Hondo Yacho Iri Kuhwinwa Here?

“TARISIRAI pasi rino, ndiro rimwe bedzi ratinaro.” Ichi chakanga chiri chikumbiro chinoshamisa chaPrince Philip weBritain, purezidhendi weWorld Wide Fund for Nature.

Zviuru zvamakore pakuvamba-vamba, wezvemapisarema akanyora, kuti: “Kudenga denga ndiko kudenga denga kwaJehovha; asi pasi wakapa vanakomana vavanhu.” (Pisarema 115:16) Mwari akatipa pasi somusha wedu, uye tinofanira kuutarisira. Ndizvo zvinoreva ukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo.

Chaizvoizvo mashoko okuti “ukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo” anoreva “fundo yomusha.”a Imwe rondedzero inopiwa neThe American Heritage Dictionary ndeyokuti “fundo yetapuro dzinokuvadza dzepepuko yazvino uno pamhoteredzo, nechinangwa chokudzivirira kana kuti kuchinja kupfurikidza nokuchengetedza.” Kuchitaurwa nenzira yakapfava, ukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo hunoreva kuwana kuvadziko iyo munhu akaita uye ipapo kuwana nzira dzokuigadzirisa nayo. Ose ari maviri haasi mabasa ari nyore.

Zvokwadi Nhatu Dzomusha Dzoukama Hwezvinhu Zvipenyu Nemhoteredzo Yazvo

Barry Commoner, wezvesayenzi yezvipenyu, mubhuku rake rinonzi Making Peace With the Planet, anokarakadza mitemo mitatu yakapfava youkama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo iyo inobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei pasi riri risina dziviriro zvikuru kukubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Chinhu chiri chose chakabatanidzwa nechinhu chiri chosewo zvacho. Kungofanana nezino rimwe bedzi rakashata rinogona kutapura muviri wedu wose, naizvozvo kuvadziko kupfuma yomusikirwo yakati inogona kutanga nhevedzano yose yezvinetso zvemhoteredzo.

Somuenzaniso, mukati mamakore 40 akapfuura, 50 muzana yamasango eHimalaya yeNepal yakatemwa zvichida nokuda kwehuni kana kuti zvinogadzirwa zvemiti. Rangobviswa miti bedzi, ivhu ramateru egomo racho rakakukurwa apo mvura yemonsoon yakasvika. Pasina ivhu rapamusoro, miti mitsva yaisagona kudzika midzi nyore nyore, uye makomo mazhinji akava asingameri chinhu. Nemhaka yokutemwa kwamasango, Nepal iri kurasikirwa zvino namamiriyoni amatani evhu rapamusoro gore riri rose. Uye zvinetso zvacho hazvina kuganhurirwa kuNepal.

MuBangladesh mvura zhinji, idzo dzaimbonwiwa nemiti, dzinoyerera dzisingadziviswi dzichidzika makomo akakukurwa uye dzichipfuurira kumhenderekedzo, uko dzinoparira mafashamo ane ngwavaira. Munguva dzakapfuura, Bangladesh yaiva nokufashamira kune ngozi kamwe chete makore 50 ari ose; zvino ava makore 4 ari ose kana kuti ari pasi.

Mune mamwe mativi enyika, kutemwa kwamasango kwakatungamirira kukuitwa kwegwenga nechinjo mumamiriro okunze omunzvimbomo. Masango anongova pfuma yomusikirwo imwe iyo munhu ari kushandisa zvisina kunaka. Sezvo vezvesayenzi youkama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo vachiri vanoziva zvishomanene zvikuru pamusoro pamativi anobatana emhoteredzo yedu huru nezvipenyu zvayo, chinetso chingasacherechedzwa kusvikira kuvadziko yakakomba yatoitwa. Ikoku ndokwechokwadi muchiitiko chokuraswa kwetsvina, uko kunonyatsoratidzira mutemo wechipiri woukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo.

