Honzeri Dzakadzika Midzi, Migumisiro Yakapararira

“Ndakanga ndine nzara uye makaumba komiti kuti ifeyefeye nzara yangu. Ndakanga ndisina pokugara uye makanyora mushumo maererano nenhamo yangu. Ndakanga ndichirwara uye makaita musangano nezvevanhu vari kutambura. Makafeyafeya zvinhu zvose maererano nenhamo yangu asi ini ndichiri nenzara, handisati ndava nepokugara uye ndichiri kurwara.”—Munyori wacho haazivikanwi.

KUNYANGE zvazvo masangano epasi pano akaita zvakasiyana-siyana kuedza kupedza kushomeka kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri, zvakaitwa zvishoma pane zvaitarisirwa. Somuenzaniso, muna 1996 World Food Summit yeFood and Agriculture Organization yeUnited Nations (FAO) yakava nevavariro yokuderedza nepakati nhamba yevanhu vepasi pano vanowana zvokudya zvishoma zvinovaka muviri—vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 400 pazuva—panozosvika gore ra2015.a

Zvinofanira kutendwa kuti pane kufambira mberi kwakaitwa. Asi zvinosuruvarisa kuti, mushumo weFAO uchangobva kubuda unonzi The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2001 unobvuma kuti: “Zviri pachena kuti pakava nokuderera kwakati kuti pakuedza kupedza kushomeka kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri pasi pano.” Saka chinangwa chomusangano wacho chinenge chisingagoneki. Zviripo ndezvokuti mushumo wacho unobvuma kuti “nhamba yevanhu vari kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri yakawedzera zvinooneka munyika dzichiri kusimukira.”

Nei muvengi uyu achinetsa zvikuru kukunda? Kuti tiwane mhinduro, tingada kutanga tatsanangura chinonzi kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri (malnutrition) kwava kuona migumisiro yakwo yakapararira nehonzeri dzakadzika midzi.

Kushaya Zvokudya Zvinovaka Muviri Kunokonzerwa Nei?

Kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri kunokonzerwa nokutadza kwemasero omuviri kutora zvinovaka muviri, uye kazhinji zvichikonzerwa nezvinhu zviviri: (1) kusawana mapurotini, kudya kunopa simba, mavhitamini, nemunyu uye (2) kugara uchitapukirwa noutachiona.

Zvirwere zvakadai semanyoka, mhezi, marariya, uye kutadza kunyatsofema zvinonetesa muviri zvokonzera kurasikirwa nezvinovaka muviri. Zvinoita kuti usanzwe uchida kudya uye wongodya zvishomanana, saka wova nechirwere chokushaya zvokudya zvakakwana. Ukuwo, mwana asina zvokudya zvakakwana angangokurumidza kubatwa nezvirwere zvinotapukira. Izvi zvinoita kuti kufa kunokonzerwa nokushayikwa kwemapurotini anopa simba (PEM) kurambe kuchiitika.

Nei vana varivo vari mungozi huru yokurwara nokushayiwa zvokudya zvinovaka muviri? Nokuti vachiri padanho rokukura nokukurumidza, zvichiita kuti vade makarori nemapurotini. Nezvikonzero izvozviwo, madzimai ane pamuviri neanoyamwisa ari pangozi yokushayiwa zvokudya zvinovaka muviri.

Kazhinji dambudziko romwana rinotanga asati amboberekwa. Kana amai vakasawana zvokudya zvakakwana kana kuti vakaondoroka vasati vava nepamuviri uye vava napo, mwana wacho anenge ane uremu huri pasi pehunotarisirwa. Zvadaro, kukurumidza kurumurwa, kudya zvisina kutsarukana, uye kusava noutsanana zvinogona kuunza chirwere.

Kushayika kwezvinovaka muviri zvinodiwa kunomisa kureba uye kukura zvakanaka kwemwana. Anenge achingochema uye asingatani kubatwa nezvirwere. Zvinhu pazvinonyanya kuipa, kuondoroka kunotanga kuoneka, maziso nenhova zvinopinda mukati, ganda rinoomarara, uye haazokwanisi kuita kuti tembiricha yomuviri irambe iri panodiwa.

