Ukukhishwa KweRoyal Bible—Isenzakalo Esibalulekile Kwezemfundo

EKUQALENI kwekhulu le-16 umkhumbi wasuka eSpain uya enhlonhlweni ye-Italy. Lo mkhumbi wawugcwele izimpahla zenani elikhulu—amakhophi amaningi eComplutensian Polyglot Bible eyanyatheliswa phakathi kuka-1514 no-1517. Kungazelelwe, kwasuka isiphepho esinamandla. Iqembu lasemkhunjini lasebenza kanzima ukuze lisindise umkhumbi, kodwa kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. Umkhumbi wacwila nazo zonke izimpahla zenani elingenakulinganiswa.

Leyo nhlekelele yaholela ekubeni kudingeke uhlelo olusha lwePolyglot Bible. Ekugcineni, umnyathelisi onguchwepheshe uChristophe Plantin wawamukela lo msebenzi onzima. Wayedinga umuntu ocebile ukuze axhase ngokwezimali lo msebenzi omkhulukazi, ngakho wacela inkosi yaseSpain, uPhilip II, ukuba imxhase. Ngaphambi kokuba yenze isinqumo, inkosi yaxoxa nezazi ezihlukahlukene zaseSpain, okwakukhona phakathi kwazo uBenito Arias Montano, isazi seBhayibheli esidumile. UMontano watshela iNkosi uPhilip: “Ngaphandle kokuba lidumise uNkulunkulu nokuba lizuzise lonke isonto, lizolikhazimulisa kakhulu igama lakho Mhlonishwa futhi liyokwenza ukuba ube nedumela elibabazekayo.”

Uhlelo olubukeziwe lweComplutensian Polyglot lwaluzoba impumelelo ephawulekayo kwezamasiko, ngakho uPhilip wanquma ukuwusekela ngenhliziyo yakhe yonke umsebenzi kaPlantin. Wagixabeza u-Arias Montano ngomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlola futhi alungise iBhayibheli kamuva elabizwa ngokuthi iRoyal Bible, noma i-Antwerp Polyglot.a

UPhilip wayenesithakazelo kakhulu entuthukweni yale Polyglot Bible kangangokuthi waze wacela ukuba athunyelelwe ikhophi yekhasi ngalinye elaliyolungiswa. Njengoba ungase ucabange, uPlantin wayemadolo-nzima ukulinda ikhasi ukuba lisuke e-Antwerp liye eSpain, lapho lalifike lifundwe futhi lilungiswe iNkosi uPhilip bese libuyiselwa emuva. Ekugcineni, uPhilip wathola kuphela iphepha lokuqala elaphuma emshinini futhi kungenzeka ukuthi wathola amakhasi athile okuqala. Phakathi naleso sikhathi uMontano wayethuthuka njengoba ayehlola futhi elungisa umbhalo, esizana noprofesa abathathu baseLouvain kanye nendodakazi kaPlantin eyeve eshumini nambili.

Umthandi WeZwi LikaNkulunkulu

U-Arias Montano wazizwa amukelekile phakathi kwezazi zase-Antwerp. Ukubekezelela kwakhe abanye kwamenza wathandeka kuPlantin, futhi baba abangane, babambisana kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwabo. UMontano akavelele kuphela ngenxa yemfundo yakhe kodwa nangothando lwakhe olukhulu ngeZwi likaNkulunkulu.b Ngesikhathi eseyinsizwa, wayemagange ukuqeda izifundo zakhe ukuze azinikele ngokukhethekile ekutadisheni imiBhalo.

U-Arias Montano wayekholelwa ukuthi inguqulo yeBhayibheli kufanele ilandele izwi nezwi ngangokunokwenzeka. Wayefuna ukukuhumusha ngokuqondile lokho okwakulotshwe embhalweni wokuqala, evumela umfundi ukuba azifundele okuqukethwe iZwi likaNkulunkulu uqobo lwalo. UMontano walandela isiqubulo sika-Erasmus, owanxusa izazi “ukuba zishumayele ngoKristu njengoba kulotshwe emibhalweni yokuqala.” Kwase kungamakhulu eminyaka abantu bengawutholi umqondo wezilimi zakuqala zemiBhalo ngenxa yokuthi kwakunzima ukuqonda izinguqulo zesiLatini.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwalo Msebenzi

