Pasi Redu Raparadzanywa—Denho Dzinorovanya Nharaunda Zhinji
MUNA June wegore rapfuura, Musangano waPasi pamusoro pemhoteredzo wakaitwa muRio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mukuwirirana nawo, mumwedzi mumwe chetewo, India Today yakabudisa nhau yakanyorwa nomupepeti wenhau biyake Raj Chengappa. Yakanga ine musoro unoti “Pasi Rakakuvadzwa.” Ndima dzayo dzokutanga dzakaratidzira rondedzero inofadza:
“Muna 1971 apo Edgar Mitchell akabhururuka kuenda pamwedzi akakwira Apollo 14, rumbonera rwake rwokutanga rwapasi ari muchadenga rwakamukuchidzira kuratidzira mufaro mukuru. ‘Rinoratidzika seibwe rinokosha rinon’aima rebhuruu uye jena . . . Rakafanana namarenda machena anozeereka zvishoma nezvishoma . . . Separera duku riri mugungwa dema gobvu risingarondedzereki,’ akatumira mashoko shure nomutoo wamanyemwe kuHouston.
“Makore ane makumi maviri gare gare, kudai Mitchell aizotumirwazve muchadenga, nguva ino namagirazi chaiwo okuonesa aimubvumira kuona magasi asingaoneki emhepo yakapoteredza pasi, aizoona chiono chakasiana zvikuru. Aizoona maburi mahombe muzvifukidziro zveozone inodzivirira pamusoro peAntarctica neNorth America. Panzvimbo peibwe rinokosha rinon’aima rebhuruu uye jena aizoona pasi rakadzikatidzika, rakasviba rakazadzwa nerima, makore anozeereka amadioxide ecarbon nesuferi.
“Kudai Mitchell akabudisa kamera yake ndokutora mifananidzo yechifukidzo chesango rapasi ndokuchienzanisira neiyo yaakatora muna 1971, angakatyamadzwa noukuru hwakadukupa. Uye kudai akavhura bheko rake chairo rokumubetsera kunzvera tsvina iri mumvura dzapasi, angaona misvasvavira yechepfu inochinjikana-chinjikana ichigura munyika huru uye zvimburumbwa zvakasviba zvetara zviri mugova guru regungwa. ‘Houston,’ angadai akatumira mashoko shure achiti, ‘chii chatakaita papasi?’
“Zvomenemene, hatidi kupinda makiromita 36 000 muchadenga kuti tizive chatakaita. Nhasi, tinogona kunwa, kufema, kunhuwidza uye kuona shatiso. Mukati mamakore 100, uye zvikurukuru mumakore 30 apfuura, vanhu vakasvitsa pasi pachikumbaridzo chengwavaira. Kupfurikidza nokudururira zvitsama zvikurusa zvamagasi anobata kupisa mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi tiri kunyandura chinjo yomugariro wokunze uri kukuvadzika. Magasi ayo mafiriji edu namaair conditioner zvinoshandisa zvino anoparira kuderera kwomuvanzarikwa unodzivirira weozone, kuchitiratidzira kukenza yeganda uye kuchinja zvimiro zvevara rinogarwa nhaka mumhuka duku. Munguva ino, takaparadza nyika hurusa, takaparadza masango pamwero yokuzviuraya, takarasira matani echepfu munzizi nomutoo wokusasarura uye takadururira mishonga yechepfu mumakungwa edu.
“Zvino kupfuura chinhu chipi nechipiwo zvacho tyisidziro kuvanhu inobva muruparadziko rwemhoteredzo yapasi. Uye kunoda kufamba kwenyika yose mumiitiro nezvimiro kuti ibate kuparadzanya.”
Pashure pokududza zvinetso zvizhinji izvo marudzi anofanira kupa ngwariro pamusoro pokupedza chine chokuita nemhoteredzo, Raj Chengappa anogumisa nhau yake yomupepeti wenhau naaya mashoko: “Kose ikoku kunofanira kuitwa pasina kunonozeka. Nokuti tyisidziro haichisirizve yenguva yemberi yavana venyu. Iri zvino. Uye yasvika.”