Kushayiwa zvokudya zvakakwana kunogona kuitika nedzimwe nzira. Izviwo zvinogona kutadzisa kunyatsokura kwevana. Somuenzaniso, kushayiwa zvinodiwa zvakakwana—kunyanya iron, iodine (sauti), zinc—uye mavhitamini—kunyanya vhitamini A—kungakonzera izvozvo. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) inoti kushayiwa vhitamini A kunotambudza tuvana tunenge mamiriyoni 100 munyika yose uye kunokonzera upofu. Kunoitawo kuti simba romuviri rokuzvidzivirira riderere, kuchideredza kukwanisa kwomwana kuzvidzivirira.

Migumisiro Yakapararira

Kushaya zvokudya zvakakwana kunoparira zvinetso mumuviri, kunyanya kumwana. Nhengo imwe neimwe uye ropa kusanganisira mwoyo, itsvo, dumbu, ura, mapapu, nouropi—zvose zvingakanganiswa.

Kutsvakurudza kwakasiyana-siyana kwakaratidza kuti kukundikana kunyatsokura mumwana kunenge kwakabatana nokutadza kunyatsokura kwepfungwa uye kukundikana kunyatsoita kwazvo kwazvo kuchikoro. Mushumo unobva kuUnited Nations unodana izvi kuti mugumisiro wenguva refu wokushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri.

Kana vari vana vaya vanoramba vari vapenyu ivo vachishaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, kukanganisika uku kunogona kuramba kuripo kusvika vava vanhu vakuru. Ndicho chikonzero nei UNICEF yakagunun’una ichiti: “Kuparadzwa kwepfungwa dzevanhu pamwero wakadaro—nezvikonzero zvinokwanisa kudziviswa zvachose—kutambisa tarenda zvikuru, itori mhosva, kupambadza.” Naizvozvo migumisiro inoramba iripo kwenguva refu yokushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri inoshungurudza vakawanda. Kutsvakurudza kuchangobva kuitwa kunobatanidza kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri muvacheche nokugara munhu achirwara-rwara kana akura, zvakadai sezvirwere zvemwoyo, zveshuga, uye zveBP.

Zvisinei, kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri kwakanyanya handiko dambudziko guru, sezvinobvumwa neUNICEF kuti: “Nzufu dzinodarika zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzvina dzine chokuita nokushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri hadzina chokuita nokushaya kwakanyanya asi kuti kushaya kuri pakati nepakati.” (Tisu tatsveyamisa mabhii.) Vana vanoshaya zvokudya zviri pakati nepakati vangatambura utano husina kutsarukana munguva yemberi. Naizvozvo zvakakosha kuti zviratidzo zvokushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri muvana zvionekwe kuitira kuti vagorapwa zvakanaka.—Ona bhokisi riri papeji 7.

Honzeri Dzakadzika Midzi

Sezvambotaurwa, chikonzero chikuru chedambudziko iri kushomeka kwezvokudya. Asi pane dzimwe honzeri huru dzezvemagariro, zvemari, zvetsika uye zvine chokuita nezvakatikomberedza. Chikuru pane izvi urombo, hunobata mamiriyoni evanhu, kunyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Zvisinei, kuwedzera pane kuva honzeri, urombo hunokonzerwawo nokushaya zvokudya, nokuti kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri kunoita kuti munhu asashanda zvakanaka, zvinobva zvaitawo kuti urombo hunyanye.

Panewo zvimwe zvinokonzera. Kushaya ruzivo kunoita kuti pave netsika dzokudya dzisina kunaka. Kutapukirwa, sezvataona, kunewo zvakunoita. Panewo zvimwe zvinokonzerwa nevanhu uye tsika nemagariro, zvakadai sokusagoverwa zvakanaka kwezvokudya uye kusarura madzimai. Kazhinji madzimai ndiwo “anopedzisira kudya uye anodya zvishoma”—kureva kuti vanodya kana varume vapedza uye zvishoma pane zvevarume. Vakadziwo vanorambidzwa kudzidza zvingadai zvichivabatsira kutarisira vana vavo zviri nani.

