IGrisi NeRoma Lithonya AmaJuda
UKUKHULA kwalokho okwagcina sekunguMbuso WaseGrisi kwaqala ezintabeni zaseMakedoniya. Ngenkathi u-Alexander esanda kweva eminyakeni engu-20 ubudala, waqala ukubheka ngasempumalanga. Ngo-334 B.C.E. wahola ibutho lakhe wanqamula iHellespont (iDardanelles) ehlukanisa iYurophu ne-Asia. Kuhle ‘kwengwe’ enejubane lombani, amaGreki, eholwa ngu-Alexander, aqala ukunqoba ephindelela. (Dan 7:6) U-Alexander wababhincisela nxanye abasePheresiya eduze kwaseTroy, emathafeni oMfula iGranicus futhi wabaqhobozela e-Issus.
AmaGreki ahlasela iSiriya neFenike, adla iThire ngemva kokulivimbezela izinyanga ezingu-7. (Hez 26:4, 12) U-Alexander akalihlaselanga iJerusalema, wahlasela iGaza walinqoba. (Zak 9:5) Wathi angafika eGibhithe, wasungula i-Alexandria, eyaba isikhungo sezohwebo nezemfundo. Lapho edlula futhi eZweni Lesithembiso, waphinde waqotha imbokodo nesisekelo kwabasePheresiya eGaugamela, eduze kwamanxiwa aseNineve.
U-Alexander walibhekisa eningizimu wayohlasela iBhabhiloni, iShushani (iSusa) nePersepolis—izikhungo zokuphatha zasePheresiya. Wabe esedweba edabula kwelasePheresiya, waze wafika eMfuleni i-Indus, osendaweni eyiPakistan namuhla. Eminyakeni engu-8 nje kuphela, u-Alexander walinqoba lonke izwe langaleso sikhathi. Kodwa ngo-323 B.C.E., eneminyaka engu-32 ubudala, wabulawa umalaleveva eBhabhiloni.—Dan 8:8.
Lalilikhulu ithonya lamaGreki eZweni Lesithembiso. Amanye amasosha asemnkantsh’ ubomvu ebutho lika-Alexander ahlala khona. Ngekhulu lokuqala, kwase kunenhlanganisela yemizi (iDekapholi) yabantu abakhuluma isiGreki. (Math 4:25; Mar 7:31) ImiBhalo yesiHebheru yayisitholakala ngesiGreki. IsiKoine (isiGreki esivamile) yisona okwakusakazwa ngaso izimfundiso zobuKristu kuzo zonke izindawo.
UMbuso WaseRoma
Kwakwenzekani entshonalanga? IRoma—elalikade liyiqoqo lamadolobha amancane aseMfuleni iTiber—ladlondlobala. Ekugcineni, ibutho lezempi laseRoma elibukhali nenhlangano yezombusazwe eyayizinze endaweni eyodwa kwenza iRoma lakwazi ukudla izindawo ezazibuswa ojenene abane baka-Alexander. Ngo-30 B.C.E., kwase kucaca ukuthi uMbuso WaseRoma ungumakhonya, sasheshe sabonakala ‘isilo esesabekayo’ uDaniyeli asibona embonweni.—Dan 7:7.
UMbuso WaseRoma wawusuka eBrithani wehle uze uyoshaya eNyakatho ye-Afrika, usuke e-Atlantic Ocean uye ePersian Gulf. Ngenxa yokuthi lo mbuso wawuyengame nxazonke iMedithera, amaRoma ayibiza ngokuthi iMare Nostrum (uLwandle Lwethu).
IRoma nalo lawathonya amaJuda, kanti vele izwe lawo laliseMbusweni WaseRoma. (Math 8:5-13; IzE 10:1, 2) UJesu wabhapathizwa futhi wafa ngesikhathi kubusa uMbusi uTiberiyu. Ababusi abathile abangamaRoma bawashushisa kabuhlungu amaKristu, kodwa behluleka ukuqeda ukukhulekela kweqiniso. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-1 300, lo mbuso wahlakazwa izizwe zaseJalimane ezazisenyakatho nabahlaseli abayimizulane ababesempumalanga.