Naizvozvo vanachiremba vapasi vanoungana pamwe chete. Misangano inoitwa, mishonga inopiwa, asi ivo havagoni kubvumirana. Vanoitirana nharo. ‘Harisi kurwara zvomenemene,’ vamwe vanodaro. ‘Riri pahuvato hwaro hworufu!’ vamwe vanodanidzira kudaro. Wedzero dzounyanzvi hwokutaura, mishonga iri kuwanda, vanachiremba vari kusundira mberi, nepo murwere ari kutandadza. Hapana chinhu chiri kuitwa. Vanoda kuita kumwe kufunda. Vanonyora mishonga isingatongosvitswi. Maiwe-e, kwakawanda kwako kunongova bedzi matandi anononozetsa kubvumira kushatsa kuti kupfuurire uye mhindu kuti dziungane. Murwere haatongowani mushonga, kurwara kwake kunowedzera, njodzi inokura, uye kuparadzanywa kwapasi kunopfuurira.
Pasi noupenyu huri pariri ndizvakaoma kunzwisiswa, zvakapindanapindana nenzira isinganzwisisiki. Mamirioni ezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinowirirana zvakanongedzerwa sedandemutande roupenyu. Ukacheka mutandiro mumwe, uye dandemutande ringatanga kurudunuka. Riga chitanda chimwe chedomino, uye makumi ezvimwe achawa. Kutemwa kwesango rinonaya mvura yakawanda romunzvimbo dzinopisa kunoenzanisira ikoku.
Kupfurikidza nephotosynthesis sango rinonaya mvura yakawanda rinopinza carbon dioxide inobva mumhepo ndokudzorera oxygen kwairi. Rinonwa huwandu hukurusa hwemvura inonaya asi rinoshandisa shomanene zvikuru mukuita kudya kwaro. Huwandu hukuru hwayo hunopinzwazve mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi semvura inopfungaira. Ikoko inoita makore matsva emvura nokuda kwokunaya kukuru kwemvura nokuda kwesango rinonaya mvura yakawanda namamirioni ezvirimwa zvipenyu nemhuka zvarinotsigira pasi pechifukidziro charo chakasvibira.
Ipapo sango rinonaya mvura yakawanda rinotemwa. Carbon dioxide inorambira pamusoro sechifukidziro kuti idzivirire kupisa kwezuva. Oxygen shoma inowedzerwa kumhepo yakapoteredza pasi nokuda kwokubetserwa kwemhuka. Mvura shoma inoshandiswazve nokuda kwokunaya kukuru kwemvura. Panzvimbo pezvo, mvura ipi neipi inonaya inoyerera panyika ichipinda munzizi, ichikukura ivhu rapamusoro riri madikanwa nokuda kwokukurazve kwezvirimwa. Nzizi nenyanza zvinoitwa matope, hove dzinofa. Ivhu rinokukurirwa mumakungwa ndokufukidza mareef omunzvimbo dzinopisa, uye anofa. Mamirioni ezvirimwa nemhuka zvaichimbobudirira pasi pechifukidziro chakasvibira zvinotsakatika, madzvotsvotsvo aichimbonyatisa nyika anoderera, uye muitiro wenguva refu unononozeka wokuva gwenga unotanga. Yeuka, Sahara Desert guru reAfrica raichimbova rakasvibira, asi zvino iyi nzvimbo hurusa yejecha pasi pano iri kupinda mumativi eEurope.
PaMusangano waPasi, United States nedzimwe nyika dzakapfuma dzakashandisa dzvinyiriro yokuedza kuita kuti Brazil nedzimwe nyika dzichiri kubudirira dzirege kutema masango anonaya mvura yakawanda. “United States inotaura,” mukuwirirana nezvakabudiswa neNew York Times, “kuti masango, zvikurukuru masango omunzvimbo dzinopisa, ari kuparadzwa pamwero unokatyamadza munyika ichiri kubudirira uye kuti nyika yose zvayo ichava mumugariro wakaipisisa somuuyo. Masango, inotaura kudaro, ipfuma yenyika inobetsera kudzora mugariro wokunze kupfurikidza nokutora carbon dioxide inobata kupisa uye idura rechikamu chikuru chamarudzi ezvipenyu.”