Uyewo, nharaunda inokonzera kuderera kwokugadzirwa kwezvokudya. Zvimwe zvacho injodzi dzinoitika dzoga uye hondo. Maererano neThe State of Food Insecurity in the World 2001, kubva muna October 1999 kusvika muna June 2001 chete, mvura shoma yakanaya munyika 22, 17 dzakava nemhepo ine simba kana mafashamo, 14 dzakava nehondo dzevagari vemo kana mhirizhonga, 3 dzakava nokutonhora kwakanyanya, uye 2 dzakava nokudengenyeka kwepasi.

Mushonga uye Kudzivirira

Mwana angarapwa sei kana aine chirwere chokushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri? Kana mwana wacho ari kurwara zvakanyanyisa, kupiwa mubhedha muchipatara kungava kurapa kwokutanga kwakanaka zvikuru. Maererano nerimwe gwaronhau ravanachiremba rakabudiswa neWorld Health Organization, vanachiremba vachaona mwana wacho kwava kurapa utachiona hupi nohupi kana kupera muviri. Angapiwa zvokudya zvishoma nezvishoma, kutanga nomuchubhu. Izvi zvingatora inenge vhiki yose.

Kumwe kurapa kunotevera. Mwana anotanga kupiwa mukaka waamai uye anokurudzirwa kudya zvakawanda sezvaangakwanisa. Anofanirawo kuudzwa zvinhu zvinonakidza uye kurovedza muviri. Rudo nokutarisira zvinogona kubatsira mwana wacho kuita nani chaizvo. Apa ndipo apo amai vacho vangadzidziswa kuti vangatarisira mwana wavo sei vachimupa zvokudya zvakanaka nokugara akachena, kuti arege kurwara zvekare. Zvadaro, mwana anobudiswa muchipatara. Zvakakosha kuti mwana aendeswe kuchipatara kana kukiriniki kuti arambe achiongororwa.

Zvisinei, zviri pachena kuti kudzivirira ndiko kwakanyanya kunaka. Ndicho chikonzero nei munyika dzakawanda, masangano ehurumende uye akazvimirira akatanga zvirongwa zvokupa zvokudya zvokuwedzera kana zvokupa zvokudya zvakakosha kuvanhu. Vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vanobatsirawo kudzivisa kushayika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri munzira dzakawanda, zvakadai sokudzidzisa maererano nezvinovaka muviri, kudzivirira mvura inonwiwa, kuvaka zvimbuzi, kuchengeta nharaunda yakachena, kupa mari dzokubayiwa majekiseni okudzivirira, uye kutarisira kukura kwevana.

Asi chii chingaitwa nomunhu kuti adzivirire kushayika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri? Bhokisi riri papeji 8 rine mazano anobatsira. Pamwe chete neaya, chiremba wezvokudya zvevana zvinovaka muviri Georgina Toussaint anoti amai vanofanira kudzokera kuna chiremba kana kukiriniki mazuva manomwe mwana azvarwa, mwana ava nomwedzi mumwe, uye mwedzi nomwedzi pashure pacho. Amai vanofanirawo kuona vanachiremba kana mwana akaratidza kuti ari kupera muviri, ane manyoka akanyanya, kana kudziya muviri.

Kunyange zvazvo mazano aya achibatsira kuita kuti zvokudya zvevana zvive nani, tinofanira kubvuma kuti kushomeka kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri idambudziko guru—guru kwazvo zvokuti vanhu havakwanisi kuripedza. Encyclopædia Britannica inobvuma kuti: “Zvisinei, kugoverwa kwezvokudya zvakakwana uye dzidzo ine chokuita nezvokudya zvinovaka muviri kuvanhu vose rinoramba riri dambudziko gukutu.” Naizvozvo, pane tariro here yokuti “nhamo yakanyarara” iyi ichazombopera?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 7]

MWANA WAKO ARI KUSHAYA ZVOKUDYA ZVINOVAKA MUVIRI HERE?