[Ibalazwe elisekhasini 26]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
UMbuso WaseGrisi
Ngemva kuka-Alexander, abane kojenene bakhe babusa lo mbuso omkhulu
▪ UCassander
▫ ULysimachus
○ UPtolemy I
• USeleucus I
A2 ▪ IGRISI
A2 ▪ I-Athene
A2 ▪ I-AKHAYA
A3 ○ IKhurene
A3 ○ ILIBHIYA
B2 ▫ IByzantium
B3 ○ IKHUPRO
B4 ○ INo-Amoni (IThebes)
C3 IPalmyra (ITadimori)
C3 ○ IGerasa
C3 ○ IFiladelfiya
C3 ○ IJerusalema
C5 ○ ISiyene
G2 • I-Aleksandriya Margiana
Uhambo Luka-Alexander
A2 ▪ IMAKEDONIYA
A2 ▪ IPhela
A2 ▫ ITHRACE
B2 ▫ ITroy
B2 ▫ ISardesi
B2 ▫ I-Efesu
B2 ▫ IGordium
C2 ▫ I-Ankara
C3 • ITarsu
C3 • I-Issus
C3 • I-Antiyokiya (yaseSiriya)
C3 ○ IThire
C4 ○ IGaza
B4 ○ IGIBHITHE
B4 ○ IMemfisi
B4 ○ I-Aleksandriya
A4 ○ Umthombo WaseSiwa
B4 ○ IMemfisi
C4 ○ IGaza
C3 ○ IThire
C3 ○ IDamaseku
C3 • I-Aleppo
D3 • INisibis
D3 • IGaugamela
D3 • IBhabhiloni
E3 • IShushani
E4 • IPHERESIYA
E4 • IPersepolis
E4 • IPasargadae
E3 • IMEDIYA
E3 • I-Akimetha
E3 • IRhagae
E3 • IHecatompylos
F3 • IPARTE
G3 • I-ARIA
G3 • I-Aleksandriya Areion
G3 • I-Aleksandriya Prophthasia
F4 • IDRANGIANA
G4 • I-ARACHOSIA
G4 • I-Aleksandriya Arachosiorum
H3 • IKabul
G3 • IDrapsaca
H3 • I-Aleksandriya Oxiana
G3 • IDrapsaca
G3 • IBACTRIA
G3 • IBactra
G2 • IDerbent
G2 • ISOGDIANA
G2 • IMaracanda
G2 • IBukhara
G2 • IMaracanda
H2 • I-Aleksandriya Eschate
G2 • IMaracanda
G2 • IDerbent
G3 • IBactra
G3 • IBACTRIA
G3 • IDrapsaca
H3 • IKabul
H3 • ITaxila
H5 • INDIYA
H4 • I-Aleksandriya
G4 • IGEDROSIA
F4 • IPura
E4 • IPHERESIYA
F4 • I-Aleksandriya
F4 • ICARMANIA
E4 • IPasargadae
E4 • IPersepolis
E3 • IShushani
D3 • IBhabhiloni
[Ezinye Izindawo]
A3 IKRETHE
D4 I-ARABHIYA
[Amachibi amanzi]
B3 ULwandle LwaseMedithera
C5 ULwandle Olubomvu
E4 IPersian Gulf
G5 ULwandle Lwase-Arabhiya
[Imifula]
B4 INayile
D3 I-Ewufrathe
D3 ITigrisi
G4 I-Indus
[Ibalazwe elisekhasini 27]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
UMbuso WaseRoma
A1 IBRITHANI
A3 ISPANIYA
B1 IGERMANIA
B2 IGAUL
B2 I-ITALIYA
B2 IRoma
B3 ICarthage
C2 I-ILIRIKU
C3 IGRISI
C3 I-Actium
C3 IKhurene
D2 IByzantium (IConstantinople)
D3 I-ASIA MINOR
D3 I-Efesu
D3 I-Aleppo
D3 I-Antiyokiya (yaseSiriya)
D3 IDamaseku
D3 IGerasa (IJarash)
D3 IJerusalema
D3 I-Aleksandriya
D4 IGIBHITHE
[Amachibi amanzi]
A2 I-Atlantic Ocean
C3 ULwandle LwaseMedithera
D2 ULwandle Olumnyama
D4 ULwandle Olubomvu
[Isithombe ekhasini 26]
Lapho uPtolemy II eselakhe kabusha iRaba, waliqamba ngokuthi iFiladelfiya. Asekhona amanxiwa enkundla enkulu yemidlalo eRoma
[Isithombe ekhasini 27]
IGerasa (iJarash), umuzi waseDekapholi
[Isithombe ekhasini 27]
Imigwaqo yaseRoma, enjengalona oseduze kwase-Aleppo, yayize iyofika eYurophu, eNyakatho ye-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. AmaKristu ayehamba kule migwaqo ayosakaza iqiniso leBhayibheli