Chinhu chiri chose chinotofanira kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo. Fungidzira kuti musha chaiwoiwo waizoratidzika sei kudai pakanga pasina kuraswa kwamarara. Pasi redu rinongova muitiro wakavharwa wakadaro—tsvina yedu inofanira kusvika pakupedzisira kune imwe nzvimbo mumusha wapasi. Kuparadzwa kuduku kweozone layer kunoratidza kuti kunyange magasi anoratidzika kuva asingakuvadzi, akadai semachlorofluorocarbon (maCFC), haangonyangarikira chose chose mumhepo. MaCFC anongova chimwe chezvinhu zvine mazana zvine ngozi inobvira izvo zviri kubudisirwa mudenga, nzizi, uye makungwa.

Chokwadi, zvimwe zvinhu—zvinonzi “zvinogona kudyiwa netwupuka twusingaoneki nameso”—zvinogona pashure penguva yakati kuodzwa ndokushandiswa nemiitiro yomusikirwo, asi zvimwe hazvigoni. Mhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzenyika dzakasvibiswa nemakondena epurasitiki ayo achave aripo kwamakumi amakore anouya. Inooneka zvishoma itsvina ine muchetura yeindasitiri, iyo inowanzokuva yakavanzwa kune imwe nzvimbo. Kunyange zvazvo isingaoneki, hapana vimbiso yokuti ichava inokanganwika nguva dzose. Ichiri inogona kupinda mumigove yemvura yepasi pevhu ndokuparira ngozi huru youtano kumunhu nemhuka. “Hatizivi chokuita nemakemikoro ose ari kugadzirwa neindasitiri yazvino uno,” akabvuma kudaro wezvesayenzi wokuHungary paBudapest’s Institute of Hydrology. “Hatigoni kunyange kuaziva.”

Marara anotyisidzira zvikurusa aose itsvina ine mwaranzi inochetura, inobva munzvimbo dzesimba renyukireya. Zviuru zvamatani zvetsvina yenyukireya zvakachengetwa munzvimbo dzechinguvana, kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zvakatorasirwa mumakungwa. Pasinei zvapo namakore okunzvera kwesayenzi, hapana mhinduro yati yawanwa yokuchengeta kana kuti kurasa kwakakotsekana, kwechigarire, uye hapana iri pedyo. Hapana anoziva apo aya mabhomba anoputika panguva yakarongwa oukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo angaputika. Chinetso chacho zvirokwazvo hachisati chichizobva—tsvina yacho ichava ine mwaranzi inochetura kwamazana amakore kana kuti mamireniyumu anouya, kana kuti kusvikira Mwari aita chiito. (Zvakazarurwa 11:18) Kufuratira kwomunhu nhau yokuraswa kwetsvina kwomunhu chiyeuchidzowo chomutemo wechitatu woukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo.

Regai chisiko chitevere nzira yacho. Namamwe mashoko, munhu anofanira kubatira pamwe nemiitiro yomusikirwo panzvimbo pokuedza kuidzivisa nechimwe chinhu chaanofunga kuti chiri nani. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakaita muenzaniso wakajeka. Payakatanga kushandiswa, yakagonesa varimi kudzora sora ndokudokubvisa zvipembenene zvinoparadza. Mbesanwa huru nenzira yechienzi dzakaratidzika kuva dzinovimbiswa. Asi zvino zvinhu zvakashata. Sora nezvipembenene zvakabvumikisa kuva zvisingaurawi nomushonga unouraya zvipembenene mumwe pashure pomumwe, uye kwakava pachena kuti mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakanga ichiisira chepfu zvinodya zvipembenene zvomusikirwo, mhuka dzesango, uye kunyange iye munhu amene. Zvimwe wakatapurwa nokuisirwa chepfu yomushonga wezvipembenene. Ipapo uri mumwe wevanenge vananyajambwa vane miriyoni imwe munyika yose.

