Ukwanelisa Isidingo Sokuzwa Izindaba
‘BONKE abase-Athene nabezinye izizwe ababengabafokazi lapho, babechitha isikhathi sabo esikhululekile bengenzi lutho ngaphandle kokuxoxa noma ukulalela okuthile okusha,’ kubika umlobi wezenzakalo uLuka cishe eminyakeni engu-2 000 edlule. (IzEnzo 17:21) Eminyakeni eyikhulu ngaphambili lapho uhulumeni waseRoma uqaphela ukuthi umphakathi ulambele izindaba, waqala ukubeka i-Acta Diurna, imibiko yezindaba zansuku zonke, ezindaweni ezivelele zomphakathi.
Ngekhulu lesi-7, amaShayina ayesekhiqiza iphephandaba i-Dibao (Pao), elaba elokuqala ngqa ukunyatheliswa ngomshini emhlabeni wonke. EYurophu, izindaba eziphathelene nempi, izinhlekelele, ubugebengu nokunye zazisakazwa abalandisi abahambahambayo ngenxa yokuthi abantu abaningi babengafundile. Kamuva, amaphephandaba abika ngalezi zindaba abhalwe ngesandla futhi anemifanekiso egxivizwe ngokhuni, ayesethengiswa ezimakethe nasemibukisweni yomphakathi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkampani zezohwebo zaqala ukunezela imibiko yezindaba ezibalulekile ezincwadini zazo zamabhizinisi. Ekugcineni, lezi zindaba zaqala ukunyatheliswa esithasiselweni okuthiwa yi-nova (izindaba), esasingase sisakazwe.
Umsuka Wamaphephandaba
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, amaphephandaba amabili aseJalimane aqala ukunyatheliswa njalo. ElaseStrasbourg, okuthiwa i-Relation (ukulandiswa kwezindaba) laqala ukunyatheliswa ngo-1605; kanti elaseWolfenbüttel, okuthiwa i-Avisa Relation oder Zeitung (imibiko yezindaba) laqala ukunyatheliswa ngo-1609. Iphephandaba lokuqala ngqa eYurophu kwakuyi-Einkommende Zeitungen (Izindaba Ezintsha Sha), elakhishwa eLeipzig, eJalimane, ngo-1650.
Lelo phephandaba laseLeipzig lansuku zonke elalingelokuqala ngqa, lalinamakhasi amane angangena ephaketheni. La makhasi ayenezindaba ezingahleliwe ngokwezihloko. Iphephandaba ngalinye lalingabizi kangako, kodwa isikhokhelo sonyaka sasingabiza umholo wenyanga yonke wesisebenzi esihola kahle. Noma kunjalo, isidingo samaphephandaba sakhula ngokushesha. Ngonyaka ka-1700, eJalimane nje kuphela, kwase kunamaphephandaba ahlukahlukene anyatheliswa njalo aphakathi kuka-50 no-60, futhi ayefinyelela kubafundi abangamakhulu ezinkulungwane eziningana.
Ekuqaleni, imithombo yezindaba kwakuyizincwadi, amaphephandaba athile, abaphathi beposi ababethola izindaba ezincwadini abazibhalelwayo bese bezishicilela, noma amahlebezi akhulunywa abasakazi bezindaba ezindaweni zomphakathi. Kodwa njengoba ukuncintisana kwakuya kukhula, abanyathelisi basebenzela ekuthuthukiseni izinga nenani lezindaba abazishicilelayo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, baqasha abahleli abangochwepheshe. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi abanyathelisi abaningi babengenakukwazi ukukhokhela abasiki bebunda nezintatheli, ukomela izindaba kwaholela ekumisweni kwezinkampani eziqoqa izindaba bese zizisakaza kubanyathelisi abangamakhasimende azo.
