Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura

Chikamu 18: zana ramakore rechi 15 kuchipfuurira—Apo “maKristu” na“Vahedheni” Vakasangana

“Rudzidziso ruri mumwoyo, kwete mumabvi”—D. W. Jerrold, munyori wemitambo wechiNgezi womuzana ramakore rechi 19

MUBATO woufundisi, chiratidzo chinotsauranisa chechiKristu chapakuvamba, chakanga chichiwirirana nomurairo waJesu woku“ita vadzidzi vavanhu vamarudzi” uye kuva zvapupu zvake “kusvikira kurutivi rwokumugume-gume wapasi.”—Mateo 28:19, 20; Mabasa 1:8, NW.

Muzana ramakore rechi 15, chiKristudhomu chakavamba purogiramu yemburumbwa yose yokutendeutsa “vahedheni.” Vanhu ivavo vechi“hedheni” vakanga vave vachishandisa rudzii rworudzidziso kutozosvikira panguva iyeyo? Uye kutendeukira kupi nokupi kwakatevera ku“chiKristu” kwakatapura mwoyo yavo here kana kuti kwakangovaparira bedzi kupfugama namabvi avo mukuzviisa pasi kwomuitiro?

MuAfrica mune mapoka amarudzi anokarakadzwa ane 700 kumaodzanyemba kweSahara. Pakuvamba-vamba, rimwe nerimwe rakanga rine rudzidziso rwaro rimene rwendudzi, kunyange zvazvo fanano dzawo dzichiratidzira mavambo mamwe chete. MuAustralia, munyika dzeAmerica, uye zvitsuwa zvePacific, mazhinjisa amamwe marudzidziso ndeomunzvimbomo anowanwa.

Mazhinjisa anodavira mwari mumwe mukuru bva, mukudavira vamwari vazhinji, achiri kupa nzvimbo chiverengero chipi nechipi chavamwari vakaderera zvikuru—vamwari vemhuri, vedzinza, kana kuti vomumamisha. Imwe nzvero yakaitwa yorudzidziso rwavaAztec inoronga ndaza yaanopfuura mazita 60 akasiana uye anowirirana avamwari.

MuAfrica nomunyika dzeAmerica, vanhu vane marudzidziso “ekare” zvikurusa vanodavira munhu anopfuura simba romusikirwo anozivikanwa seGube. Padzimwe nguva anorondedzerwa somusiki wechisiko chapose pose, padzimwe nguva somurongi patsva wechisiko, anogarorangarirwa saanonyengera nomutoo wamanomano uye ane ruchiva, kunyange zvazvo asati ari ane utsinye. MaNavaho India oKuchamhembe kweAmerica anotaura kuti iye akagadza rufu; ndudzi yavaOglala Lakota inodzidzisa kuti iye ingirozi yakatadza yakaparira vanhu vokutanga kudzingwa muparadhiso kupfurikidza nokuvavimbisa upenyu huri nani zvikuru kune imwe nzvimbowo zvayo. The Encyclopedia of Religion rinoti Gube rinowanzooneka mu“nhau dzechisiko,” richiita “zvinopesana namwari womudzimu ari musiki.”

Chiyeuchidzo cheBhabhironi neEgipita, mamwe marudzidziso omunzvimbomo anodzidzisa utatu. Bhuku rinonzi The Eskimos rinoti Mudzimu weMhepo, Mudzimu weNyanza, uye Mudzimu woMwedzi unoumba utatu uhwo “pakupedzisira hwakadzora chose chose chinhu chiri chose mumhoteredzo yavaEskimo.”

Vanhu—“Havaparadziki Mumudzimu”

Ronald M. Berndt wapaYunivhesiti yeWestern Australia anotizivisa kuti vaAborigine veAustralia vanodavira kuti nhambo youpenyu “inopfuurira pashure porufu, kubva kunohwokunyama kusvikira kuno hwomudzimu chose chose, uchidzokera munguva yakafanira kuukuru hwokunyama.” Ikoku kunoreva kuti “vanhu havaparadziki mumudzimu.”

Dzimwe ndudzi dzavatema dzinodavira kuti pashure porufu vanhuwo zvavo vanova zvipoko, nepo vanhu vakatanhamara vanova midzimu yamadzisekuru, vanodikanirwa kukudzwa nokukumbirwa savatungamiriri vasingaoneki vomunzanga. Mukuwirirana naManus weMelanesia, chipoko chomunhu kana kuti icho chehama yapedyo chinopfuurira kutarisira mhuri yake.

