‘Ipapo Rusvingo Rwakakoromokera Pasi’

‘‘NDIANI aizokudai akakudavira?” “Handina kutongofunga kuti ndaizokuona munduramo yangu!” Chii chakamutsa idzi tsinhiro? Ruparadziko rwoRusvingo runonyangadza rweBerlin nezvose zvarwaimirira, kubvira muna November 1989.a Vagari vokuMabvazuva kweBerlin vakadirana kupinda muMadokero eBerlin, vamwe kuti vandoravidze zvinofadza zvine ndyiko huru zvegadziriro yepfuma yavapfumi uye vamwe kuti vandobatanazve nemhuri dzavo.

Ruparadziko irworwo rworusvingo rurefu rwakazarura masuo amafashamo. Vazhinji vakafunga kuti Mabvazuva eEurope haati aizotongova akafananazve.

Hondo Yamashoko Yakaguma?

Revo hurusa inopfuura kuwa kwoRusvingo rweBerlin yave iri kuputsika kworusvingo rwepfungwa rwaiparadzanisa Mabvazuva naMadokero. Hondo Yamashoko yakapera chose chose nokukurumidza. Sokunyora kwakaita mutungamiri wamauto ane zana weUto reU.S. akarega David Hackworth muNewsweek: “Hondo yamashoko yapera. Kunyange vavengi vane mwoyo mukukutu vanouraya Mukomonisiti nokuda kwenyika yechibarirwe zvino vanobvuma kuti yapera.”

Mukuwirirana nepepa reGermany Stuttgarter Zeitung, kunyange NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, [Sangano Rebvumirano reAtlantic Rokuchamhembe]), mumusangano wakaitirwa muLondon muna July 1990, rakabvuma mugumo weHondo Yamashoko. Pasi pomusoro unoti “Batano yeAtlantic Inotaura Onekano Yokupedzisira Kunhambo yeHondo Yamashoko,” The German Tribune rinonokora mashoko pepa reStuttgart richiti: “Pashure pamakore 41 okunangana [namarudzi eboka reSoviet] vatungamiriri 16 veNato vakakura nzira nokuda kwamazano matsva uye vanooneka hondo yamashoko muonekano yokupedzisira. . . . Utsinye hwaifanira kutsiviwa nebvumirano. Chengeteko nokutsiga . . . zvakanga zvisingadizve kuva nechokwadi nazvo zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nomutoo wehondo asi kupfurikidza nomuitiro wedzikamo, kurukurirano nebatira pamwe yose yeEurope.” Nhandare yerwisano inotyisidzira rugare zvino yakatama muEurope ichienda Pakati paMabvazuva.

Ubati Ushe Hwechisarudzo Chavoruzhinji Hune Mubairo Wahwo

Ubati ushe hwechisarudzo chavoruzhinji, hunonzi chisarudzo chakasununguka chavanhu, ndiwo mutoo wazvino uno wezvamatongerwe enyika. Uye anenge munhu ari wose ari kukumbanira boka idzva. Asika pane mutengo unofanira kuripirwa. Wirirano dzoushamwari zvikuru pakati paMabvazuva naMadokero noubati ushe hwao chisarudzo chavoruzhinji chavanamuzvinapfuma hadzizati dzichiitika nomutengo wakaderera. Nhau yomupepeti wenhau muAsiaweek akatsinhira, kuti: “Nyika dzeidzo dzisati dzichagonazve kunzi boka reSoviet dziri muchinetso chemari . . . Ubati ushe hwechisarudzo chavoruzinji hunovapo pamutengo. . . . Ubati ushe hwechisarudzo chavoruzhinji hune mavara mazhinji, asi kutsiga kwakakwana hakuzati kuri rimwe rao.” Ndivanaaniko vari kuripira mutengo nokuda kweidzi chinjo kuchaunga chakasununguka zvikuru, choubati ushe hwechisarudzo chavoruzhinji, sokuidzwa kwachinoitwa?

Mamirioni muPoland, mabvazuva eGermany, uye kune imwewo nzvimbo ari kuwana kuti kubva mupfuma inodzorwa kubvira pamusimboti kusvikira kugadziriro yamabhizimisi akasununguka kunouya pakutanga nourovha nenhamo. Nzvimbo dzamabasa anogadzirwa zvinhu zvadzinoedza kutapudza vashandi neshongedzero ndokuva dzinokwanisa zvikuru, urovha hunotanga. Mamwe mabasa echaunga anotapurwawo zvakakomba—nzvimbo yamabasa okugadzira zvinhu yehondo nezvombo. Kunodaro seiko?

