Makadhi Okutenga Nechikwereti—Achakubetsera Here Kana Kuti Achakupinza Muuranda?

“NHAMBO mwedzi mumwe nomumwe apo ndinovhura masitatimendi ekadhi rangu rokutenga nechikwereti yakafanana nenhamo inosetsa,” anotsinhira kudaro mumwe mudzidzisi wechiNgezi muUnited States. “Ndinoramba ndakatarira mari inopedza chikwereti ndisingadaviri, sokunge mumwe munhu asiri ini, Mr. Hyde vezvemari, vakanga vapambadza zvakapfurikidza mwero muzvitoro zvemidhori, zvitoro zvemidziyo, masupamaketi nezviteshi zvepeturo.”

Doloreswo anokuwana kuri nyore kuunganidza zvikwereti. Iye anoti: “Kushandisa makadhi okutenga nechikwereti hakurwadzi. Ndaisazoshandisa mari chaiyoiyo zvakadaro. Asi kutenga nemakadhi okutenga nechikwereti kwakasiyana. Hautongooni mari yacho. Zvaunongoita kupa kadhi rako, uye unodzoserwa kadhi racho.”

Hakushamisi kuti chikwereti chekadhi rokutenga nechikwereti muUnited States muna June 1995 chakaita hwerengedzo yemabhiriyoni $1 873,9—avhareji yeinopfuura $9 600 nokuda kweane kadhi ari wose! Bva, makambani emakadhi okutenga nechikwereti anopfuurira kukwezva makasitoma matsva nezvinosunda zvakadai semiripo yemubereko yokutanga yakaderera uye pasina mibhadharo yegore negore. Wakawana kukumbirwa kangani mumwedzi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kuti uve nekadhi rokutenga nechikwereti? Mhuriwo zvayo yeUnited States inowana kunenge 24 gore riri rose! Mumwe anowanzova nekadhi muUnited States akashandisa makadhi gumi okutenga nechikwereti muna 1994 kuti achaje 25 muzana kupfuura yaakaita gore rakatangira iroro.

MuJapan, makadhi okutenga nechikwereti akawanda zvikuru kupfuura mafoni; kune avhareji yemakadhi maviri nokuda kwewokuJapan ari wose apfuura zera remakore 20. MuAsia yose yasara, makadhi okutenga nechikwereti anopfuura mamiriyoni 120 anopiwa, rinenge 1 nokuda kwevagari vemo 12 vari vose. James Cassin, weMasterCard International, anoti: “Asia inharaunda iri kukura nokukurumidza zvikurusa yemabhizimisi emakadhi okutenga nechikwereti.” Purezidhendi weVisa International, Edmund P. Jensen, anofanotaura, kuti: “Tichava nzanga yakanangidzirwa pamakadhi kwenguva yakareba.”

Makadhi okutenga nechikwereti sezviri pachena achapfuurira kutapura zvikuru upenyu hwavanhu. Akashandiswa zvakanaka, anogona kuva chinhu chinobetsera. Kushandisa zvisina kunaka, zvisinei, kunogona kuruma zvinorwadza. Kuva nezivo inokosha yemakadhi okutenga nechikwereti kungakubetsera kushandisa ichi chishandiso chemari kuti ubetserwe.

Marudzi Emakadhi

Makadhi anogamuchirwa zvikurusa makadhi ebhangi akadai seVisa neMasterCard. Aya makadhi anopiwa nemasangano ezvemari uye ane mubhadharo wegore negore, unowanzova we$144 kusvikira ku$240 pagore. Padzimwe nguva, uyu mubhadharo unobviswa, kuchitsamira pakuti kasitoma yacho ine chinyorwa chakanaka here chokubhadhara zvikwereti nokushandisa kwake kadhi racho. Kuripira kunogona kuitwa kwose mwedzi mumwe nomumwe, kazhinji kazhinji pasina kuchajwa kupi nokupi kwemubereko, kana kuti kuripira kwacho kunogona kuitwa muzvitsama zvinobhadharwa mwedzi nemwedzi zvinobatanidza kuchajwa kwemubereko kwakakwirira. Ganhuriro yokushandisa inoiswa, zvichitsamira pakuti mukumbiri wacho ane chinyorwa chakanaka here chokubhadhara zvikwereti. Ganhuriro yacho inokwidzwa kazhinji kazhinji sezvo kukwanisa kuripira kunoratidzirwa.