Mamwe maIndia eAmerica akadavira chiverengero chemweya kuva chakaganhurirwa, kuchibvirisa kuti iyo ive “inoberekwa patsva mukutevedzana mukutanga nomunhu uye tevere mudzimu kana kuti zvimwe mhuka.” The Encyclopedia of Religion rinotsanangura, kuti: “Rufu rwomunhu rwakasunungura mweya nokuda kwemhuka kana kuti mudzimu, uye neimwe nzira, ruchibatanidza vanhu, mhuka, uye midzimu mugango rokutsamirana.”

Nokudaro, vaongorori vapakuvamba vakakatyamadzwa kuwana vabereki vavaEskimo vasina rumano mukuranga vana vavo, kunyange kutaura kwavari namashoko akadai sokuti “amai” kana kuti “sekuru.” Munyori Ernest S. Burch, Jr., anotsanangura kuti ikoku kwakanga kuri nemhaka yokuti mwana akatumidzwa zita rehama yokunyama kwakaratidzirwa neshoko rakashandiswa, uye baba womuEskimo nomutoo womuzvarirwo vano“rega pfungwa yokuranga mbuya wavo, kunyange kana zvino akatamira mumuviri womwanakomana wake.”

“Upenyu hwapashure porufu” hwairatidzirwa nedzimwe ndudzi dzamaIndia dzoKuchamhembe kweAmerica senzvimbo inofadza yokuvhima, uko zvose zviri zviviri vanhu nemhuka zvaienda parufu. Ikoko vaibatanidzwazve nehama dzokunyama asi vainanganawo navavengi vekare. Mamwe maIndia aivhiya ganda romusoro pashure pokuvauraya, sezvinooneka vachidavira kuti ikoku kwaidzivirira kupinda kwavavengi munyika yemidzimu.

Ko chitendero chakapararira pakati pamarudzidziso omunzvimbomo chechimwe chimiro choupenyu hwapashure porufu chinobvumikisa chiKristudhomu kuva chakarurama here mukudzidzisa kuti vanhu vane mweya usingafi? Nyangwe. MuEdheni umo rudzidziso rwechokwadi rwakava namambo arwo, Mwari haana kutaura chinhu pamusoro poupenyu hwapashure porufu; iye akagovera kariro youpenyu husingaperi mukusiana norufu. Pfungwa yokuti rufu mukova wokuenda kuupenyu huri nani yakachengetwa naSatani uye gare gare yakadzidziswa muBhabhironi.

Ndizvinodikanwa Zvavanhu Here Kana Kuti Fariro Dzoumwari?

Simbiso pamarudzidziso omunzvimbomo inokombamira kukuva kotsekano yomunhu oga kana kuti garikano yenzanga. Nokudaro, nezvorudzidziso rwavaAborigine veAustralia vapakuvamba, Ronald Berndt anonyora, kuti: “[Iyo] yakaratidzira itiro hanya dzakasiana-siana dzavanhu mukurarama kwezuva riri rose. Yakanangidzira ngwariro pawirirano dzamagariro avanhu, panjodzi dzokuvapo kwavanhu, uye panhau dzinoshanda dzokupukunyuka.”

Yakarongedzererwa kubata nezvinoshaikwa chaizvo zvakadaro ndiyo mitoo yokunamata nayo inozivikanwa sedzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvinopindwa nomweya, kudavira mazango, uye kudavira mapipi, kurimo munzanga dzakasiana-siana mumibatanidzwa yakasiana-siana uye mumwero yakasiana youkuru.

Dzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvinopindwa nomweya inopa upenyu hunoziva uye mudzimu unogaramo muzvinhu zvisiri zvomudzimu zvakadai sezvirimwa namatombo uye kunyange chinoitika chomusikirwo chakadai samadutu nokudengenyeka kwapasi. Ingabatanidzawo pfungwa yokuti midzimu isina miviri yokunyama iripo inoshandisa pesvedzero yomutsa kana kuti youtsinye pavapenyu.

Kudavira mazango kunobva mushoko rechiPutukezi rinoshandiswa padzimwe nguva kurondedzera zvinhu zvinofungwa kuva namasimba anopfuura simba rohunhu zvinogovera vene vazvo taviridziro kana kuti betsero. Naizvozvo vaongorori vechiPutukezi vakashandisa shokoro kududza mazango nezvitumwa zvavakawana muVatema vokuMadokero vachishandisa murudzidziso rwavo. Kunosanowirirana nokunamatwa kwezvidhori, kudavira mazango kunotora zvimiro zvizhinji. Somuenzaniso, mamwe maIndia eAmerica, anopa masimba anopfuura omuzvarirwo kuminhenga, achiirangarira sezvitakuriso zvinobudirira muminyengetero ino“bhururuka” kana kuti mashoko akananga kudenga.