Ukusungulwa Kwemishini Ewusizo
Ibhizinisi lamaphephandaba lalingenakuqhubeka ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokusungulwa kwemishini emisha ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi umshini kaJohannes Gutenberg onyathelisa ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Eminye imishini eyasungulwa yenza kwaba lula futhi kwangabiza kakhulu ukunyathelisa amaphephandaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ngawo-1860 umshini wokunyathelisa we-web rotary wakwenza kwaba lula ukunyathelisa ngephepha eliwumqingo kunokunyathelisa emaphepheni asikiwe. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, umshini we-Linotype wasetshenziselwa ukuhlela izinhlamvu zamagama ensimbi emakhasini okunyathelisa. Kwathi engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lama-20, ukuhlelwa kwamagama nge-computer kwathatha indawo yomsebenzi obizayo owawenziwa ngezandla.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izindaba ngokwazo zasakazeka ngokushesha kakhulu lapho sekusetshenziswa kabanzi incwadi yocingo (telegraph) ngawo-1840, umshini wokubhala ngawo-1870 nocingo cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Muva nje, njengoba sekunezigidi eziphilayo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-computer, i-e-mail nemishini yama-fax sekwande kakhulu ebhizinisini lamaphephandaba. Izintatheli zifika ngokuphazima kweso endaweni okwenzeka kuyo okuthile—zihamba ngesitimela, ngemoto nangendiza. Kanti nezinto zokuthutha ezihamba ngokushesha zihambisa amaphephandaba amaningi kakhulu.
Yini Ebikwa Emaphephandabeni?
Ukuthola izindaba ezanele akuyona inkinga ezindaweni eziningi kuleli zwe lethu eliya ngokuya lincipha. “Inkinga enkulu isekukhetheni phakathi kwalezi zindaba eziningi ezingapheli,” kusho abahleli be-Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Izinkampani eziqoqa izindaba zithumelela amaphephandaba aseJalimane izihloko ezingaba ngu-2 000 usuku ngalunye. Kanti abahleli bamaphephandaba bona babuye babhekane nomunye umsebenzi oqeda amandla ovela ezintathelini, kubalobeli bezindaba, abasakazi bezindaba nakweminye imithombo yezindaba.
Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezindaba ziqukethe izimemezelo—umbiko wabezindaba nemibiko yezenzakalo ezihleliwe, njengamakhonsathi, imidlalo nemihlangano. Abahleli kumelwe babazi kahle abantu ababanyatheliselayo ukuze bakwazi ukufaka ukwaziswa okudingekayo ngezinto umphakathi onesithakazelo kuzo, ezingase zihlanganise imiphumela yokuvuna, imikhosi yokugubha izinsuku ezithile nemicimbi.
Ingosi yezemidlalo, izingxenye zamahlaya, imidwebo yopopayi ephathelene nezombangazwe nezingosi zabahleli ziyizingxenye ezithandwayo zamaphephandaba. Ukufunda izindaba ezisematheni, imibiko evela kwamanye amazwe nezingxoxo nosaziwayo kanye nezazi zemikhakha ethile kuvula ingqondo futhi kuyajabulisa.
Amaphephandaba Abhekene Nezingqinamba
“Imboni yaseJalimane yamaphephandaba ibhekene nezingqinamba zezimali ezinzima kunazo zonke emlandweni wayo,” kubika iphephandaba i-Zeit ngo-2002. Kanti ngo-2004, i-Press Association yaseSwitzerland yabika inani eliphansi kunawo wonke lamaphephandaba aye adayiswa eminyakeni eyishumi. Sesincishiswe yini isidingo samaphephandaba?
Phakathi kokunye, umnotho wembulunga yonke uye wehla kakhulu, futhi lokho kuye kwanciphisa umkhakha wezokukhangisa, obungenisa izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zayo yonke imali etholwa amaphephandaba amaningi. Phakathi kuka-2000 no-2004, i-Wall Street Journal yase-United States yalahlekelwa imali engamaphesenti angu-43 etholakala ngokukhangisa. Ingabe umkhakha wezokukhangisa uyobuya lapho umnotho usimama? Izingosi eziningi zokukhangisa ngezindawo nezimoto ezidayiswayo kanye nezimemezela ngemisebenzi sezitholakala kuyi-Internet. Namuhla amaphephandaba ancintisana nomsakazo, ithelevishini ne-Internet.
