‘Tɔtrɔ Siwo Ðe Dzesi Wu’
“Tɔtrɔ siwo ɖe dzesi eye woƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi keke ta wu ɖesiaɖe le ƒe alafawo me le amegbetɔwo ƒe ŋutinya me la dzɔ le ƒe alafa 20 lia me.” —The Times Atlas of the 20th Century.
ÐIKEKE mele eme o be nusiwo dzɔ le ƒe alafa 20 lia me la me dzodzro ana ame geɖe nalɔ̃ ɖe Walter Isaacson si nye Time magazine ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔmetolagã ƒe nya siwo wògblɔ dzi be: “Ne wotsɔ ƒe alafa sia sɔ kple ƒe alafa siwo va yi la, ƒe alafa sia nye esiwo wɔ nuku kekeake wu dometɔ ɖeka: si me nudzɔdzɔ ʋãmewo, ɣeaɖewoɣi ŋɔdzinuwo, kple nu dodzidzɔnamewo dzɔ le ɣesiaɣi.”
Nenema ke Gro Harlem Brundtland si nye Norway dumegãwo ƒe tatɔ tsã hã gblɔ be woyɔ ƒe alafa sia be “ƒe alafa si me wowɔ nusiwo gbɔ eme le, . . . si me amegbetɔwo ƒe nugbegblẽwɔwɔ gbɔ gɔmesese ŋu yi.” Egblɔ kpee be enye “ƒe alafa si me wowɔ ŋgɔyiyi gãwo le [eye le teƒe aɖewo la] wowɔ ŋgɔyiyi si womekpɔ kpɔ o le ganyawo ƒe nyonyo me.” Gake le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, dugã madeŋgɔwo dze ŋgɔ etsɔme madeamedzi si nye “amewo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ akpa kple dɔléle ƒe kaka si tso hiãkame kple nutome si mede lãmesẽ dzi o gbɔ.”
Dunyahehe me Nyaʋiʋliwo
Esime ƒe alafa 20 lia dze egɔme la, Manchu fiaƒome si le China, Ottoman fiaɖuƒea, kple Europa fiaɖuƒe geɖe ɖu xexeame ƒe akpa gãtɔ dzi. Britain Fiaɖuƒea ƒe lolome xɔ xexeame ƒe akpa enelia eye eɖu anyigbadzitɔwo dometɔ 1 le 4 ɖesiaɖe me dzi. Fiaɖuƒe siawo katã nu yi xoxoxo do ŋgɔ na ƒe alafa la ƒe nuwuwu. The Times Atlas of the 20th Century gblɔ be: “Le ƒe 1945 me la, dutadukɔwo ƒe amedziɖuɖu va nuwuwu.”
Dutadukɔwo ƒe amedziɖuɖu si va nuwuwue na be dukɔmevinyahehe si nu sẽ le Europa tso ƒe alafa 17 lia vaseɖe 19 lia me ɖo xexeame ƒe akpa bubuwo. The New Encyclopædia Britannica gblɔ be: “Le Xexemeʋa II megbe la, zazɛ̃nyahehe nu tsi le Europa dukɔ geɖewo me . . . Gake le Asia kple Afrika la, dukɔmevinyahehe dzi ɖe edzi kabakaba, vevietɔ, wozãe tsɔ tsi tre ɖe dutadukɔwo ƒe amedziɖuɖu ŋu.” The Collins Atlas of World History gblɔ mlɔeba be, “Dukɔ Madeŋgɔwo va do ɖe ŋutinya me, eye esia he ɣeyiɣi si dze egɔme ƒe alafa atɔ̃ do ŋgɔ le esime Europa dukɔwo ƒe takeke dze egɔme la va nuwuwui.”
Esi fiaɖuƒe siawo gbã la, dukɔ siwo xɔ ɖokuisinɔnɔ xɔ ɖe wo teƒe—wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ ɖo demokrasidziɖuɖuwo anyi. Zi geɖe la, dzizizidziɖuɖu siwo ŋu ŋusẽ geɖe le siwo nɔ Europa kple Asia le Xexemeʋa II megbe tsia tsitre ɖe demokrasidziɖuɖu ɖoɖo anyi ŋu vevie. Dziɖuɖu siawo xe mɔ ɖe amewo ƒe ablɔɖe nu, eye woakpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe dukɔa ƒe gaŋutiɖoɖo, nyakakamɔnuwo, kple asrafowo dzi. Mlɔeba la, woxe mɔ ɖe agbagba siwo wodze be yewoakpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe xexeame dzi la nu gake le ga geɖe zazã kple amegbetɔ geɖewo ƒe agbe dome gbegblẽ megbe.