Kutyana noruvengano zvazviri kupera pakati paMabvazuva naMadokero, nokudaro kudikanwa kwamauto makurusa kunoderera. Mazana ezviuru zvavarwi nemhuri dzao zvino vanotofanira kuchinjira kuupenyu hwavasiri varwi nedzvinyiriro dzahwo. Ndyiko dzinorongwa dzedziviriro dzinotapudzwa. Maodha anoenda kumafekitari ezvombo angaderera, uye vagadziri kwezvombo vangachinja. Vashandi vangatofanira kutamira kune dzimwe nharaunda ndokudzidza unyanzvi hutsva.

Iyi chinjo isingadaviriki nepirutso muMabvazuva eEurope yakaparira mugariro mutsva mukuru zvikuru wamarudzi ose. Ko ikoku kose kwakaitika sei?

Mashoko Makukutu, Chinjo Hukutu

Chikukutu kuidzi chinjo chave chiri chimiro chendangariro chakahwirudzurwa chokusava nokupindira kunoratidzirwa neSoviet Union. Munguva yakapfuura chiono cheSoviet chinotyisa chevhojokerwo dzeHungary (1956) uye Czechoslovakia (1968) chaidzivisa kuumbazve mauto muMabvazuva eEurope. Asika chinoitika chePoland muma 1980 nedenho yesangano reChinzwano nokuchinjira pashoma napashoma kworudzi kuubati ushe hwechisarudzo chavanhu zvikuru chakaratidzira kuti muitiro wekare weSoviet wokupindira wehondo wakachinja. Chinoitika chePoland chakaratidzira kuti ndutwe muchifananidzo chechiKomonisiti dzaivapo chaizvo uye kuti chinjo ine rugare, yapashoma napashoma yaigona kuwanwa, pamutengo wakati. Asika chiiko chakaita kuti kose ikoku kubvire?

Mukuwirirana navatsinhiri vakati kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika, chikuru pachinjo dzose muMabvazuva eEurope chave chiri muitiro woutongi woutungamiriri muSoviet Union mukutungamirira kwapurezidhendi weU.S.S.R., Mikhail Gorbachev. Muna February 1990 akati: “Bato reChikomonisiti reSoviet rakatanga perestroika [kuumbwa patsva kwechaunga] ndokutanga mufungo waro nomuitiro. Chinjo hurusa dzokushandurwa kwoubati ushe dzinobatanidza mativi ose oupenyu nezvikamu zvose zvavagari zvakatangwa pano uhu hwaro munyikayi. . . . Chinjo dzokukurumidza, dzechienzi muukuru namavambo, dziri kuitika mukati megadziriro yeperestroika.”

Sokutsinhira kwakaita Asiaweek: “Nhasi, pasinei hapo nemhinganidzo dzakati kuti, nhimbe [dzaGorbachev] dzeglasnost (kusavanza zvinhu) uye perestroika, (kuvaka patsa) zvakakurudzira vachinji muHungary, Poland uye muDumbu rose reSoviet.” Aya mashoko makuru echiRussia, glasnost uye perestroika, akapinda muruzivo rwamashoko anotaurwa chifo chokutora simba kwaGorbachev muSoviet Union muna 1985. Iwo akamirira chimiro chitsva chendangariro kuhurumende munyika yechiKomonisiti.

Mutsinhiri wezvamatongerwe enyika Philippe Marcovici, achinyora mumagazini yechiFrench yokusada kuchinja inonzi Le Quotidien de Paris pamusoro pechinjo muCzechoslovakia, akataura kuti dzakadarodzo dzakaitika “kuonga nokuda kweMoscow, nokuti chimwe chinhu chakajeka: Vanhu veSoviet havana kungokurega kuchiitika bedzi; vakava nechokwadi chokuti Czechoslovakia, kufanana nohumwe ubati ushe hwezvisarudzo zvavanhu hwavanhu, hwaizobva muganhuriro yakakomba mahwakanga hwakasungwa. . . . Mudzose dziri mbiri Prague naMabvazuva eBerlin, kuratidzira kukurusa kwakakurumidzisa chinjo; vanhu vachiendesa kumigwagwa zviremera zvinogombedzerwa kuti zvikande zvombo pasi ndokuenda.”

Muuyo wacho wave uri wokuti, kufanana nokuputika kweGomo reSt. Helens rezvamatongerwe enyika, ubati ushe hwechisarudzo chavanhu uye kuzvitonga zvakaputika mumapu yose yaMabvazuva eEurope mumwedzi mishomanene bedzi—Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, uye Romania.