Noma kunjalo, isidingo sezindaba sisesikhulu. Uprofesa wezomnotho emkhakheni wezokusakaza u-Axel Zerdick waphawula lokhu ephephandabeni laseFrankfurt, eJalimane: “Lezi zingqinamba azizimbi ngendlela izintatheli eziningi ezicabanga ngayo.” Umhleli oyinhloko wephephandaba laseJalimane lansuku zonke elibika ngezinto zomphakathi wenanela lowo mbono, ethi: “[Iphephandaba] lesifunda lisathandwa kakhulu.”
Yiqiniso, akukho okudlula amaphephandaba uma kuziwa ekubikeni okwenzekayo ngokuningiliziwe nasekushukumiseni umphakathi ukuba ube nezingxoxo ezishubile ngodaba oluthile olusematheni, kodwa umbuzo yilo: Ungayethemba yini ngempela imibono yawo ngezindaba? Iyiphi indlela ongazuza ngayo kakhulu emaphephandabeni owafundayo?
[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 22]
UMSEBENZI WOKUBA INTATHELI—UYAKHANDLA
Umuntu angase awufise umsebenzi wezintatheli. “Ukuvela kwegama lentatheli emithonjeni yezindaba kungayenza izizwe ijabula ngodumo elutholayo,” kuvuma othile oseneminyaka eyintatheli eFrance. Noma kunjalo, lo msebenzi wokuba yintatheli ungabuye ube nezinto ezikhungathekisayo—njengalapho intatheli eyimbangi ikuhambela phambili ibike ngodaba obufuna ukubhala ngalo, lapho othile enqaba ukuba nengxoxo nawe nalapho uchitha amahora amaningi ulinde umnyama ongenafu.
Ephawula ngenye inselele, umlobeli wephephandaba elithile lasePoland wathi: “Asazi ukuthi sizosithola nini isikhathi sokuphumula noma ukuthi sizobizwa nini emsebenzini. Ngezinye izikhathi umuntu akasitholi neze isikhathi sokuba yedwa, kanti nokuphila kwemikhaya yethu kungase kuphazanyiswe yizinga oshesha ngalo lo msebenzi wethu.” Othile owayeyintatheli ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union yena waveza okunye mhlawumbe okukhungathekisa ngisho nakakhulu: “Ngangizikhandla, kodwa ekugcineni umsebenzi wami unganyatheliswa.”
Umlobeli wezemidlalo wephephandaba elithengwa kakhulu eNetherlands wembula lokhu: “Ngokuvamile ngiye ngitshelwe ezimpondweni ukuthi angazi lutho. Abanye abafundi bayathukuthela noma bakhungatheke, kanti ngezinye izikhathi njengoba abantu beba nezinhliziyo ezincane okwesikhashana ngezemidlalo, abantu bake bangisongela nangokungibulala imbala.” Khona-ke, yini eshukumisa izintatheli ukuba ziqhubeke?
Njengoba ungase ulindele, kwezinye kungase kube iholo—kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke. Enye intatheli esebenzela iphephandaba laseFrance yakhuluma ngothando lwayo lokubhala. Intatheli yaseMexico yathi: “Okungenani udlulisela ukwaziswa okubalulekile.” Kanti eJapane umhleli ophethe wephephandaba lansuku zonke elingelesibili kwafundwa kakhulu emhlabeni wathi: “Ngiyajabula lapho ngiba nomuzwa wokuthi ngiye ngasiza abantu nalapho ngibona kwenziwa ubulungisa.”
Yiqiniso, amaphephandaba akuwona umsebenzi wezintatheli nje kuphela. Kuye ngobukhulu nangesakhiwo senkampani enyathelisayo, kungase kube nabahleli, abafunda umsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba unyatheliswe, abahlola amaqiniso endaba, abagcini bamarekhodi nabanye abaningi abangaziwa, kodwa abazikhandlayo ukuze uthole iphephandaba lakho.
[Izithombe ekhasini 20]
Iphephandaba lakuqala laseJalimane nendawo yanamuhla yokuthengisa amaphephandaba
[Umthombo]
Early German newspaper: Bibliothek für Kunst-und Antiquitäten-Sammler, Vol. 21, Flugblatt und Zeitung, 1922