Kusawirirana kwokupedzisira ufakazi hunowedzera hwokuti mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene ungasatongovandudza mikohwe yembesanwa pakupedzisira. MuUnited States, zvipembenene zvinodya zvino rutivi rukuru zvikuru rwomukohwe kupfuura zvazvaiita chinjo yomushonga wokuuraya zvipembenene isati yaitika. Nenzira yakafanana, International Rice Research Institute, iri muPhilippines, yakawana kuti mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene haichavandudzi mikohwe yomupunga muSoutheast Asia. Kutaura idi, chirongwa chinopiwa mari nehurumende yeIndonesia icho chisingashandisi zvikuru mishonga inouraya zvipembenene chakawana wedzero ye15 muzana mukugadzirwa kwomupunga kubva muna 1987 pasinei zvapo nokuderera kwe65 muzana mukushandiswa kwemishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene. Kunyange zvakadaro, gore riri rose varimi venyika vachiri kushandisa zvikuru mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene.

Mitemo mitatu youkama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo yarongwa pamusoro apa inobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei zvinhu zviri kushata. Mimwe mibvunzo inokosha ndeiyi, Ikuvadziko yakadini yakatoitwa, uye inogona kugadziriswa here?

Ikuvadziko Yakakura Zvakadini Yakaitwa?

Mapu yenyika yabatanidzwa (ona mapeji 8-9) inosimbisa zvinetso zvikuru zvemhoteredzo uye uko zvakakomba zvikurusa. Sezviri pachena, apo kurasikirwa nenzvimbo yokugara kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu kunoparira kuparadzwa kwamarudzi emiti kana kuti mhuka, munhu haagoni kugadzira kuvadziko yacho. Imwe kuvadziko—yakadai sokuipa kweozone layer—yakatoitwa. Zvakadini nokushatiswa kwemhoteredzo kunopfuurira? Fambiro mberi iri kuitwa here mukukumisa kana kuti zvichida mukukuderedza?

Zviviri zvezviyero zvinokosha zvikurusa zvekuvadziko youkama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo kurima nokuredza. Neiko? Nemhaka yokuti kubereka kwazvo kunotsamira pamhoteredzo yakanaka uye nemhaka yokuti upenyu hwedu hunotsamira pamugove wezvokudya usingaperi.

Mativi ose ari maviri ari kuratidza zviratidzo zvokuipa. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization yakarangarira kuti mapoka engarava okuredza enyika haagoni kubata anopfuura matani mamiriyoni 100 ehove pasina kutyisidzira zvakakomba migove yehove. Hwerengedzo iyeyo yakapfuurwa muna 1989, uye kwakaitika sezvaikarirwa, gore rakatevera kubata kwenyika yose kwakaderera namatani mamiriyoni mana. Kuderera kwenzvimbo dzinoungana hove kwave kuri kukuru. MuAtlantic yokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, somuenzaniso, kubata kwacho kwakaderera ne32 muzana mukati mamakore 20 akapfuura. Zvinetso zvikuru kuredza kunopfuura mwero, kushatiswa kwamakungwa, uye kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzokuberekera.

Uyu muitiro unotyisa unoratidzirwa mukurimwa kwembesanwa. Mukati mema60 nema70, marudzi embesanwa akavandudzwa pamwe chete nokudiridza uye kushandiswa kukuru kwemishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene yemakemikoro nefetiraiza zvakawedzera kurimwa kwembeu kwenyika zvikuru. Zvino, mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene nefetiraiza zviri kurasikirwa nokubudirira kwazvo, uye kuperevedza kwemvura nokushatiswa zvinoparirawo mikohwe mishomanene zvikuru.

