[Isithombe ekhasini 19]
Impi yaseBerlin yamaphephandaba ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I