IComplutensian Polyglot—Ithuluzi Lokuhumusha Elaqopha Umlando

CISHE ngo-1455, kwaba noshintsho olukhulu ekunyathelisweni kweBhayibheli. UJohannes Gutenberg wasebenzisa umshini ukuze anyathelise iBhayibheli ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla ngokokuqala ngqá. Ekugcineni, ukusakazwa kweBhayibheli kwakungasathiyiwe ukungatholakali kalula kwamakhophi abhalwe ngesandla. Manje amaBhayibheli ayesengakhiqizwa ngobuningi ngezindleko eziphansi. Maduze, iBhayibheli lalizoba incwadi esakazwa kakhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

IBhayibheli likaGutenberg laliyisiLatini. Kodwa izazi zaseYurophu zasheshe zabona ukuthi zidinga umbhalo weBhayibheli onokwethenjelwa wezilimi zokuqala—isiHebheru nesiGreki. ISonto LamaKatolika lalibheka i-Vulgate yesiLatini njengewukuphela kwenguqulo yeBhayibheli eyamukelekayo, kodwa kwakunezingqinamba ezimbili ezinkulu. Ekhulwini le-16 leminyaka, iningi labantu lalingasiqondi isiLatini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhalo we-Vulgate, owawusuneminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane, wawusunenqwaba yamaphutha abakopishi.

Kokubili abahumushi nezazi babedinga iBhayibheli lezilimi zokuqala, nenguqulo yesiLatini ethuthukisiwe. Ngo-1502, ukhadinali Jiménez de Cisneros, umeluleki wezombusazwe nezenkolo ka-Isabella I waseSpain, wanquma ukwanelisa izidingo zabo ngencwadi eyodwa kuphela. Leli thuluzi lokuhumusha eliyingqopha-mlando labizwa ngokuthi iComplutensian Polyglot. UCisneros wayehlose ukwenza iPolyglot, noma iBhayibheli elinezilimi eziningi, enombhalo osezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu wesiHebheru, isiGreki, isiLatini, nezingxenye ezithile zesi-Aramu. Kwakusafufuswa kwezokunyathelisa, ngakho lokhu kwakuzoba ingqopha-mlando nakwezobuciko bokunyathelisa.

UCisneros waqala umsebenzi wakhe omkhulukazi ngokuthenga imibhalo yesandla yesiHebheru yasendulo, eyayiminingi eSpain. Waqoqa neyesiGreki neyesiLatini ehlukahlukene. Yayizoba isisekelo sombhalo wePolyglot. UCisneros wabela iqembu lezazi ukuba lihlanganise le mibhalo, iqembu alihlela e-University of Alcalá de Henares eyayisanda kuba khona eSpain. Esinye sezazi ezacelwa ukuba zisize kwakungu-Erasmus waseRotterdam, kodwa lesi sazi sezilimi esidumile senqaba.

Kwazithatha iminyaka eyishumi izazi ukuhlanganisa le miqingo, ngemva kwayo kwathatha eminye emine ukuyinyathelisa. Kwaba nezinkinga eziningi ekunyatheliseni, ngoba abanyathelisi baseSpain babengenazo izinhlamvu zesiHebheru, isiGreki, nesi-Aramu. Ngakho, uCisneros wacela ingcweti yokunyathelisa, u-Arnaldo Guillermo Brocario, ukuba imakhele izinhlamvu zalezi zilimi. Ekugcineni, abanyathelisi baqala ukunyathelisa ngo-1514. Imiqulu yonke eyisithupha yaqedwa ngo-July 10, 1517, ezinyangeni ezine kuphela ngaphambi kokufa kukaKhadinali Cisneros. Kwakhishwa amakhophi angaba amakhulu ayisithupha alo msebenzi ophelele, kodwa okuxakayo ukuthi kwakungaso kanye isikhathi lapho ukuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki KwaseSpain kwakumandla kakhulu khona.a

Ukuhlelwa Kwalo Msebenzi Emakhasini

Ikhasi ngalinye lePolyglot lalinomcebo wolwazi. Emiqulwini emine yemiBhalo YesiHebheru, ohleni olumaphakathi ekhasini ngalinye kwakunombhalo we-Vulgate; ohleni olungaphandle kwakunombhalo oyisiHebheru; bese ohleni olungaphakathi kuba nombhalo oyisiGreki noyisiLatini phakathi kwemigqa yesiGreki. Ezikhaleni eziseceleni, kwakuneziqu zamagama amaningi esiHebheru. Ezansi ekhasini ngalinye elinePentateuch, abahleli bafaka ne-Targum of Onkelos (umbhalo wesi-Aramu ohunyushiwe wezincwadi ezinhlanu zokuqala zeBhayibheli) kanye nombhalo wayo ohunyushelwe esiLatinini.

