Ubhontshisi Owanqamula Amazwe

Indaba yendoda ethile eyayizimisele ngokuthola isihlahla sekhofi iye yachazwa ngokuthi “indaba ethakazelisa kakhulu emlandweni wokusakazeka kwesihlahla sekhofi,” kusho incwadi ethi “All About Coffee.” Leso sithombo saba nendima enkulu ekuqaleni imboni yanamuhla yekhofi engenisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-455 ngonyaka, edlulwa kuphela imboni kawoyela uma kubhekwa ama-dollar othengwa ngawo emhlabeni kabanzi, ngokusho kukamagazini i-“Scientific American.”

UMLANDO wekhofi othakazelisayo uqala emathafeni aseTopiya, lapho sadabuka khona isihlahla sekhofi sasendle. Izithombo zaso, okuthiwa i-Coffea arabica, zikhiqiza izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zekhofi emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, ukuthi kwatholakala nini ukuthi lo bhontshisi wehl’ esiphundu uma ugazingiwe akwaziwa ngempela. Kodwa, izithombo zekhofi i-arabica zase zitshalwa eNhlonhlweni lase-Arabhiya ngekhulu le-15 C.E. Nakuba kwakuvinjelwe ukudayiswa kwembewu yalo bhontshisi, amaDashi athola izihlahla noma uhlamvu olwase lulungele ukutshalwa ngonyaka ka-1616. Ngokushesha aqala ukutshala lezi zithombo emasimini aseCeylon, manje eyiSri Lanka, naseJava, manje eyingxenye ye-Indonesia.

Ngo-1706 amaDashi athatha isithombo esincane emasimini aseJava ayositshala ezingadini ezikhethekile zase-Amsterdam, eNetherlands. Lesi sithombo sakhula. Izithombo zaso zabe sezithunyelwa kumakoloni amaDashi eSuriname naseCaribbean. Ngo-1714 umphathi-dolobha wase-Amsterdam wapha inkosi yaseFrance uLouis XIV esinye salezi zihlahla. Le nkosi yayaleza ukuba sitshalwe endlwaneni yezithombo eJardin des Plantes, iNgadi Yasebukhosini, eParis.

AmaFulentshi ayemagange efuna ukuhweba ngekhofi. Athenga imbewu nezihlahla azithumela esiqhingini saseRéunion. Le mbewu ayizange ithele, ngakho ekugcineni zonke izihlahla zafa kwasala esisodwa vó, ngokusho kweminye imithombo. Noma kunjalo, ngo-1720 kwatshalwa izinhlamvu zaleso sihlahla ezingu-15 000, futhi ekugcineni kwaba namasimu. Lezi zihlahla zaba yigugu kakhulu kangangokuba noma ubani owayetholwa egawula esinye sazo wayegwetshwa intambo! AmaFulentshi ayenethemba lokutshala amasimu naseCaribbean, kodwa izikhathi ezimbili zokuqala ezama ukwenza kanjalo, ehluleka.

Lapho sisuka ekhaya siya eholidini eParis, esinye isikhulu esingumFulentshi sebutho lasemkhunjini, uGabriel Mathieu de Clieu, sazibekela umgomo wokubuyela nalesi sihlahla emzini waso oseMartinique. Sabuyela kulesi siqhingi ngo-May 1723 siphethe isithombo salesi sihlahla esasisithole eParis.

Incwadi ethi All About Coffee ichaza ukuthi kulolu hambo uDe Clieu wafaka lesi sihlahla sakhe esiyigugu ebhokisini elenziwe ngokwengxenye ngengilazi ukuze sikwazi ukudonsa ukukhanya kwelanga futhi sihlale sithokomele lapho liguqubele. Omunye umgibeli, okungenzeka wayenomhawu ngoDe Clieu futhi engafuni ukuba athole udumo lapho ephumelela, wazama ukuhlwitha lesi sihlahla kodwa wehluleka. Isihlahla sasinda. Sasinda nalapho umkhumbi uhlaselwa abaphangi baseTunisia, lapho kuba nesiphepho esinamandla, kanti sasinda ngisho nasesimweni esibi nakakhulu, lapho kuntuleka amanzi ahlanzekile ngesikhathi umkhumbi uma ngenxa yokungabikho komoya eduze neNkabazwe. UDe Clieu wabhala: “Amanzi ayentuleka kangangokuba inkathi engaphezu kwenyanga ngaphoqeleka ukuba ngihlanganyele ingcosana enganginayo nalesi sihlahla esasithwele wonke amathemba ami empumelelo futhi esasiwumthombo wenjabulo kimi.”

Ukuzimisela kukaDe Clieu kwavuzwa. Isihlahla sakhe ayesiqaphe kangaka safika eMartinique siphile kahle, futhi sakhula, sachuma kule ndawo ethokomele. Encwadini yakhe ethi Coffee, uGordon Wrigley uthi: “Kusukela kulesi sithombo esisodwa, iMartinique yakwazi ukuthumela imbewu ngandlela-thile kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika ngaphandle kwaseBrazil, eFrench Guiana naseSurinam[e].”

Kwenzeka lokhu nje, izwe laseBrazil nelaseFrench Guiana ayezifuna lezi zihlahla zekhofi. ESuriname, amaDashi ayesenazo izithombo zesihlahla sase-Amsterdam kodwa ayezigade ngamehlo abomvu. Nokho, ngo-1722, elaseFrench Guiana lathola imbewu ngesiboshwa esasibalekele eSuriname safika santshontsha imbewu khona. Iziphathi-mandla zaseFrench Guiana zavuma ukusinikeza inkululeko uma sona sizinika imbewu yaso.