Marudzi achiri kubudirira haana kunonozeka mukupomera U.S. pamusoro penyengedzo. Mukuwirirana neThe New York Times, iwo “akaitira pfundepfunde chaakarangarira kuva kuedza kuderedza uchangamire hwao kupfurikidza nenyika idzo kare kare dzakatema miti yadzo dzimene nokuda kwemhindu asi zvino dzinoda kuisa mutoro mukuru wokuchengetedzwa kwamasango enyika panyika dzinoparapatikira pukunyuko yomugariro wemari.” Munyai weMalaysia akakutaura nomutoo wakajeka, kuti: “Zvamazvirokwazvo hatisiri kuchengeta masango edu mukuchengeteka kwakakotsekana nokuda kwaavo vakaparadza masango avo vamene uye zvino vanoedza kutaura edu sorutivi rwenhaka yorudzi rwomunhu.” MuPacific Northwest, United States inongova bedzi ne 10 muzana yamasango ayo anonaya mvura yakawanda akura ekare asara, uye achiri kutemwa, bva iyo inoda Brazil, ichine 90 muzana yamasango ayo eAmazon, kurega kutema kose.
Avo vanoparidzira kuna vamwe kuti, ‘Musaparadza masango enyu,’ kunyange ivo vachiparadza avo vamene, vanorangarira nezvezvinorondedzerwa pana VaRoma 2:21-23 (NW), kuti: “Zvisinei, iwe unodzidzisa mumwe munhuwo zvake, hauzvidzidzisi umene here? Iwe, uyo anoparidzira kuti ‘Usaba,’ unoba here? Iwe, uyo anotaura kuti ‘Usaita upombwe,’ unoita upombwe here? Iwe, uyo anoratidzira kusema zvidhori, unobira tembere here? Iwe, unodada nomutemo, iwe kupfurikidza nokudarika kwako Mutemo unozvidza Mwari here?” Kana kuti kuchitaurwa mukuwirirana nemhoteredzo, ‘iwe, uyo anoparidzira, kuti “Chengeta masango ako,” unotema ako umene here?’
Dzakasanobatanidzwa noruparadziko rwamasango ndidzo itiro hanya dzokupisa kwapasi kwenyika. Masimba amakemikari nokupisa akaoma kunzwisiswa, asi itiro hanya inonangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pakemikari rimwe riri mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi, carbon dioxide. Ndichinhu chinokosha mukupiswa kwapasi. Vanzveri veByrd Polar Research Center vakashuma gore rapfuura kuti “makomo eaizi ose omwero wapakati nowakadzikira zvino ari kunyunguduka uye achidzokera—mamwe awo nokukurumidza zvikuru—uye kuti chinyorwa cheaizi iri muna aya makomo echando chinoratidza kuti makore 50 apfuura ave achidziya zvikuru kupfuura imwe nhambo ipi neipi yamamwe makore 50” ane chinyorwa. Carbon dioxide shoma zvikurusa ingagona kureva mugariro wokunze unotonhora zvikuru; yakanyanyowandisa ingareva kunyungudusa mivanzarikwa yechando namakomo echando zvepolar uye kufashamira maguta omumahombekombe.
Pamusoro pecarbon dioxide India Today yakati:
“Ingaumba bedzi chikamu chamagasi emhepo yakapoteredza pasi: 0,03 muzana yaose. Asi kana pasina carbon dioxide, nyika yedu ingava inotonhora somwedzi. Kupfurikidza nokubata kupisa kunopenya kuchibva pamusoro papasi, kunodzora temburicha dzenyika yose kusvikira kumwero we 15 degrees celsius unotsigira upenyu. Asi kana huwandu hwako hukawedzera, pasi ringashanduka kuva shambiro imwe huru yesauna.
“Temburicha yenyika yose zvairi kuwedzera, dzvinyiriro yokuita chimwe chinhu pamusoro payo iri kuwedzerawo. Ma 1980 akaona matanhatu amadziya manomwe anopisa zvikurusa kubvira apo mugariro wokunze wakavamba kunyorwa makore ane 150 akapfuura. Chisakiso chinooneka: wedzero ye 26 muzana yecarbon dioxide iri mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi pamwero wapamberi pechinjo yenzvimbo dzamabasa dzinogadzirwa zvinhu.”