Umqulu wesihlanu wePolyglot wawunemiBhalo YesiGreki ezinhleni ezimbili. Uhla lokuqala lwalunombhalo oyisiGreki, olwesibili lube nombhalo oyisiLatini othathwe kuyi-Vulgate. Ukuthi ingxenye ethile ihambisana nayiphi kulezi zilimi kwakuboniswa ngezinhlamvu ezincane ezaziyisa umfundi egameni elisho okufanayo ohleni ngalunye. Umbhalo oyisiGreki wePolyglot wawuyiqoqo lokuqala eliphelele lemiBhalo YesiGreki, noma “iThestamente Elisha,” elake lanyatheliswa, walandelwa eduze uhlelo luka-Erasmus.

Izazi zacophelela kakhulu ekufundisiseni umbhalo womqulu wesihlanu kangangokuthi kwaba namaphutha angu-50 kuphela okunyathelisa. Ngenxa yokuqikelela okukhulu kangaka kwalezi zazi, abacubunguli banamuhla baye bathi lo mqulu usezingeni eliphakeme kunombhalo wesiGreki odumile ka-Erasmus. Indlela ehlobile yokubhala izinhlamvu zesiGreki yayihambisana nobuhle obucacile bemibhalo yesandla yakudala. Encwadini yakhe ethi The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century, uR. Proctor uthi: “ISpain kufanele yethulelwe isigqoko ngokukhiqiza izinhlamvu zayo zokuqala zesiGreki, okungangabazeki ukuthi ziyindlela yokubhala isiGreki enhle kunazo zonke ezake zenziwa.”

Umqulu wesithupha wePolyglot wawunezinsiza-kutadisha zeBhayibheli eziningana: isichaza-mazwi sesiHebheru nesi-Aramu, izincazelo zamagama abantu esiGreki, esiHebheru, nawesi-Aramu, uhlelo lolimi lwesiHebheru, nezikhombo zesichaza-mazwi ngesiLatini. Akumangalisi ukuthi iComplutensian Polyglot iye yatuswa ngokuthi “iyingqopha-mlando ebucikweni bokuhlela umbhalo ozonyatheliswa nakuyisayensi yemiBhalo.”

UCisneros wayehlose ukuba lo msebenzi “uvuselele ukutadishwa kwemiBhalo okwase kumfimfa,” kodwa wayengenasifiso sokwenza iBhayibheli litholakale kuwo wonke umphakathi. Wayecabanga ukuthi “iZwi likaNkulunkulu kudingeka lifihlwe ngokucophelela lingaqondakali kumuntu ovamile.” Wayekholelwa nawukuthi “imiBhalo kufanele igcinwe ingezilimi ezintathu zasendulo uNkulunkulu avumela ukuba kubhalwe ngazo umbhalo owawungenhla kwekhanda leNdodana yakhe ebethelwe.”b Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iComplutensian Polyglot ayibanga nengxenye ehunyushwe ngeSpanishi.

I-Vulgate Iqhathaniswa Nezilimi Zokuqala

Indlela nje iPolyglot eyayihlelwe ngayo yabangela ukungavumelani ezazini ezazisebenza ngayo. Isazi esidumile saseSpain u-Antonio de Nebrijac sabekwa ukuba sibukeze umbhalo we-Vulgate owawuzoba seBhayibhelini iPolyglot. Nakuba iSonto LamaKatolika lalibheka i-Vulgate kaJerome njengewukuphela kwenguqulo egunyaziwe, uNebrija wabona isidingo sokuqhathanisa i-Vulgate nemibhalo yokuqala yesiHebheru, isi-Aramu, nesiGreki. Wayefuna ukulungisa amaphutha asobala ayesemakhophini e-Vulgate angaleso sikhathi.

Ukuze kulungiswe noma ikuphi ukungafani phakathi kwe-Vulgate nezilimi zokuqala, uNebrija wanxusa uCisneros: “Phinda ukhanyise izibani ezimbili ezingakhanyisiwe zenkolo yethu, ulimi lwesiHebheru nolwesiGreki. Banike umvuzo labo abazinikela kulo msebenzi.” Wasikisela nalokhu: “Isikhathi ngasinye lapho kuba khona ukungafani emibhalweni yesandla yesiLatini yeThestamente Elisha, kufanele siphindele emibhalweni yesandla yesiGreki. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho kuba khona ukungavumelani phakathi kwemibhalo yesandla yesiLatini noma phakathi kweyesiLatini neyesiGreki yeThestamente Elidala, kufanele sifune okunembile embhalweni wesiHebheru wokuqala.”