Ekuqaleni, imizamo eyisinyenyela yokuthola imbewu noma izithombo eBrazil yabhuntsha. Kwaqubuka impikiswano yemingcele phakathi kweSuriname neFrench Guiana, ngakho la mazwe acela elaseBrazil ukuba lithumele umlamuli. IBrazil yathumela isikhulu sempi, uFrancisco de Melo Palheta, eFrench Guiana, ukuba siyolamula le mpi bese sibuya nezithombo ezimbalwa zekhofi.

Izingxoxo zokubonisana zaba impumelelo, futhi umbusi wenzela uPalheta idili lokumvalelisa. Ibonisa ukwazisa kwayo kulesi sicukuthwane, inkosikazi yombusi yapha uPalheta isixha esihle sezimbali. Kodwa kulezi zimbali kwakufihlwe imbewu nezithombo zekhofi. Ngakho, singasho sithi imboni yekhofi yaseBrazil engenisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane yaqala ngesixha sezimbali ngo-1727.

Ngakho yonke imbewu eyatshalwa eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu yaphuma kukho kokubili isihlahla esincane esathathwa eJava sayiswa e-Amsterdam ngo-1706 kanye nesithombo saso eParis. UWrigley uyachaza: “Ngenxa yalokho zonke izinhlobo zekhofi elidayiswayo zivela esithombweni esisodwa sohlobo lwe-arabica.”

Namuhla, kunemindeni enamapulazi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-25 emazweni angaba ngu-80 atshala izihlahla zekhofi ezibalelwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-15. Imikhiqizo yalezi zihlahla iphelela ezinkomishini zekhofi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,25 eziphuzwa usuku ngalunye.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi inkinga ekhona namuhla ukukhiqizwa kwekhofi ngokweqile. Ezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezinhlangano zezohwebo ezinamandla zenza lesi simo sibe yinkimbinkimbi, futhi konke lokhu kuye kwashiya abalimi emazweni amaningi bempofu noma bedengwane. Lesi simo siyamangalisa, ikakhulu uma sicabanga ngoDe Clieu ehlanganyela ingcosana yamanzi akhe ayigugu nesihlahla esincane eminyakeni engaba ngu-300 edlule.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 20]

IZINHLOBO EZIMBILI ZEKHOFI EZIVAME KAKHULU

“Ubhontshisi wekhofi oluhlaza uyimbewu yezithombo zohlobo lwe-Rubiaceae, enezinhlobo okungenani ezingu-66 ze-Coffea,” kusho umagazini i-Scientific American. “Izinhlobo ezimbili ezidayiswayo i-Coffea arabica, ekhipha izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomkhiqizo womhlaba wonke, kanye ne-C[offea] canephora, ngokuvamile okuthiwa i-robusta, ekhipha ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zomkhiqizo womhlaba wonke.”

Uhlobo lwekhofi i-robusta lunephunga elinamandla futhi ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngalo ikhofi eliyizinhlayiya ezincibilikayo. Lesi sithombo siyakhiqiza impela futhi asingenwa kalula yizifo. Sikhula sibe ngamamitha angu-12, siphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili kunesihlahla se-arabica esingatheniwe, esintekenteke futhi esikhiqiza kancane. Uma kuqhathaniswa isisindo, ubhontshisi we-robusta unamaphesenti angaba ngu-2,8 e-caffeine, kanti i-arabica ayeqi kumaphesenti angu-1,5. Nakuba i-arabica inama-chromosome angu-44 kanti i-robusta nazo zonke izinhlobo zekhofi zasendle zinangu-22, ezinye izinhlobo zalezi zithombo ziye zaxutshwa ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlobo ezixubile.

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 20]

“UKUBHAPATHIZA” IKHOFI

Lapho ikhofi liqala ukufika eYurophu ekhulwini le-17, abanye abapristi bamaKatolika babelibiza ngokuthi isiphuzo sikaSathane. Babecabanga ukuthi lingase lithathe indawo yewayini, ababenombono wokuthi langcweliswa nguKristu. Nokho, ngokwencwadi ethi Coffee kuthiwa uPapa Clement VIII wasinambitha lesi siphuzo, wayeseshintsha umqondo ngaso leso sikhathi. Waxazulula le nkinga engokwenkolo ngokubhapathiza ikhofi ngokomfanekiso, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo walenza lamukeleka kumaKatolika.

[Ishadi/Ibalazwe ekhasini 18, 19]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

INDLELA IKHOFI ELASAKAZEKA NGAYO

1. Ngawo-1400 Kutshalwa ikhofi i-“arabica” eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabhiya

4. Ngawo-1700 Kutshalwa ikhofi eMelika Ephakathi naseCaribbean

5. Ngo-1718 AmaFulentshi ayisa ikhofi eRéunion

7. Ngawo-1800 Kutshalwa ikhofi eHawaii

[Umthombo]

Source: From the book “Uncommon Grounds”

[Isithombe ekhasini 18, 19]

UGabriel de Clieu uhlanganyela amanzi akhe okuphuza nesihlahla sekhofi lapho elibangise eMartinique, ngo-1723

[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 19]

Map: © 1996 Visual Language; De Clieu: Tea & Coffee Trade Journal