Kudavira nyamapipi, rinobva mushoko ravaTunguso navaManchuria rinoreva kuti “iye unoziva,” rinorereudzira ngwariro pananyamapipi, sezvinofungidzirwa munhu anokwanisa kuporesa uye kukurukura nemidzimu. Chiremba, n’anga, muroyi—shoko ripi kana ripi raunoshuva kushandisa—anokambira kusimbisira utano kana kuti kudzorera masimba okubereka. Kurapwa kungada, sezvakunoita mundudzi dzomudondo dzokuMaodzanyemba kweAmerica, kuti uboore miromo yako, chikamuro chemhino, kana kuti nzeve, kuti upende muviri wako, kana kuti upfeke zvimwe zvipfeko. Kana kuti ungaudzwa kushandisa mikuchidziro nezvikakananda, zvakadai sefodya namashizha ecoca.

Zvaari akaneta mudzidziso, marudzidziso emo haagoni kupa zivo yakarurama yoMusiki. Uye kupfurikidza nokusimudzira zvinodikanwa zvavanhu kupfuura fariro dzoumwari, anomubira faniro yake yakarurama. Naizvozvo sezvo chiKristudhomu chakavamba basa racho roufundisi romuzuva razvino uno, mubvunzo wakanga uri wokuti: Ko “maKristu” achakwanisa kuswededza mwoyo ya“vahedheni” pedyo zvikuru naMwari here?

Muzana ramakore rechi 15, Spain nePortugal dzakavamba purogiramu yokuongorora uye futunuko yenyika dzokumwe dzinotodzorwa nedzokumwe. Aya masimba avaKaturike zvaakawana nyika itsva, chechi yakatanga kutendeutsa vagari vemo, kuvagadzirira ndangariro kuti vagamuchire hurumende itsva ye“chiKristu.” Zviziviso zvapapa zvakapa maruramiro oufundisi muAfrica nomuAsia kusvikira kuPortugal. Tevere, pashure pokuwanwa kweAmerica, muganho wokufungidzira wakatarwa pakati peAtlantic naPope Alexander VI, uchipa Spain maruramiro kusvikira kumadokero nePortugal kusvikira kumabvazuva.

Kuri zvino, vaPurotesitendi vakanga vakabatikana zvikuru nokuchengetedza nzvimbo yavo vamene mukurwisana nechiKaturike zvokusagona kurangarira kutendeutsa vamwe, uyewo vaChinji vavaPurotesitendi vakanga vasina kuvakuchidzira kuita kudaro. Luther naMelanchthon sezvinooneka vakadavira kuti mugumo wenyika wakanga waswedera pedyo zvikuru zvokuti kwakanga kwava kunyanyononoka kusvika “vahedheni.”

Zvisinei, mukati mezana ramakore rechi 17, sangano ravaPurotesitendi rinonzi chiPiet rakavamba kukura. Nhungirwa yeChinjo, rakasimbisa ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwomunhu oga rworudzidziso pamuitiro uye rakasimbisa kurava Bhaibheri nomusengwa worudzidziso. “Chiono chokuzvininipisa [kwarwo] mukushaikwa kweevhangeri yaKristu,” sokukurondedzera kwakaita mumwe munyori, pakupedzisira chakabetsera chiPurotesitendi kukwira “ngarava” yomubato woufundisi mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18.

Kubva muchinenge chikamu chimwe chamashanu chechiverengero chavagari vapasi venyika muna 1500, chiverengero chavagari vapasi vanoedzesera kuva maKristu chakanga chakwira kusvikira kuchinenge chikamu chimwe chamana pakuzosvika muna 1800 uye kuna anenge munhu mumwe muna vatatu pakuzosvika mugore ra 1900. Chikamu chimwe chamatatu chenyika zvino chakanga chava “chechiKristu”!

Ko Ivo Vakaita Zvomenemene Vadzidzi vechiKristu Here?

Kurondwa kwezvokwadi kunowanwa mumarudzidziso omunzvimbomo kunodzikatidzwa nedzidziso dzenhema dzeBhabhironi, asi ikoku ndokwechokwadi chaizvoizvo kuchiKristu chakatsauka. Naizvozvo iyi nhaka yorudzidziso yakakuita kuve nyore zvikuru ku“vahedheni” kuti vave “maKristu.” Bhuku rinonzi The Mythology of All Races rinoti: “Hapana nzvimbo muAmerica inoratidzika kuve yakagovera fanano dzakawanda kudaro kana kuti dzinoorora dzakadaro kukunamata kwechiKristu nefananidziro sezvakaita Mayan.” Kukudzwa kwechipiyaniso nedzimwe fanano mukunamata “kwapfuuridzirazve chinjo yorudzidziso nokusawirirana kune mwero muduku.”