Kunyange zvazvo paine vanhu vokuwedzera vanodokuva mamiriyoni 100 vokudyisa gore rimwe nerimwe, mukati megumi ramakore rapfuura kwave kune kuderera muhwerengedzo yemunda unorimwa. Uye uyu munda wakakodzera kurimwa uri kurasikirwa nokuorera kwawo. Worldwatch Institute inofungidzira kuti gukuravhu rakatorera varimi matani ane mabhiriyoni 500 evhu rapamusoro mukati memakore 20 akapfuura. Nenzira isingadzivisiki, kugadzirwa kwezvokudya kwakavamba kuderera. Mushumo unonzi State of the World 1993 unotsinhira kuti “kuderera kwe6 muzana mukuwanikwa kwembeu pamunhu oga oga pakati pa1984 na1992 [kuri] zvimwe muitiro wezvoupfumi unokangaidza zvikurusa munyika nhasi.”

Nenzira yakajeka, upenyu hwamamiriyoni avanhu hunotoveri pangozi somugumisiro wokuregeredza kwomunhu mhoteredzo.

Munhu Anogona Here Kubata Nezvinetso Zvacho?

Kunyange zvazvo munhu ava kunzwisisa zvino chimwe chinhu pamusoro pechiri kuva chisina kururama, hakusi nyore kugadzirisa. Chinetso chokutanga ndechokuti kwaizoda mari zhinji—inenge mabhiriyoni $5 100 pagore—kuti ashandise zvikarakadzo zvizhinji zvakakarakadzwa paEarth Summit muna 1992. Kuzvibayira chaikoiko kwaizovawo kuri madikanwa—kuzvibayira kwakadai sokupambadza zvishoma uye kushandisazve zvakawanda, kuchengetedza mvura nesimba, kushandisa chokufambisa chavose panzvimbo pechomunhu oga, uye, kwakaoma zvikurusa kwezvose, kufunga pamusoro pepasi panzvimbo pefariro dzomunhu oga. John Cairns, Jr., sachigaro wedare reUnited States rokudzorera zvinhu zvipenyu zvomumvura nemhoteredzo yazvo, anotaura chinetso chacho nokupfupikisa, achiti: “Ndine tariro pamusoro pechatinogona kuita. Handina tariro pamusoro pechatichaita.”

Ndyiko huru yokuchenesa kwomwero mukuru ndeyokuti nyika zhinjisa dzinosarudza kunonozetsa zuva rokugadzirisa. Panguva yenjodzi yezvoupfumi, matanho emhoteredzo anorangarirwa setyisidziro kumabasa kana kuti kuderedza paupfumi. Kutaura kuri nyore pane kuita. Bhuku rinonzi Caring for the Earth rinorondedzera davidzo yacho kusvika panguva ino seyakafanana ne“zvipikirwa zvikuru zvisingaitwi.” Asi pasinei zvapo neiyi kundikano yokuita chiito nekurumidziro, ruzivo rutsva rwokugadzira zvinhu—kana rukapiwa nguva—harugoni here kuwana kurapwa kusingarwadzi kwezvirwere zvepasi? Sezviri pachena kwete.

Mukutaura pamwe chete, U.S. National Academy of Sciences neRoyal Society of London dzakabvuma nenzira yakajeka, kuti: “Kana fungidziro dzazvino uno dzokuwedzera kwenhamba yavagari vemo dzikabvumikisa kuva dzakarurama uye mitoo yomubato womunhu papasi ikaramba isingachinjwi, sayenzi noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvingava zvisingakwanisi kudzivirira kushata kwemhoteredzo kusingagadzirisiki kana kuti zvimwe urombo hunopfuurira nokuda kworutivi rukuru rwenyika.”

Chinetso chinotyisa chetsvina yenyukireya isina kwokuiisa chiyeuchidzo chokuti sayenzi haina simba rose. Kwamakore 40 vezvesayenzi vave vachitsvaka nzvimbo dzakakotsekana dzokuchengetera tsvina ine mwero wakakwirira wemwaranzi ine muchetura zvechigarire. Kutsvaka kwacho kuri kubvumikisa kuva kwakaoma zvikuru zvokuti dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seItaly neArgentina, dzakagumisa kuti hadzisati dzichizova nenzvimbo yakagadzirirwa kusvikira gore ra2040 kana dzikakurumidzisa. Germany, nyika ine tariro zvikurusa muiyi nharaunda, inokarira kupedzisa zvirongwa panosvika gore ra2008.

Neiko tsvina yenyukireya iri chinetso chakadaro? “Hapana wezvesayenzi kana kuti injiniya anogona kuvimbisa chose chose kuti tsvina ine mwaranzi ine michetura haisati ichizobvinza rimwe zuva muuwandu hune ngozi kubva kunyange munzvimbo dzokuchengetera dzakanakisisa,” anotsanangura kudaro wezvesayenzi yokuongorora mabwe Konrad Krauskopf. Asi pasinei zvapo nenyevero dzapakuvamba-vamba pamusoro pechinetso chokurasa tsvina, hurumende neindasitiri yenyukireya zvakapfuurira nomufaro, zvichifungidzira kuti ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rweramangwana rwaizogovera mhinduro. Remangwana racho harina kusvika.

Kana ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwusina mhinduro yakakodzera yenjodzi yemhoteredzo, ndezvipi zvimwe zvisarudzo zvasara? Kudikanwa kuchamanikidzira nyika pakupedzisira kushanda pamwe chete kudzivirira pasi here?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 7]

Kutsvaka Manyuko Esimba Rinomutsidzirika

Vazhinjisa vedu tinorerutsa simba—kusvikira pave nerima rinoparirwa nokuenda kwamagetsi kana kuti wedzero mumitengo yemafuta. Kushandiswa kwesimba, zvisinei, ndokumwe kwezvisakiso zvikurusa zvokushatisa. Zhinjisa resimba rinoshandiswa rinobva mukupisa huni kana kuti zvinhu zvomusikirwo zvezvisaririra, muitiro unorasira mamiriyoni amatani ecarbon dioxide mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi ndokuparadza masango epasi.

Simba renyukireya, chimwe chisarudzo, riri kuva risina kurovedzeka zvikuru nemhaka yengozi dzetsaona uye chinetso chokuchengeta tsvina ine mwaranzi ine muchetura. Zvimwe zvinotsiva zvinozivikanwa samanyuko esimba rinomutsidzirika, sezvo vachishandisa manyuko esimba anovapo nenzira yomusikirwo ayo anowanika pachena. Pane marudzi makuru mashanu.

Simba rezuva. Irori rinogona kuwanwa nyore nyore nokuda kwokudziyisa, uye mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seIsrael, dzimba zhinji dzine masolar panel okudziyisa mvura. Kushandisa zuva kubudisa magetsi kwakaoma zvikuru, asi mabhatiri ephotovoltage azvino uno ari kutogovera magetsi mumaruwa uye ari kuva asingadhuri.

Simba remhepo. Mahwindimiri makuru zvikuru akapararira zvino mumativi akati ane mhepo enyika. Magetsi anogoverwa neiri simba remhepo, sezvarinodanwa, akaderera mutengo zvakatsiga uye zvino akachipa mune dzimwe nharaunda kupfuura migove yenguva dzose yesimba.

Magetsi esimba remvura. Nechekare 20 muzana yamagetsi enyika inobva munzvimbo dzemagetsi esimba remvura, asi nenzira isingafadzi zhinjisa dzenzvimbo dzinoratidzika kuva dzakanaka munyika dzakabudirira dzakatoshandiswa. Madhamu makuru anogonawo kuita kuvadziko huru paukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo. Kariro iri nani, zvikurukuru munyika dziri kubudirira, inoratidzika kuva iyo yokuvaka nzvimbo duku zhinji dzemagetsi esimba remvura.

Simba rokupisa kwomukati mapasi. Dzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru Iceland neNew Zealand, dzakava dzinokwanisa kuboora kupinda mu“muitiro wemvura inopisa” mupasi. Kuputika kwamakomo kwapasi pevhu kunodziyisa mvura, iyo inogona kushandiswa kudziyisa dzimba ndokubudisa magetsi. Italy, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, uye United States dzakatangawo aya manyuko esimba romusikirwo kusvika kumwero wakati.