Makadhi ebhangi anewo gadziriro dzokuwana nadzo mari inopiwa yokumbofanoshandisa yozodzorerwa uchishandisa michina yegetsi yokuisa kana kuti kutora mari mairi kana kuti macheki anogoverwa nebhangi racho. Kuwana mari neiyi nzira, zvisinei, kunodhura. Munhu anochajwa kazhinji kazhinji pakati pe$2 ne$5 nokuda kwe$100 iri yose inokumbirwa. Uye mubereko pamari inopiwa yakadaro yokumbofanoshandisa yozodzorerwa inowedzerwa kubvira pazuva apo mari inotorwa.

Kunze kwemabhangi, zvitoro zvakawanda nemubatanidzwa wezvitoro zvakawanda zvenyika zvinopa makadhi okutenga nechikwereti ayo anogamuchirwa munzvimbo dzavo vamene. Kazhinji kazhinji hapana mubhadharo wegore negore nemakadhi akadaro. Zvisinei, kana mari inopedza chikwereti ikasaripirwa yose, mubereko wacho ungava wakakwira zvikuru kupfuura uya uri pamakadhi ebhangi.

Makambani emafuta anopa makadhi okutenga nechikwereti ayo asina mibhadharo yegore negore. Aya makadhi anowanzogamuchirwa bedzi pazviteshi zvayo imene zvepeturo zvekambani yacho uye pane dzimwe nguva pamahotera akati. Kufanana nemakadhi anobvumira kuripirwa nezvitoro, angaripirwa ose pasina mubereko kana kuti kuripirwa munhambo yakati yenguva nemubereko.

Kunewo makadhi okufamba uye evaraidzo, akadai seDiners Club neAmerican Express. Urwu rudzi rwekadhi rune mubhadharo wegore negore asi hapana kuchajwa kwemubereko, sezvo muripo wose uchidikanwa pakugamuchira bhiri remwedzi nemwedzi. Misiyano yacho hainyatsooneka, zvisinei, pakati peaya makadhi nemakadhi ebhangi. American Express, somuenzaniso, inopawo kadhi reOptima, iro rine kuchajwa kwemubereko uye rakafanana nekadhi rebhangi.

Rudzi rwakasiyana rwekadhi riri kupinda mumusika weUnited States ikadhi rakangwara, rinodanwa kudaro nemhaka yechip yekombiyuta yakaiswa mariri. Rinogona kushandiswa sekadhi rokuwana keshi, sezvo mushandisi achigona kuita kuti chip yacho irongwe nokuda kwechitsama chinosarudzwa chemari. Mutengo wechinotengwa unogona kubviswa pana ichochi nomutengesi anobatanidzwa. Pakasvika gore rakapfuura vokuFrance vakanga vava kutoshandisa makadhi akangwara ane mamiriyoni 23 uye vokuJapan mamiriyoni 11. Kwakafanotaurwa kuti nhamba yemakadhi akadaro munyika yose ichawedzera zvikuru kusvikira kuanopfuura bhiriyoni panosvika gore ra2000.

Asati awana kadhi, munhu angava akachenjera kupa ngwariro kuzvinobatanidzwa muchibvumirano chechikwereti. “Zvinobatanidzwa muchibvumirano chechikwereti zvinokosha zvokurangarira,” maererano nerimwe bhurocha rakabudiswa neFederal Reserve System yeHurumende yeUnited States, i“annual percentage rate (APR), mubhadharo wegore negore, uye nhambo yokubhadhara bhiri rekadhi rechikwereti pasina mari inochajwa.” Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvokurangarira pane mibhadharo yemari inopiwa yokumbofanoshandisa yozodzorerwa nemibhadharo yokushandisa mari inopfuura inofanira kushandiswa pamwe chete nekuchajwa kwokunonoka kuripira.

