Ndiani Anodzivirira Mhuka dzeAfrica?
YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WAMUKAI! MUSOUTH AFRICA
ZVINHU zvisiri zvomutsa zvakataurwa pamusoro penzira inorangarira nayo vagari veAfrica nhaka yavo yemhuka. ‘Havana nzwisiso chaiyoiyo nokuda kwayo; vanongoirangarira bedzi samanyuko ezvokudya nemari,’ vanotaura kudaro vamwe vashanyi. Chii chakava chikonzero cheidzi mhedziso? Nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka kazhinji kazhinji dzakazara navashanyi vokuMadokero uye vagari vemo vashomanene zvikuru. Asi mumwe ishe wechiZulu muSouth Africa akambotsanangura, kuti: “Mune zvinetso zvinopinganidza vatema vanoshanyira nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka. Kwatiri kuchengetedza mhuka umbozha uhwo vatema vashomanene bedzi vanokwanisa mune zvemari kuti vafarikanye.”
Vagari veAfrica vakawanda nhasi, mukusafanana namadzibaba avo, vanokurira munzvimbo dzakamanikidzana dzamaguta, umo vakaparadzana nemhuka. Uyewo, vagari vomumaruwa vanowanzova vanyajambwa vourombo nokuregeredzwa. “Avo bedzi vane matumbu akaguta vanogona kukwanisa kuchengeta mhuka nokuda bedzi kwezvikonzero zvokuda runako, zvetsika uye zvedzidzo,” akatsanangura kudaro mumwe muchengeti wemhuka wenyika yokuMadokero kweAfrica.
Pasinei hapo neizvi zvinhu zvakaipa, mhuka musoro wakakurumbira muunyanzvi hweAfrica, sezvo shanyo kuzvitoro zveAfrica ichapupurira. Kuchera matongo kunozivisa mhuka somusoro wounyanzvi weAfrica kubvira munguva dzekare. Ikoko hakusati kuri chibvumikiso chokuonga runako rwemhuka here?
Rangarira chinoitika chaAbel naRebecca, avo vaviri vakapedzera chiverengero chakati chamazororo munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzokumaodzanyemba kweAfrica. Bva, vose vari vaviri vakakurira mumataundishipi avatema eSouth Africa. Fariro yaRebecca mumhuka yakatanga nemhaka yamazoo avose muJohannesburg nePretoria. “Somwana,” anotsanangura kudaro, “nguva bedzi yataiona mhuka yakanga iri apo taishanyira aya mazoo.”
Kuda kwaAbel mhuka kwakatanga nomutoo wakasiana. Aiwanzopedzera mazororo echikoro mumaruwa navanasekuru vake. “Sekuru vangu,” anoyeuka kudaro, “vainongedzera mhuka dzakasiana-siana ndokutsanangura miitiro yadzo. Ndinoyeuka vachindiudza pamusoro pechitsere, nekashiri kakachenjera, shezhu huru zvikuru, iyo inodavirwa kuva inotungamirira mhuka kumikoko.” Abel anorondedzera ichi chinoitika chinofadza chaakava nacho somukomana wamakore 12 okukura.
“Rimwe zuva, tichingunofamba musango, sekuru vangu vakarereudzira ngwariro yangu kushiri duku yakaratidzika kuva iri kutidana. Yakanga iri shezhu. Naizvozvo takatevera shiri sezvayaibhururuka mberi kwedu pagwenzi negwenzi. Ikoku kwakapfuurira kweinopfuura hafu yeawa. Pakupedzisira shiri yakamhara pabazu ndokurega kudanidzira. Sekuru vangu vakati zvino tinofanira kutsvaka mukoko. Sezvaikarirwa, nokukurumidza takaona nyuchi dzichipinda mumwena uri pasi peibwe. Mukungwarira sekuru vangu vakabura uchi. Ipapo vakatora chimedu chezinga china mazana machiri ndokuchiisa padombo. Iyi yakanga iri nzira yavo yokuratidzira nayo kuonga shiri nokuda kwokutitungamirira kumukoko.”
Uhu ukama hunoshamisa pakati pomunhu neshezhu hwakapupurirwa zvakanaka nenyanzvi dzoruzivo rweshiri. “Handisati ndichizotongokanganwa chinoitika chacho,” anopfuurira kudaro Abel. “Kwakandiita kuti ndide kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhuka.”
Aichimbova murwi weMasai weTanzania, Solomon ole Saibull, uyo gare gare akakwaniriswa senyanzvi yokuchengetwa kwemhuka, akaisa nhau muchimiro chadzo apo iye nomutoo wounyoro akatsanangura kumunyori wokuMadokero, achiti: “Ini ndinoziva chiverengero chikuru chavagari veAfrica vanonzwisisa isati ichingova bedzi migariro yezvemari yokuchengetedzwa kwemhuka, asiwo mipimo isati iri chaiyo . . . Ivava vanhu—vagari veAfrica—vanogona kugara ndokuona Chisiko sezvachinozviratidzira chimene munzira dzakasiana-siana dzakaisvonaka. Kudoka kwezuva pamusoro pamakomo epepuro, chiono chouswa uye kuoneka kwenzizi namapani, mhatsa uye huwandu hwezvisikwa murusununguko rwadzo rwose—dzose dzichiumba zvinoitika zvakawanda zvinofadza. Zvirokwazvo, uku kunzwa kwakaisvonaka hakuna kuganhurirwa kuEurope neAmerica here?”
Hungu, kubvira kuvagari vomumataundishipi vanozvininipisa kusvikira masayendisiti akafunda zvikuru—ndivanaani vanogona kukundikana kuororwa nenhaka yemhuka yeAfrica? Mumwe mudzidzisi wezvokurapwa kwemhuka weGermany uyo pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi akashanyira South Africa neKruger National Park yayo akati: “Ndakawana chisiko nemhuka kuva chinhu chinofadza zvikurusa nechinodakadza pamusoro peiyi nyika. Nemhatsa yedu duku yemhuka huru neshaiko yenzvimbo muGermany, chisiko chemhuka nokuchengetedzwa pauyu mwero hachizivikanwi chose chose.”
Vashanyi vanokweverwawo kunzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka hurusa muBotswana, Namibia, uye Zimbabwe. Asi zvichida musasa mukurusa wemhuka huru muAfrica unowanwa muSerengeti National Park yeTanzania uye makapoteredza neMasai Mara Game Reserve yeKenya. Idzi nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzine mukurumbira dzakabatana, uye mhuka hadzina kuisirwa ruzhowa. “Pamwe chete,” inotsanangura kudaro magazini yeInternational Wildlife, “Serengeti-Mara inotsigira chimwe chezviverengero zvikurusa zvemhuka zvenyika: mvumba dzine mamirioni 1,7, nondo dzine 500 000, mbizi dzine 200 000, mhofu dzine 18 000, uye chiverengero chikuru chenzou, shumba nedindingwe.”
John Ledger, mupepeti wamagazini yeSouth Africa Endangered Wildlife, akaita shanyo yake yokutanga kuKenya muna 1992 uye akairondedzera se‘nzvimbo yakaisvonaka neinoshamisa.’ Masai Mara, iye akanyora kudaro, “inofanira kuva yakafanana nokuoneka kwenzvimbo yazuro iyo Cornwallis Harris [munyori womuzana ramakore rechi 19 nomuvhimi] akaona, sezvaakaongorora mukati meSouth Africa muma 1820. Mabomho akaorera, minzwa yakapararira, uye mhuka dzakawanda, kusvikira uko ziso rinogona kuona!”