Vanachiremba vanoyera sei utano hwomwana? Vangaongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kubvunza mibvunzo maererano nokudya kwake, uye kuongorora zvimwe zvinhu murabhoritari. Zvisinei, kazhinji vanovimba nokuita zvokuyera. Vanoyera muviri womwana voenzanisa nezvinoita vana vakawanda vane utano hwakanaka. Izvi zvinovabatsira kuziva rudzi uye kukomba kwokushayika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri.

Zvinonyanya kuyerwa uremu, urefu uye kufara kworuoko rwomwana. Vachienzanisa uremu nezera zvinovaratidza kukomba kwokushayika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri; kana kwakakomba, mwana wacho anenge akaondoroka uye akatetepa chaizvo. Chirwere chacho chinonzi chakakomba kana uremu hwomwana huri pasi peavhareji ne40 kubva muzana, uye hunenge huri pakati nepakati kana huri 10 kusvika ku25 kubva muzana pasi pacho. Kupfupika kwakanyanya kana zvichienzaniswa nezera kunogona kuratidza kushayika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri kwakanyanya—mwana haakuri zvakanaka.

Rudzi rwakaipa zvikuru rwokushomeka kwemapurotini nezvokudya zvinopa simba (PEM) imarasmus, kwashi, uye mubatanidzwa wezvose zviri zviviri. Marasmus (kuperezeka muviri kunoramba kuchiitika) kunooneka muvana vanenge vachiyamwa vane mwedzi iri pakati pe6 ne18 yezera. Inosimba zvishoma nezvishoma zvichikonzerwa nokushomeka kwezvokudya zvinopa simba uye zvinovaka muviri zvichikonzerwa nokusayamwiswa zvakanaka kana kuti kushandiswa kwomukaka unenge uine mvura yakawandisa. Mwana anenge achipera muviri, maoko nemakumbo zvinenge zviri zvitete zvokuti ganda rinonamira pamapfupa, uye kukura kunokanganiswa. Mwana wacho anenge ainewo “chiso chomunhu achembera,” haatani kugumbuka, uye anochema zvokuti.

Shoko rokuti kwashi, rinobva mune mumwe mutauro womuAfrica, rinoreva “mwana akarumurwa.” Rinoreva mwana anenge abviswa pazamu nomumwe anomutevera achangobva kuzvarwa. Izvi zvinoitika pashure pokurumurwa, uye nepo zvichisanganisira kushomeka kwezvokudya zvinopa simba, zvinoitika nemhaka yekushomeka kwakanyanya kwemapurotini. Zvinoita kuti muviri uchengete mvura, zvichiita kuti mwana ave nemaoko akakurisa uye zidumbu. Dzimwe nguva zvinokanganisawo chiso, zvichiita kuti chiite semwedzi uzere. Kutsemuka ganda uye kuchinja kworuvara rwebvudzi zvinoitikawo. Vana vane chirwere ichi vanenge vaine chiropa chakazvimba uye vanosiririsa uye havafari. Izvi ndizvo zvakanga zvakaita Erik, ambotaurwa, uyo ana amai vakamuyamwisa kwemwedzi wokutanga chete; vachibva vamupa mukaka wemombe wakadirwa mvura yakawanda. Ava nemwedzi mitatu akapiwa muto womuriwo uye mvura ine tsvigiri uye akasiyiwa achitarisirwa nomuvakidzani.

Rudzi rwechitatu rwePEM runosanganisira zvose marasmus nekwashi. Zvirwere izvi zvose zvinouraya kana zvikasakurumidza kurapwa.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

DZIVIRIRA MWANA WAKO PAKUSHAYIWA ZVOKUDYA ZVINOVAKA MUVIRI!

◼ Zvakakosha kuvandudza zvokudya zvaamai. Vakadzi vane pamuviri uye vari kuyamwisa vanofanira kuwana zvokudya zvakawanda zvinopa simba nemapurotini. Kunyanya mapurotini anobatsira pakugadzira mukaka waamai. Saka kana paine zvokudya zvishoma, vanaamai uye vana vaduku ndivo vanofanira kuzvipiwa.