Manyuko anofungwa kuva matani ana mabhirioni 1,8 ecarbon dioxide inobudiswa gore negore kupfurikidza nokupisa mafuta ezvisaririra. Bvumirano yaikarirwa yokushandisa udzori hukuru pazvinobudiswa zvecarbon dioxide yakaderedzwa zvikuru paMusangano waPasi wazvino uno uyo sezvinoshumwa “yakakwidza temburicha” yenyanzvi dzomugariro wokunze imomo. Imwe yadzo yakatsamwa kwazvo zvokuti yakati: “Hatingagoni kupfuurira bedzi nokuita sokunge kuti hapana chinhu chakaitika. Iidi risingapokanidziki rokuti dura renyika yose ramagasi rakarasikirwa nedzikamo yaro. Chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuitwa nokuti kana tikasadaro nokukurumidza tichava navapoteri vana mamirioni vemhoteredzo.” Yakanga ichinongedzera kuna avo vangatiza misha yokwavo yakafashamirwa.
Imwe nhau yekurumidziro ine chokuita naanonzi maburi anooneka muchifukidziro cheozone chinodzivirira pasi pamwaranzi yezuva yeultraviolet inoparira kenza. Chisakiso chikuru ndicho CFC (chlorofluorocarbons). Inoshandiswa mumafiriji, air-conditioning, uye mishonga yokuchenesa nayo uye sezvifuridziso mukuita mapurasitiki. Munyika zhinji achiri kubudiswa nezvipfapfaidzo zvemishonga. Apo zvinosvika nzvimbo yakakwiririsa, mwaranzi yezuva yeultraviolet inozviputsanya, uye chlorine yakaparadzana inobudiswa, atomu rimwe nerimwe rawo rinogona kuparadza anenge mamolecule eozone ane 100 000. Maburi, nzvimbo dzine mwero yeozone yakatapudzwa chose chose, zvinosiiwa muchifukidziro cheozone, mose muri muviri muAntarctica nomumitsetse youpamhi hwenzvimbo dzoKuchamhembe, uko kunoreva kuti mwaranzi yezuva yakawanda yeultraviolet inosvika pasi.
Iyi mwaranzi inouraya phytoplankton nekrill, izvo zviri pasi pegadziriro yezvokudya zvegungwa. Chinjo dzinoparirwa mumamolecule ane gadziriro yevara rinogarwa nhaka roupenyu. Zvirimwa zvinotapurwa. Mwaranzi inoparira tsanga muziso nekenza yeganda muvanhu. Apo vanzveri veNASA vakawana mabumha echlorine monoxide panyika dzokuchamhembe dzeUnited States, Canada, Europe, uye Russia, mumwe wavanzveri akati: “Munhu ari wose anofanira kukatyamadzwa pamusoro paikoku. Kwakaipisisa zvikurusa kupinda zvataifunga.” Lester Brown, purezidhendi weWorldwatch Institute, akashuma, kuti: “Nyanzvi dzesayenzi dzinokarakadza kuti kuderera kunokurumidza kwechifukidziro cheozone murutivi rwokumusoro rwokuchamhembe kuchaparira nzufu 200 000 dzokuwedzera muUnited States moga bedzi dzinoparirwa nekenza yeganda mukati mamakore 50 anotevera. Munyika yose, mamirioni oupenyu ari pamutanhiko.”