Vatema—kwamakore ane 450 vaigaronyerudzwa na“maKristu” ndokuendiswa kuNyika Itsva kundobatira savaranda—vakakwanisawo kuchinja rudzidziso “nomwero muduku wokusawirirana.” “MaKristu” zvaaikudza “vasande” vakafa veEurope, chii chakarwisana nokunamatwa kwemidzimu yamadzisekuru akafa aVatema kwaiitwa na“maKristu avahedheni”? Nokudaro, The Encyclopedia of Religion rinoti: “Mashiripiti . . . , rudzidziso rwakavhengana rwakabata pamwe chete rwakabva mumarudzidziso, uroyi, rudzidziso rwechiKristu, uye ngano zvokuMadokero kweAfrica . . . , akava rudzidziso chairwo rwavazhinji vavanhu veHaiti, kubatanidza naavo vari vaKaturike nezita chete.”

Concise Dictionary of the Christian World Mission rinobvuma kuti kutendeutswa kweLatin America nePhilippines kwakanga kusingasviki mwoyo zvikuru, richiwedzera kuti “chiKristu cheidzi nyika nhasi chizerwe nokudavira mashura uye kusaziva.” Kana vari vaAztec, vaMaya, navaInca, “‘kutendeuka’ kwaingova bedzi wedzero yomumwezve mwari kundaza yavamwari vazhinji vavo.”

Nezvavanhu veAkan veGhana neCôte d’Ivoire, Michelle Gilbert wePeabody Museum of Natural History anoti: “Rudzidziso rwegamuchidzanwa runopfuurira nokuti kuna vanhu vazhinjisa runorangarirwa kuva sangano rinobudirira rechitendero, urwo runopfuurira kugovera nyika revo.”

M. F. C. Bourdillon, Yunivhesiti yeZimbabwe, anotaura nezvo“kuchinjika kworudzidziso” pakati pemitezo yorudzidziso rweShona, achitsanangura, kuti: “Zvimiro zvakasiana-siana zvechiKristu pamwe nemiitiro yakasiana-siana yegamuchidzanwa zvose zvinogovera denhe redavidzo dzorudzidziso umo munhu mumwe nomumwe anogona kusarudza, kuchitsamira pazvinodikanwa zvake zvapakarepo.”

Asi kana “maKristu echihedheni” achiratidzirwa nokuva asingasviki mwoyo, kusaziva, kudavira mashura, uye kunamata vamwari vazhinji, kana vachirangarira marudzidziso egamuchidzanwa saanobudirira zvikuru kupinda chiKristu, kana achirangarira rudzidziso senhauwo zvayo inobetsera kana kuti yakakodzera, ruchiabvumidza kubva muno rumwe achienda muno rumwe sokuraira kunoita migariro, ungataura here kuti chiKristudhomu chakaita zvomenemene vadzidzi vechiKristu?

Kana Vasiri Vadzidzi, Ivo Chii?

Chokwadi, vafundisi vechiKristudhomu vakavaka mazana ezvikoro zvokudzidzisa vasingagoni kurava nokunyora. Vakavaka zvipatara zvokurapira vanorwara. Uye kumwero wakati kuti, vakasimudzira ruremekedzo nokuda kweBhaibheri nenheyo dzaro.

Asika “vahedheni” vakadyiswa zvokudya zvikukutu zvomudzimu zveShoko raMwari here kana kuti mivhuruvhuru bedzi yechiKristu chakatsauka? Ko zvitendero nemiitiro zve“chihedheni” zvakaregwa here kana kuti zvakangoputirwa bedzi mudzidziso ye“chiKristu”? Mukupfupikisa, ko vafundisi vechiKristudhomu vakawana mwoyo nokuda kwaMwari here kana kuti vakangogombedzera bedzi mabvi a“vahedheni” kupfugama pamberi pamaatari e“chiKristu”?

Munhu anotendeukira kuchiKristu chakatsauka anowedzera kuzvivi zvake zvakapfuura zvivi zvitsva zvechiKristu chinonyengera, nokudarokwo ndokupeta kaviri mutoro wake wokuva nemhaka. Nokudaro, kuchiKristudhomu, mashoko aJesu akakodzera, anoti: “Munotsvakisisa pagungwa napanyika kuti muite mutendeuki mumwe, uye ipapo munomuita anofanirwa noruparadziko kupfuura zvamuri imi mumene nakaviri.”—Mateo 23:15, Phillips.

ChiKristudhomu chakundikana nomutoo wakajeka kusvitsa kokero yokuita vadzidzi vechiKristu. Chakaguma nechiri nani zvikuru here mukusvitsa kokero yechinjo yenyika. Muchinyorwa chedu chinotevera, nyaya inoti “ChiKristudhomu Chinorwisana Nechinjo Yenyika” ichapindura mubvunzo iwowo.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Ava vafundisi vapachokwadi vechiKristu muDominican Republic vanosvika mwoyo, kwete mabvi chete