Wasabela kanjani uCisneros? Esanduleleni sakhe eBhayibhelini iPolyglot, uCisneros wawenza wacaca umbono wakhe. “Umbhalo wesiLatini kaJerome obusisekile siwubeké phakathi koweSinagoge [umbhalo oyisiHebheru] noweSonto LaseMpumalanga [umbhalo oyisiGreki], ngendlela okwalengiswa ngayo amasela amabili aphahla uJesu, omelela iSonto LamaRoma, noma lesiLatini.” Ngakho, uCisneros akamvumelanga uNebrija ukuba alungise i-Vulgate yesiLatini ivumelane nombhalo wezilimi zokuqala. Ekugcineni, uNebrija wanquma ukuwuyeka lo msebenzi kunokuba enze igama lakhe lihlotshaniswe nenguqulo esezingeni eliphansi.

I-comma Johanneum

Nakuba iBhayibheli iPolyglot ka-Alcalá de Henares yaba igxathu elikhulu ekukhiqizeni umbhalo othuthukisiwe wezilimi zokuqala zeBhayibheli, ngezinye izikhathi kwakulawula inkambiso kunolwazi olucwaningiwe. I-Vulgate yayihlonishwa kakhulu kangangokuthi abahleli bazizwa bephoqelekile ukuba kaningana balungise umbhalo wesiGreki ‘weThestamente Elisha’ ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi uyahambisana nowesiLatini, kunokuba benze owesiLatini uhambisane nowesiGreki sokuqala. Esinye salezi zibonelo umbhalo ongamanga odumile obizwa ngokuthi i-comma Johanneum.d Emibhalweni yesandla yokuqala yesiGreki awukho owawunale nkulumo, okusobala ukuthi yafakwa emakhulwini eminyaka athile ngemva kokuba uJohane ebhale incwadi yakhe; wawungekho nasemibhalweni yesandla emidala kakhulu ye-Vulgate yesiLatini. Ngakho u-Erasmus akayifakanga le nkulumo eyisijobelelo ‘eThestamenteni Elisha’ lakhe lesiGreki.

Abahleli bePolyglot babengafuni ukususa ivesi elase linamakhulu eminyaka likuyi-Vulgate eyayamukelwa. Ngakho, bawuyeka lo mbhalo ongamanga bangawukhipha esiLatinini, banquma ukuwuhumusha bawufake nasembhalweni wesiGreki ukuze lezi zinhla ezimbili zihambisane.

Isisekelo Sezinguqulo Ezintsha ZeBhayibheli

Ukubaluleka kweComplutensian Polyglot akubangelwa nje kuphela ukuthi yayinohlelo lokuqala olunyathelisiwe lwemiBhalo YesiGreki ephelele kanye nolwe-Septuagint. Njengoba nje “iThestamente Elisha” lesiGreki lika-Erasmus laba umBhalo Owamukelwayo wemiBhalo YesiGreki (isisekelo sezinguqulo eziningi zezinye izilimi), umbhalo wesiHebheru wePolyglot waba umbhalo oyisisekelo wemiBhalo YesiHebheru Nesi-Aramu.e UWilliam Tyndale wasebenzisa le Polyglot njengombhalo wesiHebheru oyisisekelo lapho ehumushela iBhayibheli esiNgisini.

Ngakho, umsebenzi weqembu lezazi ezakhipha iComplutensian Polyglot waba neqhaza elikhulu entuthukweni yokutadishwa kwemiBhalo. Ukunyatheliswa kwayo kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho isithakazelo esandayo eBhayibhelini kuyo yonke iYurophu sase siqale ukukhuthaza ukuhunyushelwa kwalo ezilimini ezivamile zabantu. IPolyglot yaba esinye sezinyathelo zokuqala ezaba nengxenye ekulungisweni nasekulondolozweni kombhalo wesiGreki nesiHebheru. Konke lokhu kuvumelana nenjongo kaNkulunkulu ewukuthi ‘izwi likaJehova elicwengekile,’ ‘izwi likaNkulunkulu wethu, liyokuma kuze kube nini nanini.’—IHubo 18:30; Isaya 40:8; 1 Petru 1:25.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 29]

UKhadinali Jiménez de Cisneros

[Umthombo]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Isithombe ekhasini 30]

U-Antonio de Nebrija

[Umthombo]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 28]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid