Mune Nzvimbo Yavose Vari Vaviri Munhu Nemhuka Here?

NEIKO mhuka dziri kuderera mumativi akawanda kwazvo eAfrica? (Ona bhokisi, peji rakanangana nerino.) Vamwe vanopomera kukura kunokurumidza kwechiverengero chavanhu chavagari vemo vomunyika.

Chokwadi, mamwe mativi eAfrica, zvikurukuru mumaguta, akanyanyozadzwa nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Uyewo, nzvimbo dzomumaruwa dzinonyanyofurwa nezvipfuyo zvavarimi vakawanda vamapurazi maduku. Somuenzaniso, rangarira nzvimbo dzina vagari vemo vakawanda dzeVenda, Gazankulu, uye Kangwane, dzakaganhurana neKruger National Park. Idzi nzvimbo dzinogara vatema dzakaitwa sorutivi rwowaichimbova muitiro worusaruraganda weSouth Africa uye une kutsikinyidzana kwechiverengero chavagari vemo chavanhu chavanobvira pavanhu 70 kusvikira kuvanopfuura 100 pakiromita rakaenzana kumativi mana ose. Kufamba nomuidzi nzvimbo pakuenda kundofarikanya zororo muKruger National Park kunogona kuva kunokangaidza. “Nzanga dzinogara pamiganhu . . . dzine urombo, zvikurukuru dzine vasingashandi uye vanorumwa nenzara,” rinotsanangura kudaro pepanhau reSouth Africa rinonzi Sowetan. “Mhuka,” rinodaro rimwe pepanhau romunzvimbomo, The Natal Witness, “dzinogara muuswa hwakaisvonaka huri murutivi rwadzo rwefenzi.”

Mukuwirirana nemishumo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, zviremera zveKruger Park zvinokarakadza kuita zvakawanda kuti zvibetsere vanhu vari pamiganhu yenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka. Asika chii chingaitika kana fenzi yose ikabviswa uye kusvika kusina kuganhurirwa kukabvumirwa kuvavhimi, vafudzi, uye vagari vemo? Nyanzvi dzezvokuchengetedza dzinotyira kuti pakupedzisira mhuka zhinjisa dzingatsakatidzwa, sezvakaitika mune dzimwe nyika.

Nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzinotarisirwa zvakanaka dzinoita rutivi runokosha mukuchengetedzwa kwemhuka, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzine chiverengero chavagari vemo chakatsikinyidzana. Nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzinogonawo kupinza mari inodikanwa zvikuru inobva kuvashanyi vokumwe. (Ona bhokisi, peji 5.) “Idzi nharaunda,” anogumisa kudaro mutori nhau weAfrica Musa Zondi, munyaya yomuSowetan yanongedzerwa kwairi pamusoro apa, “dzinogoverawo mabanza ebasa nokuda kwezviuru zvavanhu—zvikurukuru avo vanogara pedyo neidzi nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka. Kupfuurazve, iyi inhaka yedu. Hataigona kusiira vana vedu chipo chiri nani kupfuura idzi nzvimbo.”

Kunyanyowandisa Kwavagari Vemo—Ityisidziro Bedzi Here?

Kuwedzera kwechiverengero chavagari vemo chavanhu hakusati kuri tyisidziro bedzi kumhuka dzeAfrica. Rangarira, somuenzaniso, nyika ina huru dzeAfrica dzakaganhurana: Namibia, Botswana, Angola, uye Zambia. Idzi dzinoita nharaunda yakakura zvikuru kupinda India, bva dzine tsikinyidzano yechiverengero chavagari vemo chakabatanidzwa chavanhu vane vatanhatu bedzi pakiromita rakaenzana kumativi mana ose. Ikoko kunoenzaniswa zvishomanene nokutsikinyidzana kwechiverengero chavagari vemo chenyika dzakadai seGermany, chine 222 pakiromita rakaenzana kumativi mana ose; Britain, ine 236 pakiromita rakaenzana kumativi mana ose; uye India, ine 275 pakiromita rakaenzana kumativi mana ose! Kutaura idi, tsikinyidzano yechiverengero chavagari vemo yeAfrica yose, 22 pakiromita rakaenzana kumativi mana ose, iri pasi zvikuru peavhareji yenyika ye 40.

“Chiverengero chavagari vemo chavanhu muAfrica chiri kuwedzera nomutoo wokukurumidza,” anobvuma kudaro Richard Bell weZambia mubhuku rinonzi Conservation in Africa, “asi kutsikinyidzana kwechiverengero chose chavagari vemo kuchiri kwakaderera zvikuru kunze kwenzvimbo dzakati dzakaitwa dzomunzvimbomo.”

Hosha, kusanaya kwemvura kunoparadza, mabasa amarudzi ose okuuraya mhuka zvisiri pamutemo, hondo dzavagari vemo, uye kuregeredzwa kwavagari vomumaruwa zvose zvinobetsera kukuderera kwemhuka dzeAfrica.

Rwisano yamasimba makuru pakati peyaichimbova Soviet Union neMadokero kwakaguma nokurwisana muAfrica yose, namativi ose ari maviri achidururira zvombo zvisingaitiki munyikayo. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvimwe zvezvombo zvinopfura zvoga zvakashandiswa kuuraya mhuka kuti kudyiswe mauto anorumwa nenzara uye kuwana zvombo zvakawanda zvinobva mukutengeswa kwenyanga dzenzou, nyanga dzezvipembere, nezvimwe zviyeuchidzo zvemhuka uye zviitwa. Kuparadzwa kunokurumidza kwemhuka hakuna kuguma nokupera kweHondo Youtsinye. Zvombo zvichirimo muAfrica. Pamusoro peimwe yehondo dzavagari vemo dzeAfrica, muAngola, magazini inonzi Africa South inoshuma, kuti: “Kuuraya mhuka zvisiri pamutemo, kwakatoitika kazhinji kazhinji muhondo yose, kwakawedzera chifo chokupera kwehondo nemhaka yokuti kwave kusina kudzorwa kwavarwi vakasunungurwa muhondo.” Uye hondo iyoyo chifocho yakamutsidzirwa.

Vanouraya mhuka zvisiri pamutemo vakawanda vanopinza upenyu hwavo mungozi nemhaka yezvitsama zvikuru zvemari zvinobatanidzwa. “Nyanga imwe [yechipembere] inogona kuita [inenge Z$165 000],” rinoshuma kudaro pepanhau reAfrica, The Star. Nyanzvi yezvokuchengetedza, Dr. Esmond Martin, yakashanyira nyika yeAsia muna 1988 ndokuwana kuti mutengo wenyanga yechipembere wakanga wawedzera mukati mamakore matatu kubvira paZ$10 111 kusvikira ku Z$30 756 pakirogiramu.

Ndiani Achatanga Kubaya?

Matanho makuru akaitwa kurereudzira ngwariro kutyisidziro yakaparirwa nokudiwa kwenyanga dzenzou nenyanga dzezvipembere. Muna July 1989, mamirioni avaoni veTV munyika yose vakaona murwi mukuru wamatani 12 enyanga dzenzou, noukoshi hunofungidzirwa huri pakati pamadhora ana mamirioni matatu namatanhatu, uchipiswa napurezidhendi weKenya, Daniel arap Moi. Mutarisiri wemhuka weKenya, Dr. Richard Leakey, akabvunzwa kuti kupambadza kuri pachena kwakadaro kwaigona sei kururamiswa. “Hataikwanisa kupwisa vanhu muAmerica, Canada kana kuti Japan kuti varege kutenga nyanga dzenzou kudai takanga tichiri kudzitengesa,” akapindura kudaro. Zvamazvirokwazvo, matanho akadaro akakatyamadza vanhu vakawanda kupinda mukubatira pamwe nerambidzo yamarudzi ose pakutengesa nyanga dzenzou. Kudiwa kwezviitwa zvenyanga dzenzou kwakaderera zvikuru.

Nechipembere, nhau yacho yakasiana. Kunyange zvazvo purezidhendi weKenya akapisa nyanga dzezvipembere dzinokosha mamirioni amadhora muna 1990, kudiwa kunopfuurira. (Ona bhokisi rinoti “Chikonzero Nei Nyanga Yechipembere Yakakurumbira Kwazvo,” peji 9.) Kuti dzidzivirire zviverengero zviri kuderera zvezvipembere, dzimwe nyika dzakatendeukira kukugura nyanga dzeizvi zvisikwa. Pane dzimwe nguva inhangemutange yokupererwa nezano rose pamusoro pokuti ndiani achatanga kubaya, nyanzvi yezvokuchengetedza ine museve unotindivadza kana kuti anouraya mhuka zvisiri pamutemo ane chombo chinouraya chinopfura choga.

Kombamiro Itsva Mukuchengetedza

Vavhimi vokumadokero navezvokuchengetedza vanguve vachikoshesa mano okuronda mhuka avagari vomumaruwa. Zvamazvirokwazvo, vagari veAfrica vakawanda vane zivo inoshamisa yemhuka. “Yakawanda yeiyi zivo,” anotsanangura kudaro Lloyd Timberlake mubhuku rake rinonzi Africa in Crisis, “inopinzwa mukutaura, uye inotyisidzirwa sezvo vagari veAfrica vanobva mumaruwa nokuda kwamaguta . . . Nokudaro nyika iri mungozi yokurasikirwa . . . neicho nyanzvi yezvamagariro avanhu Leslie Brownrigg akaidza kuti ‘mazana amakore okunzvera kwakaitwa navanhu vakawanda.’”

Munguva yakapfuura, hurumende dzokumwe dzinodzora nyika dzakagadza nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka kupfurikidza nokubvisa vagari vemo vari varimi avo kwamazana amakore vakanga vatsamira pamhuka nokuda kwezvokudya. Zvino dzimwe hurumende dzeAfrica dziri kutsvaka betsero yaava varimi vomumaruwa vanguve vakaregeredzwa. “Mumarudzi anoverengeka okumaodzanyemba kweAfrica,” inoshuma kudaro Worldwatch Institute, “hurumende yakarega udzori hwapoga pamhuka. Nzanga dzomumaruwa dzinogara mugumi dzeGame Management Areas dzine 31 dzeZambia dzakapiwa maruramiro kumhuka; kuuraya mhuka zvisiri pamutemo kwakaderera zvikuru uye zviverengero zvemhuka zvinoratidzika kuva zviri kuwanda somuuyo.” Kune mimwe mishumo yebudiriro uko vagari vomumaruwa vari varimi vakabatanidzwa nokuchengetedza kwavo vamene, kwakadai sapakati pechipembere nenzou dzomugwenga dzeKaokoland muNamibia, munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzeKangwane muSouth Africa, uye mune dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica.

Pasinei hapo neiyi kombamiro inovimbisa, nyanzvi dzezvokuchengetedza dzinoramba dzichiitira hanya nguva yemberi. Zvikurukuru uku mutoo mutsva unongova bedzi chigadzikiso chechinguvana. Munhambo refu, wedzero inokurumidza yechiverengero chavagari vemo yorudzi rwomunhu inoramba iri tyisidziro. “Kupfuura zana ramakore rinotevera,” inotsanangura kudaro U.S.News & World Report, “chiverengero chavagari vemo chavanhu chinokarirwa kuwedzera neanodokuva mabhirioni mashanu, zvikurukuru munyika dziri kubudirira idzo, kwete nomutoo wokuitika panguva imwe cheteyo, dziriwo nzvimbo dzoutiziro dzokupedzisira dzemhuka panyika.”

Chiverengero chavagari vemo chavanhu zvachinofutunukira munzvimbo dzerenje, rwisano inotanga pakati pomunhu nemhuka. “Marudzi akawanda emhuka huru dzeAfrica haawirirani nezvimiro zvikurusa zvokubudirira kwamaruwa, somuenzaniso nzou, mvuu, chipembere, nyati, shumba negarwe, pamwe chete nedzimwe dzemhara huru zvikuru, mhuka dzakakwirira uye nguruve,” rinotsanangura kudaro bhuku rinonzi Conservation in Africa.

Munhu zvaasina chigadzikiso chokurarama kwenhambo refu kwemhuka dzeAfrica, ndiani anacho?

[Bhokisi/Mepu iri papeji 7]

“Nyati dzakaderera kubva pa 55 000 kusvikira kushomanene zvikuru dzinopfuura 4 000, madhumukwa kubva pa 45 000 kusvikira kumashomanene zvikuru anopfuura 5 000, mbizi kubva pa 2 720 kusvikira kudzinenge 1 000, uye mvuu dzakaderedzwa kubva pa 1 770 kusvikira kudzinenge 260.”—Enzanisiro dzenzvero dzomundege dzakaitwa muna 1979 na 1990 muMarromeu Delta yeMozambique uye yakashumwa mumagazini yeAfrican Wildlife, March/April 1992.

“Muna 1981 dzinenge mbizi 45 000 dzakatama nomumapani nomumasango [okuchamhembe kweBotswana]. Asi pakasvika 1991 dzine 7 000 bedzi dzakapedza rwendo rumwe cheterwo.”—Unobva mumagazini inonzi Getaway mukuhwirudzura kwayo kwevhidhiyo yemhuka inonzi Patterns in the Grass, November 1992.

“Mukati mokushanya kwedu [kuTogo, West Africa] takawana chiverengero chinofadza nechisingakarirwi chenzou dzomusango muFosse aux Lions Nature Reserve . . . Kuverengwa kwemhuka kwomundege kwakaitwa muna March 1991 kwakabudisa hwerengedzo yemhuka 130. . . . [Asi murisingasviki gore rimwe,] zviverengero zvenzou muFosse aux Lions zvakaderera kusvikira ku 25.”—Kwakashumwa mumagazini inonzi African Wildlife, March/April 1992.

[Mepu]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzeAfrica dzinoita rutivi runokosha mukuchengetedza marudzi akawanda

AFRICA

MOROCCO

WESTERN SAHARA

MAURITANIA

ALGERIA

MALI

TUNISIA

LIBYA

NIGER

NIGERIA

EGYPT

CHAD

SUDAN

DJIBOUTI

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CAMEROON

CONGO

Cabinda (Angola)

GABON

ZAIRE

UGANDA

KENYA

SOMALIA

TANZANIA

ANGOLA

ZAMBIA

MALAWI

NAMIBIA

ZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE

BOTSWANA

MADAGASCAR

SOUTH AFRICA

SENEGAL

GAMBIA

GUINEA-BISSAU

GUINEA

BURKINA FASO

BENIN

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERIA

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

GHANA

TOGO

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

SWAZILAND

LESOTHO

Fosse aux Lions

Nature Reserve

Masai Mara Game Reserve

Serengeti National Park

Marromeu Delta

Kruger National Park

Mediterranean Sea

Red Sea

Indian Ocean

Nharaunda Dzadudzwa Munyaya

Nzvimbo Huru Dzinochengeterwa Mhuka Dzamarudzi

[Bhokisi riri papeji 9]

Chikonzero Nei Nyanga Yechipembere Yakakurumbira Kwazvo

“THREE LEGS Brand Rhinoceros Horn Anti-Fever Water.” Irero izita romushonga wakakurumbira unotengeswa muMalaysia, mukuwirirana navanyori vebhuku rinonzi Rhino, Daryl naSharna Balfour. Rebhuro riri pano uyu mushonga unokarakadzwa rine iri shoko, rinoti: “Uyu mushonga unogadzirwa nomutoo wokungwarira kubva muRhinoceros Horn and Anti-Fever Drugs yakagadzirwa zvakanakisisa, uye mukutarisira kwakananga kweNyanzvi. Uyu mushonga unoshamisa unoita samashiripiti mukupa ruyamuro rwapakarepo kuna avo vanotambura ne: Mararia, Tembiricha Yakakwira, Fivhiri inotapura Mwoyo uye Mapfundo Mana, Mukurwisana neDzungu Remwaka, Kupenga, Kurwadza Kwamazino, zvichingunodaro.”—Kutsveyamiswa kwamashoko ndokwedu.

Zvitendero zvakadaro zvakapararira munyika dzeAsia. Nyanga yechipembere iri muchimiro chemvura kana kuti upfu inowanika nyore nyore mumaguta mazhinji eAsia. Mutariro dzokukurira mukurumbira wazvo, vanaBalfour vanotaura kuti: “Kushandisa mushonga wenyanga yechipembere kune ukoshi humwe chetehwo hwomushonga sokutsenga nzara dzako dzamaoko.”

MuYemen, nyanga yechipembere inokosheswa nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero—sechinhu chezvibatiso zvamabakatwa. Anopfuura matani 22 akapinzwa munyika mumakore gumi omuma 70, uye kwakaoma kuwana chinotsiva chakakodzera. “Vagari veYemen,” vanotsanangura kudaro vanaBalfour, “vakawana kuti hakuna chinhu chakanaka senyanga yechipembere nokuda kwenduramo uyewo chitarisiko. . . . Kana [zvibatiso zvamabakatwa] zvikagara zvikuru zvinotarisika zviri nani zvikuru, zvibatiso zvagara zvamabakatwa zvinoratidzika sezvakachenuruka.”

[Magirafu/Mifananidzo iri papeji 8]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

2 720

1 000

1979 Chiverengero chembizi 1990

55 000

3 696

1979 Chiverengero chenyati 1990

1 770

260

1979 Chiverengero chemvuu 1990

45 000

4 480

1979 Chiverengero chemadhumukwa 1990

Mitaro yokuenzanisira muzviverengero zvemhuka muMarromeu Delta nokuda kwa 1979 na 1990

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Pasi pokuruboshwe: Safari-Zoo of Ramat-Gan, Tel Aviv