Mhatsa yezvipenyu, kuchengetwa kwezvirimwa zvizhinji nemhuka sezvinobvira zvinoshanda munzvimbo dzazvo dzomusikirwo, ndiimwe itiro hanya yazvino uno. Magazini yeDiscover yakabudisa chikamu chamashoko chakabva mubhuku remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi renyanzvi yoruzivo rwoupenyu Edward O. Wilson rinonzi The Diversity of Life, umo iye akaronga kuparadzika kwezviuru zvamarudzi eshiri, hove, uye zvipembenene, pamwe chete namarudzi anowanzobviswa saasingakoshi: “Mazhinji amarudzi akatsakatika ndiwo mycorrhizal fungi, zvimiro zvesymbiotic zvinokudziridza kutorwa kwezvinhu zvinovaka chinhu negadziriro dzemidzi yezvisimwa. Nyanzvi dzoruzivo rwetsamirano yezvipenyu dzakashamisika kare kare kuti chii chingaitika kugadziriro yetsamirano dzenyika kana idzi fungi dzikabviswa, uye tichakurumidza kuwana.”
Mubhuku irero Wilson akabvunzawo uye ipapo akapindura uyu mubvunzo pamusoro poukoshi hwokuponesa marudzi:
“Kunoita musianoiko kana mamwe marudzi akaparadzwa, kana kunyange hafu yamarudzi ose Pasi pano akatsakatika? Regai ndirangarire nzira. Manyuko matsva amashoko esayenzi acharasika. Upfumi huzhinji hworuzivo rwezvinhu zvipenyu hunobvira huchaparadzwa. Zvakare mishonga, zvirimwa, ruzivo rwokusanganiswa kwemishonga, mapuranga, machira, shinda, mwoyo womuti, zvisimwa zvinopa mupfudze ivhu, zvinotsiva zvepeturu, nezvimwe zvinhu uye betsero hazvisati zvichizotongowanwa. Ndokwomuitiro kuti vamwe vanhu vanorega sezvisingakoshi zviduku nezvisinganzwisisiki, nhuhwa namasora, vachikanganwa kuti zvipfuno zvisinganzwisisiki zvokuLatin America zvakaponesa mafuro eAustralia pakukura kwecactus, kuti hozwa dzakagovera mushonga wehosha yeHodgkin uye lymphocytic leukemia youhwana, kuti makwande omuyew wePacific anogovera tariro nokuda kwavananyajambwa vekenza yechibereko namazamu, kuti kemikari rinobva mumate echikweva maropa rinonyungudutsa kumandana kweropa mukati mokuvhiya, zvichingunopfuurira nendaza yatoreba neinosanooneka pasinei hapo nomugariro muduku wokunzvera unotaurwa kukuwanwa kwemishonga inobva muzvirimwa kana kuti mhuka.
“Mukukanganwa kukuru kuri nyorewo kufuratira betsero idzo gadziriro dzokutsamirana dzinogovera kuvanhu. Dzinopfumisa ivhu ndokuita mhepo imene yatinofema. Pasina idzi betsero kuvapo papasi kwedzinza romunhu kungava kwakashata uye kupfupi.”
Sokureva kunoita chirevo—chakaitwa kuti chifinhe kupfurikidza nokudzokororwa dzokororwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti chakakodzera zvikuru—mashoko apfuura anongova bedzi chikamu chiduku chinomirira rutivi rukuru zvikuru rwakavandika. Kuparadzanywa kwapasi kuchaguma rini? Uye ndiani achakugumisa? Nyaya inotevera inopa mhinduro dzacho.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 22]
Sahara Desert guru reAfrica raichimbova rakasvibira
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 23]
‘Iwe, uyo anoparidza kuti, “Chengeta masango ako,” unotema ako umene here?’
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 23]
Carbon dioxide yakanyanyoita shoma—mugariro wokunze unotonhora zvikuru
Yakanyanyowandisa yayo—makomo echando anonyunguduka
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 24]
“Kunoita musianoi kana mamwe marudzi akaparadzwa?”
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 24]
Kana pasina zvinhu zvipenyu zvinotsamirana zvidukusa, kuvapo kwedzidza romunhu kungava kwakashata uye kupfupi
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 25]
Sango rinonaya mvura yakawanda reAmazon, murunako rwaro rwose rwapakutanga
Sango rinonaya mvura yakawanda yakawanda, pashure pokunge raparadzanywa nomunhu
[Credit Lines]
Abril Imagens/João Ramid
F4/R. Azoury/Sipa
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]
Marara amakemikari ane chepfu anoshatsa mhepo, mvura, uye ivhu
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Feig/Sipa