Mumvuri Wembiri Yekare
Nomutoo unosuruvarisa, munzvimbo huru yeAfrica nhasi, tinoona mhuka shomanene zvikuru dzinopfuura dzakaonwa navagari veEurope mumazana amakore akapfuura. Somuenzaniso, muna 1824 muchena wokutanga akagara muiyo yakava nyika inodzorwa neBritain yeNatal (zvino yava ruwa rweSouth Africa). Nyika duku inodzorwa neyokumwe ine mhuka dzakawanda zvikuru zvokuti misoro yenguva dzose yemhuka dzinovhimwa ndokuitwa zviyeuchidzo nokuda kwokuratidzwa nezvimwe zviitwa zvemhuka zvakanga zviri shavo yayo huru. Mugore rimwe, makanda emvumba namakanda embizi dzinosvika 62 000 zvakatumirwa zvichibva pachiteshi chengarava cheDurban, uye mune rimwe gore rakanyorwa, matani anopfuura 19 enyanga dzenzou akatumirwa. Nokukurumidza, chiverengero chavachena chakanga chakura kusvikira kuvanopfuura 30 000, asi zhinjisa dzemhuka dzakanga dzaparadzwa. “Kune mhuka shoma zvikuru dzasara,” akashuma kudaro mutongi weNatal muna 1878.
Nhau imwe cheteyo inosuruvarisa inogona kutaurwa muna mamwe mativi eAfrica uko hurumende dzokumwe dzinodzora nyika dzakabvumira kuparadzwa kwemhuka kupfuurira kusvikira muzana ramakore rechi 20. Rangarira Angola, iyo yakawana kuzvitonga kubva kuPortugal muna 1975. “Chinyorwa chehurumende yokumwe inodzora nyika,” anonyora kudaro Michael Main mubhuku rake rinonzi Kalahari, “hachisati chichiorora. Kuti vazarure Ruwa rweHuila nokuda kwepurazi rokupfuya mombe, Diploma Number 2242 Legislativo rine mukurumbira wakashata ra 1950 rakazivisa nharaunda kuva nyika yokuvhima. Somuuyo, kuurawa kukuru kwemhuka kwakaitika . . . Inodokuva mhuka huru iri yose yakaparadzwa. Kwakakarakadzwa kuti kuuraya kwakabatanidza zvipembere 1 000, furiramudenga dzine zviuru zvinoverengeka, uye makumi ezviuru emvumba, mbizi uye nyati. Diploma harina kupedzwa kwaanodokuva makore maviri nehafu, pari panguva apo kuvadziko yakanga yaitwa, uye kwakanga kusina mhuka dzakasara.”
Asika chii chiri mugariro wacho nhasi, uye rudzii rwenguva yemberi runomirira mhuka dzeAfrica?
[Bhokisi riri papeji 5]
Nzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Mhuka Dzinopinza Mari
Nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzeAfrica neminhanga yamarudzi zvakaparadzirwa munyika ino huru kusvikira kuhwerengedzo inofungidzirwa yamakiromita 850 000 akaenzana kumativi mana ose. Iwawo akaenzana nenharaunda yakakura zvikuru kupfuura Britain neGermany dzabatanidzwa.
Muzhinji dzeidzi nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka, unogona kuona anonzi marudzi makuru mashanu emhuka—nzou, chipembere, shumba, ingwe, uye nyati. Kubvira kumakondo makurusa anobhururuka mudenga kusvikira kuzvitutandove zvakaderera zvichikungurutsa mburumbwa dzazvo dzomupfudze zvichidarika migwagwa, kune zvisikwa zvakawanda zvinofadza ziso.
Zviuru zvavashanyi vemhiri kwamakungwa zvinoonga idzi mhuka. Gore rimwe nerimwe vanodira madhora anopfuura bhirioni rimwe munyika dzinotarisira vanyambavarira vemhuka. Hungu, nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzinopinza mari.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 4]
Isati iri nguva refu zvikuru, zviuru zvisingaverengeki zvemhuka dzakaurawa gore rimwe nerimwe nokuda kwezviyeuchidzo namakanda muSouth Africa
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Courtesy Africana Meseum, Johannesburg