Miripo Yemari—Yakanyanya Zvakadini?

Miripo yemari iyo vanhu vanofanira kubhadhara apo vanorega kuripira mari yavo inofanira kuripirwa yemwedzi nemwedzi yose inogona kuva yakanyanya zvikuru kupfuura izvo vakawanda zvikurusa vanoziva. Somuenzaniso, rangarira APR, iyo iri chiyereso chemutengo wechokwadi wechikwereti. Kuwirirana kwemwero womubereko wegore negore neAPR kunogona kuenzanisirwa neiyi nzira. Ngatitii unokweretesa shamwari $100 uye inokuripira $108 pakupera kwegore. Muchiitiko chakadaro, shamwari yako iri kukuripira mubereko wegore negore we8 muzana. Bva, ngatitii anokuripira chikwereti ichocho che$100 mumibhadharo 12 yemwedzi nemwedzi ye$9 mumwe nomumwe. Hwerengedzo pakupera kwegore ichiri $108, asi iwe, mukweretesi, wakashandisa mari sezvo miripo yakanga ichiitwa mwedzi mumwe nomumwe. APR pachikwereti chakadaro inobudisa 14,5 muzana!

Maererano nenzvero yakaitwa neU.S. Federal Reserve System gore rapfuura, maAPR pamakadhi echikwereti ebhangi anotangira pa9,94 muzana uye anokwira kusvikira ku19,80 muzana, neiri pakati pe17 ne19 muzana ichiva yenguva dzose. Nepo mamwe masangano achipa mwero yakaderera zvikuru yekutanga, kazhinji kazhinji 5,9 muzana, angagona kuwedzera apo nhambo yokutanga inongopera bedzi. Mwero inokwidzwawo kana sangano racho rikacherekedza kuwedzera kwengozi yokurasikirwa. Mamwe masangano anoranga vanononoka kuripira kupfurikidza nokuwedzera mwero womubereko wavo. Chirango chinopiwawo nokuda kwokushandisa mari inopfuura inofanira kushandiswa.

Munyika dzeAsia, maannual percentage rate pamakadhi anogona kuva akakwirira zvikuru. Mamwe makadhi ebhangi, somuenzaniso, anochaja 24 muzana muHong Kong, 30 muzana muIndia, 36 muzana muIndonesia, 45 muzana muPhilippines, 24 muzana muSingapore, uye 20 muzana muTaiwan.

Nenzira yakajeka, makadhi echikwereti anogovera chikwereti chiri nyore asi chinodhura zvikuru. Kupinda muchitoro ndokuunganidza zvikwereti zvekadhi rokutenga nechikwereti zvaunogona kubhadhara bedzi zvishoma nezvishoma kwakafanana nokupinda mubhangi ndokukwereta mari pamwero wakakwirira zvikuru. Bva, vane makadhi vanodokuva 3 mu4 muUnited States vanoita izvozvo chaizvo! Ane mari inopedza chikwereti isina kuripirwa yavanobhadharira mubereko wakakwirira. MuUnited States, avhareji yemari yemwedzi nemwedzi yaifanira kuripirwa pazvose zviri zviviri Visa neMasterCard gore rapfuura yakanga iri $17 520, uye vanhu vakawanda vane zvikwereti zvechitsama ichocho pamakadhi okutenga nechikwereti akati.

Musungo Unogona Kukupinza Muuranda

Ruth Susswein, mukuru mukuru weBank Cardholders of America, anotaura kuti vashandisi vemakadhi havazivi nhamo dzemari dzavanogona kupinda madziri. Anoonesa kuti mushandisi wekadhi ari kubhadhara muripo muduku—$345,60 pamwedzi—pamari inopedza chikwereti yekadhi rokutenga nechikwereti ye$17 520 angada makore anopfuura 22 kuti apedze kuripira chikwereti chacho.a Nemhaka yemiripo yemubereko wakawedzerwa, munguva iyoyo mutengi angaripira inenge $96 000 nokuda kwechikwereti che$17 520! Uye ndokunge asina kutongochajwa chimwe chinhuzve pakadhi irori! Naizvozvo, kana une muitiro wokunyanyopambadza, makadhi okutenga nechikwereti muchikwama chako anogona kuva musungo.

