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  • Woɖo Ta Ɣetoɖoƒe Yi Europa

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  • Woɖo Ta Ɣetoɖoƒe Yi Europa
  • Nyɔ!—1994
  • Tanya Suewo
  • Nyati Sia Tɔgbi
  • Woyi Europa ƒe Didiƒewo Ke
  • Mawunyadɔgbedelawo Le ƒe si Me Mã Me
  • Wodzi Mawunyadɔgbedede Ðe Edzi
  • Gbɔgbɔmekekeli Kae Li na “Anyigba Doblukɔ” La?
    Nyɔ!—1995
  • Kristodukɔa ƒe Mawunyadɔgbedelawo Gatrɔ Yi Nuwo Dzɔtsoƒe
    Nyɔ!—1994
  • Nusrɔ̃la Vavãwo Wɔwɔ Egbea
    Nyɔ!—1995
  • Mawunyadɔgbedelawo—Amekawoe Wòle Be Woanye?
    Nyɔ!—1994
Kpɔ Bubuwo
Nyɔ!—1994
g94 11/8 axa 19-22

Mawunyadɔgbedelawo—Kekeli Alo Viviti ƒe Dɔlawoe Wonyea?—Akpa 2

Woɖo Ta Ɣetoɖoƒe Yi Europa

NE WOAWƆ Yesu ƒe mawunyadɔgbededɔa la, ke ele be woatsɔ Kristotɔnyenye ƒe gbedasia ayi na amewo le xexeame katã. (Mateo 28:19; Dɔwɔwɔwo 1:⁠8) Wote gbe ɖe nyateƒenya sia dzi le ŋutega si apostolo Paulo kpɔ le eƒe dutanyanyuigbɔgblɔ ƒe mɔzɔzɔ etɔ̃awo ƒe evelia si me woɖe kuku nɛ le la me be: “Tso ƒu va Makedonia, eye naxɔ na mí!”—Dɔwɔwɔwo 16:9, 10.

Paulo wɔ ɖe amekpekpe ma dzi, eye le ƒe 50 M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo la, etso ƒu va ɖe gbeƒã le Europa-du Filipi me. Lidia kple eƒe aƒemetɔwo va zu xɔsetɔwo, eye woɖo hame ɖe afima. Emae nye Kristotɔnyenye ƒe aʋadziɖuɖu ­gbãtɔ ko le Europa katã. Emegbe Paulo ŋutɔ ɖe gbeƒã le Italia, eye anya de Spania gɔ̃ hã.​—⁠Dɔwɔwɔwo 16:​9-15; Romatɔwo 15:​23, 24.

Gake menye Paulo koe nye Kristotɔnyenye ƒe dutanyanyuigblɔla o. Nuŋlɔla J. Herbert Kane de dzesii be: “Ame bubu geɖe anya nɔ anyi siwo ƒe ŋkɔ bu ɖe ŋutinya me. . . . Menye ŋutinya la katãe Apostolowo ƒe Dɔwɔwɔwo gblɔ o.”​—⁠A Global View of Christian Missions From Pentecost to the Present.

Gake míenya afisi Yesu yomedzela bubuwo wɔ dutanyanyuigbɔgblɔdɔ va se ɖo le dzronyigbawo dzi o. Kpeɖodzi aɖeke mele blemadzixɔse si nye be Toma yi India eye Marko si nye nyanyuigblɔla la hã yi Egipte la ŋu o. Nusi míenyae nye be dutanyanyuigbɔgblɔ ƒe gbɔgbɔ nɔ Kristo ƒe nusrɔ̃la vavãwo katã me eye wo katã wowɔ dutanyanyuigbɔgblɔdɔ le wo denyigba dzi ya teti. Kane de dzesii be: “Ŋutinya me nudzɔdzɔ sia [Pentekoste] nye Kristo-ha la ƒe gɔmedzedze kple mawunyadɔgbedede ɖoɖo anyi, elabena le ŋkeke mawo me la, mawunyadɔgbededɔe ha la wɔ.”

Woyi Europa ƒe Didiƒewo Ke

Yudatɔwo xɔ Mawu vavã ɖeka ƒe tadedeagu dzi se. Wonɔ mɔ kpɔm na Mesia aɖe si ŋugbe wodo. Woxɔ Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo be wonye Mawu ƒe Nyateƒenya. Eyata dzixɔse siawo anya nɔ nyanya na dukɔ siwo me Yudatɔwo kaka ɖo la me nɔlawo. Esi esiawo nye Kristotɔwo kple Yudatɔwo siaa ƒe tadedeagu ƒe akpa aɖewo ta la, Kristotɔwo ƒe gbedasia ƒe dodo menye nya yeye o. Le Kane ƒe nya nu la, “nusiawo kpe ɖe Kristotɔ mawunyadɔgbedelawo ŋu vevie esi wozɔ mɔ le Roma-fiaɖuƒea me nɔ gbeƒã ɖem nyanyuia henɔ hamewo ɖom.”

Eyata alesi Yudatɔwo kaka la dzra mɔ dzi ɖo na Kristotɔnyenye. Kristotɔnyenye keke ta kabakaba elabena dutanyanyuigbɔgblɔ ƒe gbɔgbɔ nɔ Kristotɔwo me. Kane gblɔ be: “Ame tsɛwoe ɖe gbeƒã nyanyuia.” Ede dzesii hã be: “Afisiafi si woayi la, wotsɔa dzidzɔ ƒoa nu tso woƒe xɔse yeyea ŋu na xɔlɔ̃wo, aƒelikawo, kple amedzrowo.” Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Will Durant ɖe eme be: “Dzimetrɔla siwo me tɔtrɔwɔwɔ ƒe dzo le la dometɔ ɖesiaɖe kloe kaka nya la le eɖokui si”.

Kaka ƒe 300 M.Ŋ. naɖo la, Kristotɔnyenye gblẽku aɖe kaka ɖe Roma Fiaɖuƒea katã me. Wogblɔ gbegblẽ sia si nye megbedede tso tadedeagu dzadzɛ gbɔ la ɖi. (Tesalonikatɔwo II, 2:​3-10) Xɔsegbegbe do mo ɖa nyateƒe. Durant gblɔ be: “Kristotɔnyenye megblẽ trɔ̃subɔsubɔ dome o; ke boŋ ɖe wo xɔe de eme.”

Esi amesiwo gblɔ be Kristotɔwoe yewonye la nɔ hehem ɖa tso Kristotɔnyenye vavãtɔ ŋu wu la, mawunyadɔgbedede ƒe gbɔgbɔ la nu tsi le wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ me. Gake ame aɖe si me mawunyadɔgbedede ƒe gbɔgbɔ nɔe nye ɖevi aɖe si dzila Katolikotɔ aɖewo dzi le Britainia le ƒe alafa enelia ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo. Woyɔe be Patrick, eye wonyae nyuie le Kristo ƒe gbedasi si wòtsɔ yi Europa ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe ta​—⁠le Ireland​—⁠afisi ŋutinya gblɔ be ena ame akpe geɖe trɔ dzi me eye wòɖo hame alafa geɖe le.

Eteƒe medidi o Ireland va xɔ ŋgɔ le mawunyadɔgbededɔ me. Kane gblɔ be, “eƒe mawunyadɔgbedelawo ho aʋa ɖe trɔ̃subɔsubɔ ŋu vevie.” Mawunyadɔgbedela siawo dometɔ ɖekae nye Columba, amesi edze ƒã be ewɔ akpa vevi aɖe le dzimetɔtrɔ na amewo le Scotland me. Le ƒe 563 M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo la, eya kple eƒe zɔhɛ 12 ɖo saɖagaxɔ ɖe Iona, ƒukpo aɖe si le Scotland ɣetoɖoƒeƒuta gome, afisi va zu mawunyadɔgbededɔwɔƒe vevi aɖe. Columba ku do ŋgɔ teti na ƒe 600 M.Ŋ., gake le ƒe 200 siwo kplɔe ɖo me la, woyi edzi dɔ mawunyadɔgbedelawo tso Iona yi Britania Ƒukpowo dzi kple Europa ƒe akpawo katã.

Esi amesiwo gblɔ be Kristotɔwoe yewonye keke ta ɖo England megbe la, Eŋlisitɔ dzimetrɔla aɖewo srɔ̃ Irelandtɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbedede ƒe gbɔgbɔ la eye woa ŋutɔwo va zu mawunyadɔgbedelawo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le 692 M.Ŋ. me la, Willibrord si tso Northumbria si nye Germania- kple Englandtɔ siwo wɔ ɖeka ƒe blemafiaɖuƒe aɖe le England ƒe anyiehe gome la kple eƒe zɔhɛ 11 va zu Eŋlisi-mawunyadɔgbedela gbãtɔwo le Dziehe Dukɔwo me—Netherlands, Belgium, kple Luxembourg.