Yonke imibhalo yesandla yasendulo eyayilungiswe futhi yabukezwa u-Alfonso de Zamora ukuze kunyatheliswe iComplutensian Polyglot yafika ezandleni zika-Arias Montano, owayisebenzisa ukuze ahumushe iRoyal Bible.c

Ekuqaleni iRoyal Bible yayihloselwe ukuba ibe uhlelo lwesibili lweComplutensian Polyglot, kodwa yaba okungaphezu kakhulu kokuba uhlelo olubukeziwe. Umbhalo wesiHebheru nowesiGreki we-Septuagint wathathwa kuyiComplutensian Bible; kwabe sekwenezelwa imibhalo emisha kanye nesithasiselo esineminingwane eminingi. Ekugcineni iPolyglot entsha yaba imiqulu engu-8. Ukuyinyathelisa kwathatha iminyaka emihlanu, kusukela ngo-1568 kwaze kwaba ngu-1572—okuyisikhathi esifushane kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ukuba inkimbinkimbi kwalowo msebenzi. Ekugcineni kwanyatheliswa amakhophi angu-1 213.

Njengoba iComplutensian Polyglot yango-1517 yabonakala “iyingqopha-mlando ebucikweni bokuhlela umbhalo ozonyatheliswa,” i-Antwerp Polyglot entsha yayiyidlula ngamalengiso ngemininingwane ewusizo nangekuqukethe. Yaba enye ingqopha-mlando kwezokunyathelisa futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ekulungiseleleni ikhophi yombhalo ohlolisisiwe weBhayibheli.

Ukuhlasela Kwezitha ZeZwi LikaNkulunkulu

Akumangazi ukuthi izitha zokuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli ngokunembile zavela ngokushesha. Nakuba i-Antwerp Polyglot yamukelwa opapa futhi u-Arias Montano ayenedumela elihle ayelifanelekela njengesazi esihloniphekile, abaphikisi bambeka icala enkantolo yokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki. Abaphikisi bathi inguqulo yakhe iveza umbhalo wesiLatini kaSantes Pagninus njengenguqulo enembe kakhudlwana yesiHebheru nesiGreki sokuqala kune-Vulgate, eyayihunyushwe emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambili. Bambeka necala lokuthi uhlola izilimi zokuqala ngenxa yesifiso sakhe sokukhiqiza inguqulo yeBhayibheli enembile—inqubo ababeyibheka njengokuhlubuka.

EkuQulweni Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kwagonyelwa nangokuthi “iNkosi ayizange ithole udumo olutheni ngokuxhasa kwayo leyo nguqulo.” Kwavezwa ukudabuka ngokuthi uMontano akazange ayinikeze igunya elifanele i-Vulgate. Naphezu kwala macala abekwa wona, abutholakalanga ubufakazi obanele bokumlahla ngecala uMontano yena ngokwakhe noma iPolyglot Bible yakhe. Ekugcineni, iRoyal Bible yamukelwa ngesasasa, futhi yaba inguqulo eyasetshenziswa emayunivesithi ahlukahlukene.

Ithuluzi Eliwusizo Ekuhumusheni IBhayibheli

Nakuba i-Antwerp Polyglot yayingenzelwanga umphakathi, ngokushesha yaba ithuluzi eliwusizo kubahumushi beBhayibheli. Njengomanduleli wayo, iComplutensian Polyglot, yaba usizo ekulungiseni imiBhalo yeBhayibheli eyayitholakala. Yasiza abahumushi ukuba futhi bathuthukise ukuqonda kwabo izilimi zokuqala. Izinguqulo zeBhayibheli ezahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningana eziyinhloko zaseYurophu zazuza kule nguqulo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Cambridge History of the Bible ibika ukuthi abahumushi be-King James Version edumile, noma i-Authorized Version, yango-1611 basebenzisa i-Antwerp Polyglot njengethuluzi eliwusizo ekuhumusheni izilimi zasendulo. IRoyal Bible yaba nanethonya eliphawulekayo kumaPolyglot Bible amabili abalulekile akhishwa ngekhulu le-17.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “AmaPolyglot Bible.”