Vanhu vanosvika sei pakubatwa mumusungo? Robert, adudzwa munyaya yokutanga, anoti: “Taitenga zvinhu zvataigona kusava nazvo. Takakumbanira kirabhu yezvoutano yatisina kutongoshandisa. Takatenga turera inoshanda seimba, uye takapedza zviuru zvemadhora tichigadzirira tisingarangariri kana kwakanga kwakakufanira. Hatina kutongorangarira chaizvoizvo migumisiro yezvikwereti zvedu.”

Reena, adudzwawo munyaya yatangireyi, anotsanangura chakaitika kwaari nomurume wake, Michael: “Takangowira muchikwereti. Pashure peroorano takatenga chinhu chiri chose chataida, tichishandisa makadhi okutenga nechikwereti. Nokuda kwemibhadharo yeinishuwarenzi youtano nezvokutenga zvataisagona kushandisira makadhi acho, takashandisa chisarudzo chokuwana mari inopiwa yokumbofanoshandisa yozodzorerwa pamakadhi edu okutenga nezvikwereti. Mukati megore chikwereti chedu chakasvika $134 400. Kuziva kuti miripo yedu yemwedzi nemwedzi yekadhi rokutenga nechikwereti yakanga ichingobhadhara mubereko chete kwakanga kuri kunongwadza.”

Unofanira Kuva Nemakadhi Here?

Pashure pokurangarira mamirire ezvinhu akaipa ayo makadhi okutenga nechikwereti akanyudza mamiriyoni avanhu maari, vamwe vangapindura kuti aiwa. Daphne, ane makore 32 ezera, anoti: “Vabereki vangu havana kutongova nekadhi rokutenga nechikwereti, uye havadi kuva nerimwe.” Chaizvoizvo, 1 mu4 vane makadhi veUnited States anoshandisa makadhi ake okutenga nechikwereti nokuchenjera. Anowana betsero asingatamburi marwadzo okuripira kuchajwa kwakakwirira zvikuru kwemubereko. Maria ndemumwe munhu akadaro. “Ndinoda kupfavisa zvinhu kwacho,” iye anodaro. “Handifaniri kutakura keshi yakawanda. Kana ndikaona chimwe chinhu chiri pasero chandinoda, ndinokwanisa kuchiwana.”

Maria anopfuurira, kuti: “Nguva dzose ndinova nechokwadi chokuti ndine mari yakakwana yokuripira chokutenga chacho. Handisati ndatongoshandisa chisarudzo chemari inopiwa yokufanoshandisa yozodzorerwa. Uye handina kutongoripira muripo upi noupi wemari.” Kuri nyore kushandisa kadhi rokutenga nechikwereti pakubhukisa hotera kune chokwadi, uye muUnited States, kadhi rokutenga nechikwereti ndechinodikanwa apo unenge uchirenda motokari.

Vamwe vanhu, zvisinei, vanosundwa zvikuru apo kunouya kukutenga. Vangakwanisa kuita kuti kutenga kuve chiito chokungwarira zvikuru kupfurikidza nokushandisa zvikurukuru keshi. Michael naReena vaisada kuita kuti kuva nechikwereti kuve mararamire. Naizvozvo vakasarudza kusashandisa makadhi api neapi kwemakore mashanu—kunze kwomumamirire ezvinhu ekurumidziro.

Kana uchisarudza kushandisa makadhi okutenga nechikwereti chisarudzo chomunhu oga. Asi kana ukadaro, ashandise nokungwarira. Ashandise sechishandiso chokubetserwa. Uye nepazvinobvira napo pose dzivisa kuunganidza zvikwereti. Kuramba uchidzora kushandiswa kwekadhi rokutenga nechikwereti inhano inokosha mukushandisa mari yako nenzira inobudirira. Rangarira zvimwe izvo unogona kuita.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

Kushandisa makadhi okutenga nechikwereti hakurwadzi—kutozosvikira mabhiri auya