Ƒe Alafa si Me Wowɔ Aʋa Geɖe Le
Nusi koŋue na be ƒe alafa 20 lia to vovo enye aʋawɔwɔ. Germanytɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔla Guido Knopp ŋlɔ tso Xexemeʋa I ŋu be: “August 1, 1914: Ame aɖeke mesusui be ƒe alafa 19 lia si me Europatɔwo nɔ anyi le ŋutifafa me ɣeyiɣi didi ava nuwuwu le ŋkeke sia dzi o; eye ame aɖeke mekpɔe dze sii ŋutɔŋutɔ be ƒe alafa 20 lia adze egɔme tso ɣemaɣi o—ɣeyiɣi si me wonɔ aʋawɔwɔ dzi ƒe blaetɔ̃ sɔŋ si ɖe alesi gbegbe amegbetɔwo ate ŋu awɔ ŋutasẽnuwo ɖe wo havi amegbetɔwo ŋui fia.”
Hugh Brogan si nye ŋutinyafialagã ɖo ŋku edzi na mí be “aʋawɔwɔ ma gblẽ nu le United States ŋu ale gbegbe, eye wogale nusi wògblẽ ƒe konyi fam kokoko egbea [le ƒe 1998 me].” Akira Iriye, si nye ŋutinyafialagã le Harvard Yunivɛsiti ŋlɔ be: “Xexemeʋa Gbãtɔ nye nu ɖedzesi aɖe le Ɣedzeƒe Asia kple United States ƒe ŋutinya me le mɔ geɖe nu.”
Eyata susu le eme esi The New Encyclopædia Britannica de dzesi xexemeʋa gbãtɔ kple evelia be enye “tɔtrɔ gã ɖedzesi si dzɔ le ƒe alafa 20 lia ƒe dunyahehe kple ŋutinya me.” Ede dzesii hã be “Xexemeʋa I gbɔe fiaƒome gã ene ƒe anyidzedze tso . . . , si he Bolshevik ƒe Tɔtrɔ Kpata vɛ le Russia, eye . . . wòɖo gɔmeɖoanyi na Xexemeʋa II ƒe dzɔdzɔ.” Egblɔ na mí hã be edze ƒã be “amesiwo wowu le xexemeʋawo me, ʋu gbogbo si wokɔ ɖi, kple nusiwo dome wogblẽ nye esi ɖeke mesɔ kplii o.” Guido Knopp hã gblɔ nya sia ƒomevi be: “Ŋutasesẽ kple amegbetɔ ƒe hlɔ̃dodo gbɔ vɔ̃ɖitɔ kekeake si wokpɔ mɔ na la ŋu. Le do siwo me asrafowo bena ɖo me la . . . woƒã ɣeyiɣi si me wobua amegbetɔwo abe dɔwɔnuwo ene ke menye abe amewo ene o ƒe nukuwo.”
Be woaxe mɔ ɖe aʋawɔwɔ ƒe afɔku siawo ƒomevi bubuwo ƒe dzɔdzɔ nu la, woɖo Dukɔwo ƒe Nubabla le ƒe 1919 me. Esi wòdo kpo nu le eƒe taɖodzinu si nye be wòakpɔ xexeame ƒe ŋutifafa gbɔ ta la, woɖo Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ɖe eteƒe. Togbɔ be Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo kpɔ dzidzedze le mɔxexe ɖe xexemeʋa etɔ̃lia nu hã la, mete ŋu xe mɔ ɖe Dukɔwo Dome Nyaʋiʋli, si nɔ anyi ƒe geɖe si wɔe be vɔvɔ̃ nɔ anyi be ate ŋu ahe nuklia ƒe ametsɔtsrɔ̃ gã aɖe vɛ nu o. Mete ŋu xe mɔ ɖe aʋa suesue siwo wɔm wole le xexeame katã abe Balkan Dukɔwo me tɔwo ene nu o.
Zi alesi dukɔ siwo le xexeame ƒe xexlẽme le dzidzim ɖe edzi la, zi nenema ke ŋutifafa me nɔnɔ hã le sesẽmee. Anyigba ƒe nɔnɔmetata si nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Xexemeʋa I tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple esi li egbea ɖee fia be le ƒe alafa la ƒe gɔmedzedze la, Afrika-dukɔ 51 kple Asia-dukɔ 44 siwo li egbea menye dukɔ siwo nɔ wo ɖokui si tsã o. Le dukɔ 185 siwo le Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo me egbea gome la, wo dometɔ 116 menɔ wo ɖokui si esime woɖo Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo le ƒe 1945 me o!
“Nu Ðedzesi Wɔdɔɖeamedzi Kekeakewo Dometɔ Ðeka”
Esi ƒe alafa 19 lia nɔ eƒe nuwuwu gogom la, Russia Fiaɖuƒe lae nye anyigba dzi fiaɖuƒe sesẽ gãtɔ kekeake si nɔ xexeame ɣemaɣi. Gake eƒe ŋusẽ dzi nɔ ɖeɖem kpɔtɔ alɔtsɔtsɔe. Agbalẽŋlɔla Geoffrey Ponton gblɔ be, “ame geɖewo susui be tɔtrɔ kpata ye hiã ke menye nuwo gbugbɔɖɔɖo o.” Egblɔ kpee be: “Gake aʋawɔwɔ si keke ta, si nye Xexemeʋa gbãtɔ, kple zitɔtɔ si do tso eme, koŋ dzie woto he tɔtrɔ kpata sia vɛ ŋutɔŋutɔ.”
Ŋusẽ si Bolsheviks ƒe tɔtrɔ kpataa xɔ le Russia ye ɖo gɔmeɖoanyi na fiaɖuƒe yeye—Kɔmiunisttɔwo ƒe xexemedziɖuɖu si Soviet Union da megbe na. Togbɔ be woɖo Soviet Fiaɖuƒea le ɣeyiɣi si me xexeame katã nɔ aʋa wɔm hã la, menye aʋawɔwɔ ye he eƒe nuwuwu vɛ o. Michael Dobbs ƒe agbalẽ si nye Down With Big Brother, gblɔ be kaka ƒe 1970 ƒeawo ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo naɖo la, Soviet Union si nye “fiaɖuƒe gã si me dukɔ geɖewo nɔ la nɔ to yim wɔnamanɔŋutɔe xoxo.”
Ke hã eƒe anyidzedze nye nusi dzɔ le vome. Agbalẽ si nye Europe—A History, si Norman Davies ŋlɔ gblɔ be: “Alesi eƒe anyidzedze va eme alɔtsɔtsɔe gbɔ fiaɖuƒe gã siwo katã dze anyi le Europa ƒe ŋutinya me tɔ ŋu,” eye “eƒe anyidzedzea tso nusiwo le dzɔdzɔmenu gbɔ.” Ponton gblɔ le nyateƒe me be, “Soviet Union ƒe ŋkɔxɔxɔ, takeke kple anyidzedze” nye “nu ɖedzesi wɔdɔɖeamedzi kekeakewo dometɔ ɖeka si dzɔ le ƒe alafa blavelia me.”
Soviet Union ƒe anyidzedze nye tɔtrɔ siwo ɖe dzesi wu siwo dzɔ le ƒe alafa 20 lia me, si me tsonuwo de didiƒe la dometɔ ɖeka ko. Gake dunyahehe me tɔtrɔwo menye nu yeye o. Wole dzɔdzɔm ƒe akpe geɖewoe nye si va yi.
Gake tɔtrɔ aɖe si va eme le dziɖunyawo me le ƒe alafa 20 lia me nye nusi ɖe dzesi etɔxɛe. Míadzro nusi tɔtrɔ sia nye kple alesi wòka wòe me emegbe.
Gake gbã la, mina míadzro ŋgɔyiyi aɖewo siwo wowɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me le ƒe alafa 20 lia me akpɔ. Nufialagã Michael Howard gblɔ be: “Edze abe susu le eme be amesiwo le Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa kple Dziehe Amerika nabu ƒe alafa blavelia be enye azã yeye aɖe si me dzidzɔ anɔ wu la ƒe gɔmedzedze le amegbetɔwo ƒe ŋutinya me ene.” Ðe ŋgɔyiyi siawo ate ŋu ahe nusi amewo yɔna be agbenɔnɔ deamedzi vɛa?
[Chart/Pictures on page 3-6]
1917
Lenin kplɔ Russiatɔwo de tɔtrɔ kpata me
1919
Woɖo Dukɔwo ƒe Nubabla anyi
Fiagã mamlɛtɔ, Nicholas II, kple eƒe ƒomea
1929
United States ƒe adzɔnuwo dzraƒe ƒe anyidzedzee he ganyawo ƒe sesẽ gã la vɛ
Gandhi yi eƒe agbagbadzedze dzi be yeaxɔ ɖokuisinɔnɔ na India
1939
Adolf Hitler ƒe Poland dzi dzedze he Xexemeʋa II vɛ
Winston Churchill zu dumegãwo ƒe tatɔ le Great Britain le ƒe 1940 me
1941
Japan da bɔmb ɖe Pearl Melidzeƒe dzi
1945
United States da atɔm bɔmb ɖe Hiroshima kple Nagasaki dzi. Xexemeʋa II wu enu
1946
Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ƒe Sewɔtakpekpea wɔ kpekpe gbãtɔ
1949
Mao Tse-tung ɖe gbeƒã People’s Republic of China ɖoɖo anyi
1960
Woɖo Afrika dukɔ yeye wuiadre