Simba ramafungu. Mafungu egungwa ari kushandiswa mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seBritain, France, uye Russia, kubudisa magetsi. Zvisinei, kune nzvimbo shomanene munyika idzo dzinokwanisa kugovera uyu mugove wesimba pamutengo usingadhuri.

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 8, 9]

Zvimwe Zvezvinetso Zvikuru Zvemhoteredzo Zvapasi

Kuparadzwa kwamasango. Zvikamu zvitatu zvezvina zvamasango omunzvimbo dzinodziya nehafu yamasango omunzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi haachisiko, uye mwero wokutemwa kwamasango wakawedzera nenzira inotyisa mukati megumi ramakore rakapfuura. Fungidziro dzazvino uno dzinoisa kuparadzwa kwamasango enzvimbo dzinopisa dzapasi pakati pemakiromita akaenzana kumativi mana ane 150 000 ne200 000 gore riri rose, hunenge ukuru hweUruguay.

Tsvina ine chepfu. Hafu yemakemikoro 70 000 ari kugadzirwa pari zvino anorongwa seane chepfu. United States bedzi inobudisa matani mamiriyoni 240 etsvina ine chepfu gore riri rose. Kushayikwa kwamashoko kunokuita kuti kusabvire kuwana hwerengedzo yenyika yose. Mukuwedzera, panosvika gore ra2000, kuchave kune anenge matani 200 000 etsvina ine mwaranzi inochetura yakachengetwa munzvimbo dzechinguvana.

Kuipa kwenyika. Chikamu chimwe chezvitatu chenzvimbo yapamusoro pepasi chiri kutyisidzirwa nokuva gwenga. Mune mamwe mativi eAfrica, Sahara Desert yakawedzera makiromita 350 mumakore 20 bedzi. Chokurarama nacho chavanhu vane mamiriyoni chiri kutotyisidzirwa.

Kuperevedza kwemvura. Vanhu vanenge mabhiriyoni maviri vanogara munharaunda umo mune perevedzo yenguva refu yemvura. Chinowedzera kuperevedza kwacho kupwa kwezviuru zvamatsime nemhaka yemwero inoderera yenzvimbo dzemvura dzaanotsamira.

Marudzi ari mungozi yokutsakatika. Kunyange zvazvo nhamba dzacho dziri dzokufungidzira munzira yakati, vezvesayenzi vanofungidzira kuti marudzi ari pakati pe500 000 ne1 000 000 emhuka, zvirimwa, uye zvipembenene achave aparadzwa panosvika gore ra2000.

Kushatiswa kwemhepo yakapoteredza pasi. Fundo yeUnited Nations mukuvamba kwama1980 yakawana kuti vanhu vane bhiriyoni imwe vanogara munharaunda dzamaguta idzo dzinoratidzirwa zuva nezuva kumwero inotyisidzira utano yechin’ai kana kuti magasi ane chepfu, akadai sesulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, uye carbon monoxide. Kuwedzera kwokukurumidza kwamaguta mugumi ramakore rakapfuura kwakaita nenzira isingapanikirwi kuti ichi chinetso chiipisise. Zvakare, matani mabhiriyoni 24 ecarbon dioxide ari kuiswa mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi gore negore, uye kunotyirwa kuti “kupisa kwapamusoro papasi nemhepo iri pedyo yakaripoteredza” kungaparira kudziya kwepasi.

[Map]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Kutemwa kwamasango

Tsvina ine chepfu

Kushatiswa kwemhoteredzo

Kuperevedza kwemvura

Marudzi ari mungozi

Kuipa kwenyika

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mountain High Maps™ copyright© 1993 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

Photo: Hutchings, Godo-Foto

Photo: Mora, Godo-Foto