◼ Muzvinoitika zvose hazvo, zvokudya zvakanakisisa nokuda kwomwana mukaka waamai vake. Izvi zvakanyanya kudaro mumazuva okutanga achangozvarwa nokuti mukaka waamai une zvinodzivirira mwana kuti asatapukirwa nezvirwere. Mumwedzi mina yokutanga kana kuti inodarika, mukaka waamai une zvinovaka muviri zvose zvinodiwa nomwana kuti akure zvakanaka.

◼ Kunyange zvazvo mukaka waamai uchiramba uriwo chokudya chake chaicho, pakati pemwedzi mina nemitanhatu, mwana anenge agadzirira kuwana zvimwe zvokudya. Zvishoma nezvishoma mupei michero uye miriwo zvinenge zvakatswanywa-tswanywa. Ipai mwana chokudya chitsva panguva imwe chete. Mazuva maviri kana matatu gare gare, kana ajaira chokudya ichocho, mupei chimwe. Chokwadi, zvinoda kushivirira uye kuedza kakawanda mwana asati abvuma chokudya chitsva. Pakugadzira chokudya chakadaro, yeukai kuti chinhu chose chinofanira kuva chakachena, chakachena, chakachena! Gezai nemazvo zvokudya uye zvokushandisa!

◼ Pakati pemwedzi mishanu nemipfumbamwe, kazhinji vana vanotanga kuda zvokudya zvinopa simba zvakawanda uye mapurotini pane anopiwa mumukaka. Zvishoma nezvishoma rambai muchimupa zvimwe zvokudya. Bota roupfu, uye zvokudya zvakaita somuriwo zvingatanga, nyama nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka zvozopiwa pave paya. Nepo zvokudya zvokutanga zvichiita zvokumiminwa, kubvira pamwedzi mitanhatu zvichienda mberi, zvinogona kuchekwachekwa zvakanaka. Hamufaniri kuisa munyu kana tsvigiri muzvokudya zvacho.

◼ Pashure pemwedzi misere, mukaka waamai unenge usisiri iwo zvokudya zvikuru zvomwana, asi kuti unenge wava wokuwedzera. Mwana anenge ava kutanga kudya zvinodyiwa nemhuri. Zvokudya zvinofanira kuramba zvakachena, uye zvinofanira kuchekwachekwa zvakanaka kuti zvive nyore kutsenga. Zvokudya zvakakodzera zvinosanganisira michero nemiriwo, bota nezvinhu zvakaita sebhinzi, pizi nezvose zvakada kudaro, nyama nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka.b Kunyanya, vana vanoda zvokudya zvine vhitamini A yakawanda. Zvimwe zvacho mukaka waamai, miriwo yakasvibirira, uye michero nemiriwo yeorenji kana yeyero yakadai semango, makarotsi, uye mapopo. Vana vane makore ari pasi pematatu vanofanira kudya kashanu kana katanhatu pazuva.

◼ Zvokudya zvakasiyana-siyana zvaunogona kuwana uye zvine uwandu hwakasiyana-siyana ndizvo zvinopa zvokudya zvinovaka muviri zvinodzivirira mwana wako. Amai vanofanira kunyanya kuda kupa mwana zvokudya zvakanaka, vasingamanikidzi mwana kuramba achidya kana aguta kana kunyima mwana zvokudya kana achiri kuzvida.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo]

Vanamazvikokota vanobvumirana kuti mukaka waamai nguva dzose ndiwo une zvokudya zvakanakira rusvava

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Caroline Penn/Panos Pictures

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Vana vari kudya (bulgur) gorosi rakatsemurwa-tsemurwa rine muriwo pachikoro chiri muBhutan

[Kwazvakatorwa]

FAO photo/WFP Photo: F. Mattioli

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Unogona kutora matanho okuvandudza zvokudya zvomwana wako

[Kwazvakatorwa]

FAO photo