Le ƒe alafa enyilia me ƒe gɔmedzedze la, Boniface si nye Englandtɔ Benedict saɖagaxɔmenɔla la, trɔ eƒe susu ɖe Germania ŋu. Kane gblɔ be Boniface ƒe “mawunyadɔgbededɔ nyui si wòtsɔ ƒe blaene kple edzivɔ wɔ la na wòkpɔ dzesideŋkɔ si nye Germania ƒe Apostolo” eye wòto eme va zu “mawunyadɔgbedela gãtɔ le Blukɔɣeyiɣiwo me.” Esime Boniface xɔ ƒe 70 kple vɔ la, Frieslandtɔ siwo mexɔ edzi se o la wu woa kple eƒe zɔhɛ 50 aɖewo.

The Encyclopedia of Religion ƒo nu tso mɔnu si ŋudɔ Boniface wɔ dzidzedzetɔe tsɔ trɔ amewo va Katolikotɔnyenye mee ŋu be: “Ete kpɔ mu Thor ƒe odumti kɔkɔe la ƒu anyi le Geismar [si te ɖe Göttingen ŋu le Germania]. . . . [Esime] Germaniatɔwo ƒe mawu si le afima mete ŋu wɔ naneke [eyama] o la, eme kɔ ƒã be Mawu si wòɖe gbeƒãe lae nye Mawu vavã si ɖeka ko wòle be woasubɔ ahade ta agu na.”

Mawunyadɔgbedela bubuwo wɔ mɔnu bubuwo ŋudɔ eye edze ƒã be wobui be ɖesiaɖe nyo ne nu nyuiwo do tso eme ko. Kane lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be “aʋadziɖuɖue na” Germaniatɔ siwo tsaka kple Englandtɔwo la trɔ dzi me “tsɔ wu be wòanye le agbenyuinɔnɔ alo mawusubɔsubɔ dzixɔse ta.” Egblɔ kpee be: “Nubabla makɔmakɔ si nɔ sɔlemeha la kple dziɖuɖua dome . . . lae na sɔlemeha la wɔ ŋutilãmenuwo ŋudɔ be gbɔgbɔmenuwo nado tso eme. Susu sia gblẽ nu le Kristotɔwo ƒe mawunyadɔgbedede ŋu vevie wu nu bubu ɖesiaɖe, vevietɔ le Germaniatɔ siwo tsaka kple Englandtɔwo la dome. . . . Wowɔ ŋutasẽnuwo.” Eye wogblɔ na mí be esime mawunyadɔgbedelawo ʋu yi Scandinavia la, “wowɔe wònye ŋutifafa ƒe tɔtrɔ le teƒe geɖe; negbe Norway koe wotsɔ akpasesẽ de eme le.”

Nukata wode akpasesẽ eme? Nukata wosẽ ŋuta? Ke ŋutilãmenuwo ŋudɔwɔwɔ be gbɔgbɔmenuwo nado tso eme ya ɖe? Aleae wòle be míakpɔ mɔ be mawunyadɔgbedela siwo nye kekeli ƒe dɔlawo awɔ nuia?

Mawunyadɔgbedelawo Le ƒe si Me Mã Me

Amesiwo gblɔ be Kristotɔwoe yewonye ƒe hatsotso eve wɔ mawunyadɔgbededɔ ƒomevi eve siwo to vovo le Roma kple Constantino­ple. Agbagba si wodze be woawɔ Bulgariatɔwo woazu “Kristotɔwo” la he tɔtɔ si nɔa aƒe si me mã le mawusubɔsubɔ gome la tɔgbe vɛ. Bulgaria-dziɖula, Boris I, zu Hela Orthodoks-ha la me tɔ. Gake esi wòkpɔ be Constantino­ple ɖe Bulgaria-sɔlemeha la ƒe ablɔɖe dzi kpɔtɔ vevie ta la, etrɔ ɖe Ɣetoɖoƒe ŋu, ena mɔ Germania-mawunyadɔgbedela siwo nɔ Roma teƒe la to woƒe Kristotɔnyenye vɛ. Kaka ƒe 870 M.Ŋ. naɖo la, edze ƒã be se sesẽwo va nɔ Ɣetoɖoƒe sɔlemeha la me wu Ɣedzeƒe tɔ, eyata wonyã Germaniatɔwo eye Bulgaria gava ku ɖe Ɣedzeƒe Sɔlemeha si me wò kpɔtɔ le vaseɖe fifi le mawusubɔsubɔ gome la ŋu.

Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke lɔƒo la, Ɣetoɖoƒe mawunyadɔgbedelawo nɔ “Kristotɔnyenye” gɔme ɖom anyi le Hungary. Ɣemaɣi la, woda megbe na “Kristotɔnyenye” ƒe ƒuƒoƒo evea siaa le Poland. The Encyclopedia of Religion gblɔ be “Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo koŋ ye ɖu Akpa Evea dzi, eye woganɔ Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi si dze ƒã la te le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me.” Luthuania, Latvia, kple Estonia hã “nɔ Ɣetoɖoƒe kple Ɣedzeƒe dome hoʋiʋli sia kple nusiwo do tso eme na sɔlemehaawo la me.” Eye esi Finland xɔ “Kristotɔnyenye” le ƒe alafa 11 lia kple 12 lia me megbe la, eya hã va nɔ Ɣedzeƒe kple Ɣetoɖoƒe dome ʋiʋli ma ke me.

Le ƒe alafa asiekelia me la, nɔvi eve siwo tso Hela-ƒome xɔŋkɔ aɖe me le Tesalonika la tsɔ Byzantium ƒe “Kristotɔnyenye” vɛ na Slaviatɔ siwo le Europa kple Asia. Wova yɔ Cyril, si wogayɔna be Constantine, kple Methodius be “Slaviatɔwo ƒe apostolowo.”

Nusiwo Cyril te ŋu wɔ dometɔ ɖekae nye Slaviatɔwo ƒe gbeŋɔŋlɔ toto vɛ. Hebri kple Hela ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo mee eƒe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo woyɔna be Cyril ƒe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi la tso, eye wogazãa wo le gbegbɔgblɔwo abe Rusia, ­Ukraine, Bulgaria, kple Serbia ene me. Nɔvi eve siawo ɖe Biblia ƒe akpa aɖewo gɔme ɖe gbeŋɔŋlɔ yeye sia me eye woto Slaviagbe me subɔsubɔkɔnuwo vɛ. Esia to vovo na Ɣetoɖoƒe sɔlemeha la ƒe tameɖoɖo si nye be subɔsubɔkɔnuwo natsi Latin, Hela, kple Hebri gbe ko me. Nuŋlɔla Kane gblɔ be: “Degbe gbɔgblɔ le subɔsubɔ me, si Constantinople do ɖe ŋgɔ gake Roma ya bu fɔe la, nye tɔtrɔ yeye eye wònye nusi me egbegbe ƒe alafa wuiasieke kple blaeve lia me mawunyadɔgbedelawo lé ɖe asi vevie la ƒe gɔmedzedze.”

Le ƒe alafa ewolia ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo la, ­amesiwo gblɔ be Kristotɔwoe yewonye la keke ta ɖo afisi nye tsã Soviet Union ƒe nutowo me. Blemaŋutinya gblɔ be wode tsi ta na Prince Vladimir si tso Kiev, Ukraine, le ƒe 988 M.Ŋ. me. Wogblɔ be ede Byzantium ƒe “Kristotɔwo” ƒe sɔlemeha dzi wu Yudatɔnyenye kple Islam le eƒe kɔnuwɔwɔ wɔdɔɖeamedziwo ta, ke menye le mɔkpɔkpɔ kple nyateƒe gbedasi aɖeke ta o.

Agbalẽ si nye Keeping the Faiths—Religion and Ideology in the Soviet Union gblɔ be le nyateƒe me la, “ɣeyiɣi si me Vladimir trɔ dzi me la nyanya ɖee fia be exɔ subɔsubɔha yeyea be wòade ye dzi le dunyahehe me, si nye nɔnɔme si xɔ aƒe ɖe Russia Orthodoks Sɔlemeha la me le ŋutinya katã me la ƒe gɔmedzedze.” Agbalẽa gagblɔ nya sia si me kɔ ƒã kpee be: “Sɔlemeha la lɔ̃ faa be yeawɔ nu atsɔ ade dziɖuɖua dzi ne dziɖuɖua da le sɔlemeha la ƒe didiwo dzi hã.”

Vladimir de se be woade tsi ta na ye teviwo woazu Kristotɔwo; wolɔ̃ alo womelɔ̃ o. Paul Steeves gblɔ be esi wònya “da asi ɖe Orthodoks dzi be enye dukɔa ƒe sɔlemeha” ko la, “ete Slavia-towo me tɔ siwo nye afimatɔwo la ƒe blemasubɔsubɔnuwɔnawo ɖeɖeɖa.” Le kpɔɖeŋu me, etu sɔlemexɔwo ɖe teƒe siwo amewo sa vɔ na trɔ̃wo le tsã. Steeve gagblɔ be: “Gake trɔ̃subɔsubɔ ƒe akpa susɔewo tsi anyi ƒe alafa geɖe eye mlɔeba la, womeɖe wo ɖa o, ke boŋ woxɔ wo de Russia ƒe mawusubɔsubɔnuwɔnawo me.”

Togbɔ be gɔmeɖoanyi malike sia dzie wotu Russia Orthodoks Sɔlemeha la ɖo hã la, etsɔ moveviɖoɖo do alɔ mawunyadɔgbededɔ. Thomas Hopko si le Vladimir Kɔkɔe ƒe Orthodoks Mawunyafiaƒe la gblɔ be: “Woɖe sɔlemeha la ƒe ŋɔŋlɔwo kple subɔsubɔwo gɔme ɖe Siberia kple Alaska gbe geɖe me esi woɖo Ɣedzeƒenutome fiaɖuƒewo anyi hegblɔ mawunya na wo.”

Wodzi Mawunyadɔgbedede Ðe Edzi

Ƒe alafa 16 lia me Ðɔɖɔɖoa de dzo gbɔgbɔmenyawo me vevie le Europa katã. Woɖo nusi dzi woatu “Kristotɔwo” ƒe mawunyadɔgbedede ɖo la anyi esi Protestant-nunɔlawo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe wɔ eƒe mɔnu ŋudɔ tsɔ nyɔ amewo ƒe ɖetsɔleme ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ me. Luther ƒe Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe ɖe Germaniagbe me ɖe dzesi, abe alesi William Tyndale kple Miles Coverdale ƒe Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe ɖe Eŋlisigbe me hã ɖe dzesii ene.

Emegbe le ƒe alafa 17 lia me la, woɖo habɔbɔ aɖe le Germania si woyɔ be Ðokuitsɔtsɔna. Ete gbe ɖe Biblia sɔsrɔ̃ kple ame ŋutɔ ƒe nuteƒekpɔkpɔ le mawusubɔsubɔ me dzi. The Encyclopedia of Religion ɖe eme be: ­“Alesi wokpɔe be amegbetɔ hiã Kristo ƒe ­nyanyui la na wodze mawunyadɔgbededɔ si keke ta kabakaba la gɔme le duta kple aƒe siaa.”

Egbea la, míate ŋu akpɔe nublanuitɔe be Kristodukɔa ƒe mawunyadɔgbedelawo mete ŋu tu Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse kple mɔkpɔkpɔ sẽŋu ɖo ɖe woƒe Europatɔ dzimetrɔlawo me be wòatsi míaƒe ƒe alafa 20 lia me Kɔmiunist-dziɖuɖu mawudzimaxɔselawo kple ŋutasẽdziɖuɖu bubuwo ƒe susuwo nu o. Tso esime Kɔmiunist gbã le dukɔ aɖewo me la, mawunyadɔgbedelawo gbugbɔ dzo de woƒe dɔ me, gake Roma Katolikotɔwo, Orthodoks Katolikotɔwo, kple Protestanttɔwo mewɔ ɖeka le Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ɖeka si wogblɔ be ele yewo si la me o.

Croattɔ siwo nye Roma Katolikotɔwo kple Serbiatɔ siwo nye Orthodokstɔwo la nye Kristodukɔa ƒe mawunyadɔgbedede me tsonu ƒe akpa aɖe. Nukae míagate ŋu atsɔ awɔ aƒe si me mã ƒe ŋukpedzesi ƒe kpɔɖeŋu wòasɔ wu esi le Kristodukɔa ŋu? Kristotɔ ‘nɔvi’ ka ƒomeviwoe tsɔa tu ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu gbã eye emegbe wowɔa ɖeka tsɔnɛ ɖe wo havi siwo menye Kristotɔwo o ŋu? Alakpakristotɔwo koe aɖi fɔ le nɔnɔme sia si meɖi Kristotɔwo tɔ kura o la me.—Mateo 5:43-45; Yohanes I, 3:10-12.

Ðe Kristodukɔa ƒe mawunyadɔgbedelawo katã do kpo nua? Mina míayi míaƒe numedzodzroa dzi akpɔ nusi wote ŋu wɔ le Asia ɖa. Xlẽ nyati si ƒe tanyae nye “Kristodukɔa ƒe Mawunyadɔgbedelawo Gatrɔ Yi Nuwo Dzɔtsoƒe” le míaƒe tata si gbɔna me.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 21]

Wogblɔ be Boniface ɖee fia be ŋusẽ mele trɔ̃wo ŋu o

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

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