Kubatanazve kweGermany—Chikomborero Here Kana Kuti Ishurikidzo?

Ndiwo mubvunzo uyo vazhinji muEurope vari kurangarira zvino. Nyika mbiri dzeGermany dzakagadza chinzwano chemari muna July 1990 ndokuwana chinzwano chezvamatongerwe enyika muna October. Nepo ikoku kuchiita kuti mamirioni afare, kunoitawo kuti vazhinji vari muEurope vadedere. Ikoko kunobatanidza vamwe vari mumabvazuva eGermany avo vangatofanira kusiira misha yavo kuvaichimbova varidzi mumadokero eGermany. Pasinei hapo nechengeto dzakataurwa navatungamiriri veBritain, mumwe musoro wepepanhau reBritain wakati: “Tichatofanira Hedu Kuvimba neGermany Ichangobva Kuberekwa.”

Zvavakatambura vhojokero dzinotyisa uye dzinodya mari yakawanda dzakaitwa naNapoléon (1812) naHitler (1941), Soviet Union, pakupera kweHondo yeNyika II, akada kusimbisa kotsekano yayo nenyika duku iri pakati penyika huru muMabvazuva eEurope. Nokudaro, boka reSoviet renyika sere dzechiKomonisiti dzeEurope dzokuMabvazuva rakaumbwa mukati mamakore mashomanene a 1945.b Zvino Soviet Union inonzwa zvishoma isingatyisidzirwi neGermany kana United States, uye kubata kwayo kwakasimba panyika dzaichimbovimbana kwasudzunuka. Kunoratidzika sokunge kuti Chidziro Chisingaputsiki, chakaziviswa naChurchill muna 1946, chatsakatika, chichibvumira chiedza chitsva kuti chipinde.

Matapurirwe Aunogona Kuitwa Neidzi Chinjo

Tatoona miuyo yakati kuti yezvemari yeidzi chinjo nokuda kwenyika zhinji—mabasa matsva, zvirongwa zvitsva, uye unyanzvi hutsva nokuda kwavamwe. Nokuda kwavamwe vazhinji kuchava nokushaikwa kwamabasa neparapatiko. Ichecho chibereko chinongoerekana chavapo chouzivi hwenyika yebhizimisi yakasununguka—rupukunyuko rwavakasimba.

Kuno rumwe rutivi, kuchinjira kukuita ubati ushe hwechisarudzo chavanhu kuri kubvumira kufamba kwakasununguka zvikuru kwavanhu. Uye ikoko kunoreva chakairo yamarudzi ose. Sokuwana kwakaita dzimwe nyika (Spain neItaly, somuenzaniso) kwamakore anopfuura 30, kuchakaira kwokudzimwe nyika kunoita musiano mukuru kuchinetso chokuenzanisira miripo nokuda kwehurumende ipi neipi. Mamirioni ari muMadokero anoshuva kushanyira maguta enhau aMabvazuva eEurope, maguta ana mazita anoraira nhambo yakapfuura yembiri—Budapest, Prague, Bucharest, Warsaw, neLeipzig, kududza hedu mashomanene. Vanhu vanodawo kuva vanokwanisa kushanyira norusununguko Leningrad, Moscow, uye Odessa. Nenzira yakafanana, vanhu vokuMabvazuva eEurope vanoda kushanyira Madokero. Zvamazvirokwazvo, chakairo yamarudzi ose inobatira kuputsanya mhinganidzo dzakati kuti dzokufungira mano akaipa nokusaziva. Sokuwana kwakaita vachakairi vazhinji, kugoverana mahombekombe egungwa navaichimbonzi vavengi kunogona kuita kuti ruvengano rupere chose chose nokukurumidza.

Kuno rumwe rutivi rwoRusvingo rwakawa runoyevedza mamirioni avanhu—bviro yesonganirano yakasununguka navadaviri biyavo vorudzidziso muna mamwe marudzi. Ikoku kuchava kunobvira kusvikira kutambanuko yakadini? Ichinjoi mune zvorudzidziso dziri kuitika muMabvazuva eEurope? Nyaya inotevera icharangarira iyi mibvunzo nemimwe.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mepu iri papeji 5]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

GERMANY

Berlin

YUGOSLAVIA

HUNGARY

POLAND

ROMANIA

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

ALBANIA

BULGARIA

U.S.S.R.