Okunye okufanele kunconywe nge-Antwerp Polyglot ukuthi yenza ukuba inguqulo yesiSiriya yemiBhalo YesiGreki itholakale okokuqala ezazini zaseYurophu. Umbhalo wesiSiriya wawubekwe eceleni kombhalo wesiLatini ohumusha izwi nezwi. Ukwenezelwa kwalo mbhalo kwaba usizo kakhulu, ngoba umbhalo wesiSiriya wawungenye yezinguqulo ezindala kakhulu zemiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki. Njengoba yabhalwa ngekhulu lesihlanu C.E., inguqulo yesiSiriya yayisekelwe emibhalweni yesandla yangekhulu lesibili C.E. Ngokwe-International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, “kuyavunywa ukuthi iPeshitta [yesiSiriya] iwusizo ekucubunguleni imibhalo. Ingobunye ubufakazi obudala kakhulu futhi obubaluleke kakhulu ngamasiko asendulo.”

Noma ngabe ulwandle oluthukuthele noma ukuhlasela ngokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki KwaseSpain akukho okwavimbela inguqulo ethuthukisiwe neyandisiwe iComplutensian Polyglot eyaphinde yanyatheliswa ngo-1572 isibizwa ngokuthi iRoyal Bible. Umlando wePolyglot Bible yase-Antwerp ungesinye isibonelo semizamo eyenziwa amadoda aqotho ukuze avikele iZwi likaNkulunkulu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ayazi noma cha, ngomsebenzi wawo wokuzidela, la madoda azinikele abonisa ukuba yiqiniso kwamazwi ka-Isaya ayisiprofetho. Eminyakeni ecishe ibe izinkulungwane ezintathu edlule, wabhala: “Utshani obuluhlaza bomile, imbali ibunile; kodwa izwi likaNkulunkulu wethu lona, liyokuma kuze kube nini nanini.”—Isaya 40:8.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 13]

“Izwi likaNkulunkulu wethu lona, liyokuma kuze kube nini nanini.”

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 12]

AMAPOLYGLOT BIBLE

Isazi saseSpain uFederico Pérez Castro siyachaza: “IPolyglot Bible yiBhayibheli elinezilimi ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, leli gama livame ukubhekisela emaBhayibhelini anemiBhalo yezilimi zokuqala. Uma lisetshenziswa ngalo mqondo, ambalwa kakhulu amaBhayibheli angama-polyglot.”

1. I-Complutensian Polyglot (1514-17), eyaxhaswa uKhadinali Cisneros, yanyatheliswa e-Alcalá de Henares, eSpain. Imiqulu yayo eyisithupha iqukethe imibhalo yeBhayibheli ngezilimi ezine: isiHebheru, isiGreki, isi-Aramu nesiLatini. Yaba umbhalo oyisisekelo wemiBhalo YesiHebheru nesi-Aramu kubahumushi bangekhulu le-16.

2. I-Antwerp Polyglot (1568-72), eyahlelwa uBenito Arias Montano, yanezela embhalweni weComplutensian inguqulo iPeshitta yesiSiriya yemiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki neTargum yesi-Aramu kaJonathan. Umbhalo wesiHebheru, oqukethe izimpawu zonkamisa nendlela yokuphimisela, wabukezwa ngokuvumelana nombhalo wesiHebheru owamukelwayo kaJacob ben Hayyim. Ngakho waba umbhalo owasetshenziswa abahumushi beBhayibheli ekuhumusheni imiBhalo YesiHebheru.

3. I-Paris Polyglot (1629-45) yaxhaswa ummeli ongumFulentshi uGuy Michel le Jay. Yayisekelwe kuyi-Antwerp Polyglot, nakuba yayiqukethe neminye imibhalo yesiSamariya nesi-Arabhu.

4. I-London Polyglot (1655-57), eyahlelwa uBrian Walton, nayo futhi yayisekelwe kuyi-Antwerp Polyglot. Le Polyglot yayinezinguqulo zeBhayibheli zakudala ezazihunyushelwe ezilimini zabantu baseTopiya nabasePheresiya, nakuba lezi zinguqulo zingazange ziwucacise kakhudlwana umbhalo weBhayibheli.

[Imithombo]

Banner and Antwerp Polyglots (two underneath): Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Antwerp Polyglot (on top): By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen; London Polyglot: From the book The Walton Polyglot Bible, Vol. III, 1655-1657

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Inkosi yaseSpain, uPhilip II

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Philip II: Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

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U-Arias Montano

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Montano: Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

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Imishini yokuqala yokunyathelisa e-Antwerp, eBelgium

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Press: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Izithombe ekhasini 11]

Ngakwesobunxele: UChristophe Plantin nekhasi lokuqala le-Antwerp Polyglot

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Title page and Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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Ngenhla: U-Eksodusi isahluko 15 unombhalo onezinhlu ezine

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 9]

Title page and Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 13]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid