Huguenottɔwo Ƒe Sisi Yi Ablɔɖe Me

“Le Fia kple Fianyɔnu la ƒe ŋusẽ me, . . . Míeto esia dzi Le Gbeƒã Ðemee, Be menye Míaƒe Fia la ƒe Ametakpɔkpɔ koe Franse Protestanttɔ siwo katã Asi ava di Sitsoƒe le Míaƒe Fiaɖuƒea me la akpɔ o . . . Ke boŋ Míadze Agbagba ɖesiaɖe si míate ŋui be Míado Alɔ wo, eye Míakpe Ðe Wo Ŋu alesi dze . . . be woƒe Fiaɖuƒe sia me nɔnɔ nanye esi me dziɖeɖi le eye wòabɔbɔ na wo.”

ENGLAND fia kple fianyɔnu, William kple Mary, ƒe gbeƒã si woɖe le ƒe 1689 me la me nyawoe nye esiawo. Gake nukatae wòhiã be Franse Protestanttɔwo, alo Huguenottɔwo, si nye ŋkɔ si wova yɔ na wo emegbe, nadi sitsoƒe kple takpɔkpɔ le France godo? Nukatae wòle be woƒe ʋuʋu tso France anye ƒe 300 enye sia la naka mí egbea?

Subɔsubɔhawo dome ʋa kple dzrewɔwɔwo he fukpekpe va Europa dzi le ƒe alafa 16 lia me. Subɔsubɔʋa siwo Katolikotɔwo kple Protestanttɔwo wɔ le France (ƒe 1562-1598) la na be dukɔa medo le zitɔtɔ sia me o. Gake le ƒe 1598 me la, Franse Fia Henry IV de asi Nantes Se te be woana subɔsubɔblɔɖe aɖewo Protestant Huguenottɔwo. Se sia, si ɖe mɔ ɖe subɔsubɔha eve ƒe anyinɔnɔ ŋuti nye nu tɔxɛ le Europa ɣemaɣi. Eɖo asi subɔsubɔhawo dome zitɔtɔ siwo nɔ anyi wu ƒe 30 eye wogblẽ nu ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe le France ŋu le ƒe alafa 16 lia me la dzi vie.

Togbɔ be ɖe woɖoe be Nantes Se la nanɔ anyi “tegbee matrɔmatrɔe” hã la, le ƒe 1685 me la, wode Fontainebleau Se si va te fli ɖe eme. Franse xexemenunyala Voltaire gblɔ le tɔtrɔ sia ŋu emegbe be enye “France ƒe dzɔgbevɔ̃e gãtɔwo dometɔ ɖeka.” Gbã la, ena Huguenottɔ siwo ade 200,000 si yi dukɔ bubuwo me. Gake se sia gagblẽ nu geɖe kura wu ema. Gake nukatae wote fli ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖese gbãtɔ ma me?

Wotsi Tre Ðe Eŋuti tso Gɔmedzedzea Me

Togbɔ be Nantes Se la nɔ anyi wòade ƒe 90 hã la, ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe gblɔ be “enɔ kukum” xoxo “hafi wowui le ƒe 1685 me.” Nyateƒee, wometu sea ɖe gɔmeɖokpe sesẽwo dzi o. Tso gɔmedzedzea ke la, eya hã nɔ nusiwo he nusi woyɔ be subɔsubɔhawo dome nyaʋiʋli si nɔ Katolikotɔwo ƒe nunɔlawo kple ha siwo woyɔna be Subɔsubɔha Siwo Woɖɔ Ðo dome la vɛ. Tso esime wode Nantes Se la le ƒe 1598 me vaseɖe ƒe 1630 me lɔƒo la, woto glãkahehe si nɔ Protestanttɔwo kple Katolikotɔwo dome kple agbalẽ siwo subɔsubɔha vovovowo ŋlɔ dzi tsi tre ɖe eŋu. Gake subɔsubɔhawo ƒe mɔmaɖemaɖeɖenuŋu la dze le nɔnɔme vovovo me.

Esi Franse dziɖuɖua wɔ aʋa kple Protestanttɔwo tso ƒe 1621 vaseɖe ƒe 1629 me vɔ megbe la, edze agbagba be yeawɔ ameteɖeanyinu vovovowo atsɔ azi wo dzi ne woagbugbɔ ava Katolikoha la me. Fuɖename sia nu va sẽ ɖe edzi le Louis XIV, si woyɔ be “Ɣefia” la ƒe dziɖuɖu te. Yometiti ƒe ɖoɖo si wòwɔ lae na wotrɔ Nantes Se la.

Mɔxeɖenu Sesẽ La

Mɔxeɖenu sesẽ siwo woto vɛ ƒe akpa aɖee nye be, wonɔ dukɔmevinyenye ƒe gomenɔamesiwo xɔm le Protestanttɔwo si ʋeʋeʋe. Le ƒe 1657 kple ƒe 1685 domee la, se siwo ade 300, siwo ƒe susu koŋ nunɔlawo dona ɖa la ye wode ɖe Huguenottɔwo ŋu. Se mawo ku ɖe woƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa sia akpa ŋu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woxe mɔ ɖe dɔ vovovowo wɔwɔ, abe atikewɔwɔ, senyalawo ƒe dɔ, kple vixexe kura gɔ̃ hã, ŋu na Huguenottɔwo. Le vixexe gome la, ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe ɖe nu me be: “Aleke wòanya wɔe be woatsɔ ame ƒe agbe ade aglãdzela si ƒe taɖodzinue nye be yeagblẽ ɖoɖo si li la si me?”

Wona ameteteɖeanyia nu gasẽ ɖe edzi le ƒe 1677 me. Woado Franse ga pɔŋu akpe ɖeka ƒe fe na Huguenottɔ si adi be yeatrɔ dzime na Katolikotɔ aɖe. Wozãa dukɔa ƒe adzɔga gbogbowo tsɔ blea Huguenottɔwo nui be woatrɔ dzime. Le ƒe 1675 me la, Katoliko nunɔlawo tsɔ Franse ga pɔŋu miliɔn 4.5 na Fia Louis XIV be: “Fifia ele be nàyi wò ŋudzedzekpɔkpɔ ɖeɖefia dzi to wò ŋusẽ ŋudɔwɔwɔ atsɔ aɖe aglãdzedzea ɖa keŋkeŋ me.” Wokpɔ amesiwo ade 10,000 wova zu Katolikotɔwo le ƒe etɔ̃ me to dzimetrɔlawo “ƒeƒle” mɔnu sia dzi.

Le ƒe 1663 me la, wode se ɖe Protestanttɔnyenye nu. Afisi Huguenottɔwo anɔ ŋuti sewo hã nɔ anyi. Se siwo gbɔ eme la ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖee nye be ƒe adre viwo ate ŋu azu Katolikotɔwo ne wo dzilawo meda asi ɖe edzi o hã. Ele be dzila siwo nye Protestanttɔwo naxe fe ɖe wo vi siwo dea suku le Yesutɔwo alo Katolikotɔ nufiala bubuwo gbɔ la ƒe nufiafia wo ta.

Aʋawɔnu bubu si wogazã le Huguenottɔwo tete ɖe to mee nye vivimeha si woyɔna be Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement (Sakramento Kɔkɔe Ha). Enye Katolikotɔwo ƒe habɔbɔ si ŋu ŋutinyaŋlɔla Janine Garrisson gblɔ le be ezu “habɔbɔ gã aɖe si me tɔwo dome kadodo kplikplikpli le” si xɔ France katã. Esi ame ŋkutawo ke hã le wo me ta la, ga alo futɔwo ŋuti nyatakaka xɔxɔ mesesẽna na wo o. Garrisson ɖe nu me be ayemɔnu hamehame le wo si: “Tso nyaƒoɖeamenu dzi va ɖo mɔxeɖeamenuwo dzi, tso ayemenuwɔwɔ dzi va ɖo dutoƒofɔbubu dzi la, Compagnie la to mɔ sia mɔ dzi gbɔdzɔ Protestanttɔwo me.” Gake hã Huguenottɔ akpa gãtɔ nɔ France le yometiti ɣeyiɣi siawo me. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Garrisson gblɔ be: “Esesẽ be woase susu si tae Protestanttɔwo medzo le Fiaɖuƒea me le agbɔsɔsɔ gã me esime ŋutasesẽ le wo ŋuti nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi ʋeʋeʋe o.” Ke hã la, ʋuʋu yi sitsoƒe va hiã mlɔeba.

Wogatrɔ Gbɔ

Ŋutifafa nubabla si wowɔ le Nymegen (ƒe 1678) kple nubabla si wowɔ le Ratisbon (ƒe 1684) be woadzudzɔ aʋawɔwɔ la na Fia Louis XIV vo tso aʋawɔwɔ kple dukɔ bubuwo me. Katolikotɔ aɖe va zu fia le February 1685 me le England ƒe Channel-ƒukpoawo ƒe go kemɛ dzi. Louis XIV ate ŋu awɔ mɔnukpɔkpɔ sia ŋudɔ. Ƒe ʋee aɖewo do ŋgɔ la, Franse Katoliko nunɔlawo de Se Eneawo, siwo ɖe papa la ƒe ŋusẽ dzi kpɔtɔ. Ɣemaɣi la Papa Innocent XI “bu Franseawo ƒe Ha la abe ɖe woɖe wo ɖokui ɖa keŋkeŋ kloe tso Katolikoha la ŋu ene.” Eyata esi Louis XIV te fli ɖe Nantes Se la me la, ate ŋu ana wòakɔ eƒe ŋkɔ si woƒo ɖii la ŋuti eye wòana ƒomedodo nyui nagaɖo wo kple papa la dome.

Tame si fia la ɖo ɖe Protestanttɔwo ŋuti la va dze nyuie. Edze ƒã be eƒe ayemɔa (amenubeble kple sedede) mewɔ dɔ o. Gake asrafowo ƒe yometitia ya dze edzi. Eyata le ƒe 1685 me la, Louis XIV de asi Fontainebleau Segbalẽa te tsɔ te fli ɖe Nantes Se la me. Ŋutasesẽ ƒe yometiti si flitete ɖe se sia me he vɛ la he Huguenottɔwo de nɔnɔme siwo vɔ̃ɖi kura wu esiwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Nantes Se la dede me. Nukae woawɔ azɔ?

Ðe Woabe, Awɔ Aʋa loo, alo Asi?

Huguenottɔ aɖewo tiae be yewoawɔ subɔsubɔ le adzame. Le esi wokaka woƒe takpeƒewo heɖo asi woƒe subɔsubɔ le dutoƒo dzi ta la, wotrɔ ɖe ‘Gbedzi Mawusubɔsubɔ’ alo subɔsubɔ le adzame ŋu. Wowɔ esia togbɔ be se aɖe si wode le July 1686 me wɔe be woate ŋu awu amesiwo nɔa kpekpe siawo ƒomevi wɔm la hã. Huguenottɔ aɖewo ɖe asi le woƒe xɔse ŋuti kple susu be yewoagate ŋu atrɔ ava yewoƒe ha la me emegbe. Dzimetrɔla siawo nɔ gotagome Katolikotɔnyenye ƒe agbe si dzidzime siwo kplɔ wo ɖo la ava srɔ̃.

Dziɖuɖua dze agbagba be yeana ŋusẽ nanɔ dzimetrɔnyawo me. Be woakpɔ dɔ awɔ la, ele be dzimetrɔla yeyeawo nafia woƒe Katolikotɔnyenye ƒe ɖaseɖigbalẽ si te woƒe nutoa me nunɔla, amesi dea dzesi amewo ƒe sɔlemedede ɖi la, de asii. Woate ŋu axɔ ɖeviwo le wo dzilawo si ne womede mawutsi ta na wo henyi wo Katolikotɔwoe o. Ele be woafia Katolikotɔwo ƒe nufiafiawo le sukuwo. Wodze agbagba be woata agbalẽ siwo de Katolikotɔwo dzi na “Agbalẽ [Biblia] la ƒe amewo,” si nye ŋkɔ si woyɔna na Protestanttɔwo. Dziɖuɖua ta agbalẽ siwo wu miliɔn ɖeka ɖo ɖe nuto siwo me ame gbogbo aɖewo trɔ dzime le. Seawo gbɔ eme ale gbegbe be nenye be dɔnɔ aɖe gbe be womegawɔ Katolikotɔwo ƒe kɔnu mamlɛa na ye le yeƒe kuba dzi o eye wòva haya emegbe la, wodenɛ gaxɔ me alo wɔnɛ kluvi wòwɔa dɔ le tɔdziʋu me tegbee. Eye ne eku emegbe la, wotsɔa eƒe kukua ƒua gbe abe gbeɖuɖɔ ene, eye wozia eƒe nunɔamesiwo dzi.

Huguenottɔ aɖewo zã lãnuwo tsɔ tsi tre ɖe wɔna siawo ŋui. Le ƒe 1702 me la, Huguenottɔ siwo woyɔna be Camisardwo dze aglã le Cévennes-nuto si me tɔwo ƒe veviedodo mawusubɔsubɔ wonya nyuie la me. Le Camisardwo ƒe xadedewo kple amedzidzedzewo le zã me la teƒeɖoɖo me la, dziɖuɖu srafowo tɔ dzo kɔƒewo. Togbɔ be Huguenottɔwo ƒe amedzidzedze ɖekaɖeka aɖewo yi edzi va de asi na ɣeyiɣi aɖe hã la, kaka ƒe 1710 naɖo la, Fia Louis ƒe asrafowo ƒe ŋusẽ ɖu Camisardtɔwo dzi.

Nu bubu si Huguenottɔwo wɔe nye be wosi le France. Esɔ ŋutɔ be wotsɔ ŋkɔ na ʋuʋu sia be gbedzitsitsi. Huguenottɔ geɖewo zu hiãtɔwo esime wodzo elabena dziɖuɖua zi woƒe nunɔamesiwo, si ƒe akpa aɖe Katolikoha la xɔna la dzi. Eyata woƒe sisia menɔ bɔbɔe o. Franse dziɖuɖua tso kpla ɖe nusi nɔ dzɔdzɔm ŋu, wodzɔa dewo nu hekaa tɔdziʋuwo me. Ƒudzidzodalawo ha tɔdziʋu siwo nɔ dzodzom le France le fe si woaxe na wo ne wolé sisilawo ta. Wowɔ funyafunya Huguenottɔ siwo wolé wonɔ sisim la vevie ŋutɔ. Ŋkutsala siwo nɔ dɔ wɔm le nutoawo me dzea agbagba be yewoanya amesiwo le didim be yewoasi la ƒe ŋkɔwo kple mɔ siwo dzi to ge wole asi la na be nɔnɔmeawo gasẽ ɖe edzi. Mɔxexe ɖe lɛtawo nu be womeɖoa wo xɔlawo gbɔ o, nyakpakpawo, kple nugbeɖoɖowo va bɔ le ŋkeke mawo me.

Sitsoƒe si Woƒe Dzi Dze Eme Le

Woyɔ Huguenottɔwo ƒe sisi le France kple wo xɔxɔ ɖe dukɔ siwo me wova dze la be Sitsoƒe. Huguenottɔwo si yi Holland, Switzerland, Germany, kple England. Ðewo hã yi Scandinavia, Amerika, Ireland, West Indies, South Africa, kple Russia.

Europa-dukɔ geɖewo wɔ se siwo de dzi ƒo na Huguenottɔwo be woaʋu. Dzideƒonamenu siawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye dukɔmevi zuzu femaxee, adzɔmaxemaxe, kple adzɔhawo me nɔnɔ femaxee. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Elisabeth Labrousse gblɔ be Huguenottɔwo dometɔ geɖe nye “ɖekakpui . . . veviedonula siwo nye dziɖuɖutevi siwo wɔa dɔ sesẽ, amesiwo ƒe agbenyuinɔnɔ mebɔ o.” Eyata esi France ɖo eƒe ŋusẽ ƒe kɔkɔaƒe la, ebu aɖaŋudɔ vovovo wɔla bibi geɖewo. Ẽ, “nunɔamesiwo, nudzedzinamewo kple aɖaŋuwo” dzo yi duta. Subɔsubɔ kple dunyahehe hã nye susu siwo tae wona sitsoƒe Huguenottɔ siawo la dometɔ aɖewo. Gake nu bubu kawo hãe sisi sia gblẽ emegbe?

Flitete ɖe Nantes Se la me kple yometiti si wòhe vɛ ku dzi na dukɔ geɖe. William si tso Orange te ŋu wɔ tsitretsitsi ɖe Franseawo ŋudɔ va zu Netherlands dziɖula. To Huguenottɔwo ƒe amegãwo ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu me la, eva zu Great Britain ƒe Fia si xɔ ɖe Katolikotɔ James II teƒe. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Philippe Joutard ɖe nu me be “Louis XIV ƒe tsitretsitsi ɖe Protestanttɔwo ŋue nye nu vevi siwo gbɔ James II ƒe dziɖuɖua mumu tso la dometɔ ɖeka [kple] esi gbɔ Augsburg nubabla la wɔwɔ tso. . . . Nudzɔdzɔ [siawo] he tɔtrɔ ɖedzesi aɖe va Europa ƒe ŋutinya me, esi Eŋlisiawo ƒe ŋusẽ kple ŋgɔnɔnɔ va xɔ ɖe Franseawo tɔ teƒe.

Huguenottɔwo wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le Europa ƒe ŋgɔyiyi me. Wowɔ ablɔɖe yeye si su wo si ŋudɔ tsɔ ta agbalẽ siwo kpe ɖe amewo ŋu le asitɔtrɔ le Susuŋudɔwɔwɔ ŋuti nufiafia kple mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋunyawo ŋu me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Franse Protestanttɔ aɖee ɖe Eŋlisi xexemenunyala, John Locke, ƒe agbalẽ si nɔ boblo dom dzɔdzɔme gomenɔamesiwo la gɔme. Protestanttɔ agbalẽŋlɔla bubuwo hã te gbe ɖe ame ƒe dzitsinya ŋudɔwɔwɔ ƒe ablɔɖe ƒe vevienyenye dzi. Wova kpɔe be seɖoƒe li na toɖoɖo dziɖulawo eye woate ŋu aŋe aɖaba aƒu woƒe sewo dzi ne dziɖulawo gblẽ ƒomedodo si le wo kpakple amewo dome la me. Eyata abe alesi ŋutinyaŋlɔla Charles Read ɖe nu mee ene la, flitete ɖe Nantes Sea me nye “Franseawo ƒe Tɔtrɔ Kpata la me tsonu siwo dze kɔte la dometɔ ɖeka.”

Ðe Wosrɔ̃ Nane tso Emea?

Esi Marquis de Vauban, si nye Fia Louis XIV ƒe asrafonyawo ŋuti ɖaŋuɖola tsɔ nu gbegblẽ siwo tso yometitia me kple ame ɖɔʋu gbogbo siwo dukɔa bu la ŋu nya nɔ ŋkume ɖom na fiaa la, exlɔ̃ nui be wòagatrɔ Nantes Sea vɛ, be: “Mawu koe ate ŋu atrɔ amewo ƒe dzi.” Ke nukatae Franse Dziɖuɖua mesrɔ̃ nu tso esia me hete fli ɖe eƒe nyametsotsoa me o? Le nyateƒe me la, susu siwo tae dometɔ ɖekae nye be fia la nɔ vɔvɔ̃m be ava gbɔdzɔ dziɖuɖua ƒe ŋusẽ me. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, ede wo dzi be woaku ɖe agbegbɔgbɔ Katolikoha la kple subɔsubɔhawo ƒe mɔmaɖemaɖeɖenuŋu siwo nɔ edzi yim le France le ƒe alafa 17 lia me ŋu.

Nudzɔdzɔ siwo ƒo xlã flitete ɖe sea me na ame aɖewo bia be, “Afikae woate ŋu aɖe mɔ na amesiame be wòawɔ nusi nyo eŋu eye woada asi ɖe edzi asee?” Le nyateƒe me, abe alesi ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo de dzesii ene la, manya wɔ be woabu Huguenottɔwo ƒe ŋutinya la ŋu, “dziɖuŋusẽ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple nutovowɔwɔ siwo tsoa eme” ŋu mabumabui o. Le amewo ƒe habɔbɔ siwo me ameƒomevi vovovo kple subɔsubɔha vovovo me tɔwo le egbea la, Huguenottɔwo ƒe sisi yi sitsoƒe nye ŋkuɖodzinu si wɔ nublanui si dzɔna ne dunyahehe si subɔsubɔhawo le megbe na la va xɔ ŋgɔ na nusi ade amewo dzi wu hafi.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Aɖaka si le axa 28]

Asrafowo

Ƒe Ŋɔdzidodo Tsɔtsɔ Trɔ Dzimee Na Amewo

Ame aɖewo bu asrafo siwo zi amewo dzi be woatrɔ dzime be wonye “mawunyadɔgbedela nyuiwo.” Gake wodo vɔvɔ̃ na Huguenottɔwo, eye ɣeaɖewoɣi la, kɔƒe blibowo trɔna zua Katolikotɔwo ne wonya se be wova ɖo ko. Gake amekawoe nye asrafo amedzizila siawo?

Wonye asrafo siwo si aʋawɔnu hamehame le siwo va nɔa Huguenottɔwo ƒe aƒewo me kple susu be yewoado vɔvɔ̃ na aƒea me tɔwo. Woyɔa asrafowo zazã le mɔ sia nu be asrafowo ƒe dzimetɔtrɔname dzizizitɔe. Be woana agba nate ɖe ƒomewo dzi la, asrafowo ƒe xexlẽme si woɖona ɖe aƒewo me la wua esiwo dzi ƒomeawo ate ŋu akpɔ. Wona ŋusẽ asrafo siawo be woawɔ funyafunya ƒomeawo, woana woatsi zãdomadɔlɔ̃e, eye woagblẽ nunɔamesiwo dome. Nenye be aƒea me tɔwo gbe Protestanttɔwo ƒe xɔse la ko la, ekema asrafoawo dzona.

Wozã asrafoawo tsɔ trɔ dzime na amewo le ƒe 1681 me, le Poitou, Ɣetoɖoƒe France, afisi Huguenottɔwo sɔ gbɔ ɖo. Le dzinu ʋee aɖewo me la, ame 30,000 va ɖo 35,000 ye wotrɔ dzime na. Wogazã mɔnu ma ke le ƒe 1685 me le nuto bubu siwo me Huguenottɔwo nɔ hã me. Le dzinu ʋee aɖewo me la, wokpɔ xɔsegbela 300,000 va ɖo 400,000. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Jean Quéniart gblɔ be dzidzedze si asrafoawo kpɔ la “wɔe be woate ŋu Ate Fli Ðe [Nantes Se si me mɔɖeɖenuŋu le] la me kokoko, elabena edze nu bɔbɔe azɔ.”

[Afi Si Miìexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 25]

Ƒe 1689 me gbeƒãɖeɖe sia ɖe mɔ na Franse Protestanttɔ siwo nɔ gbɔdzɔe dim tso subɔsubɔhawo ƒe ameteteɖeanyi me

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

By permission of The Huguenot Library, Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 26]

Flitete Ðe Nantes Se la Me, ƒe 1685 (Flitete ɖe eme la ƒe axa gbãtɔe nye sia)

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Documents conservés au Centre Historique des Archives nationales à Paris

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 26]

Wogbã Protestant gbedoxɔ geɖewo

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris