Kurwisa Kudzivirira Pasi Redu

YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUSPAIN

YURY, uyo anogara muguta reRussia reKarabash, ane vana vaviri, uye vose vari vaviri vari kurwara. Anonetseka asi haashamiswi. “Hamuna vana vane utano hwakanaka muno,” anotsanangura kudaro. Vanhu veKarabash vari kuisirwa chepfu. Gore riri rose fekitari yomunzvimbomo inodururira matani 162 000 ezvinoshatisa mumhepo—matani 9 nokuda kwomurume ari wose, mukadzi, uye mwana anogara imomo. PaNikel neMonchegorsk zviri paKola Peninsula, kuchamhembe kweArctic Circle, “mbiri dzokunyungudutsa nickel hurusa dzenyika uye dzekare zvikuru . . . dzinodurura dzimwe simbi dzine simba zvikuru nesulfur dioxide mumhepo gore rimwe nerimwe kupfuura dzimwe fekitari dzipi nedzipi dzakadaro muRussia.”—The New York Times.

Mhepo yacho haisati iri yakanaka zvikuru muMexico City. Nzvero yakaitwa naDr. Margarita Castillejos yakawana kuti kunyange munharaunda yakapfuma yeguta racho, vana vacho vakanga vachirwara mazuva 4 pa5. “Kuva vanorwara kwava kwavari chinhu chenguva dzose,” akatsinhira kudaro. Chimwe chezvisakiso zvikuru, anodaro, ndicho chiutsi chinopararira chinobudiswa nezviuru zvemotokari idzo dzinozadza migwagwa yeguta. Zviri muozone zvinopfuura nekana nhungamiro hurusa yeWorld Health Organization.

MuAustralia ngozi yacho haioneki—asi inouraya zvakangofanana. Vana vanofanira zvino kupfeka heti pakufamba-famba munhandare yechikoro. Kuparadzwa kwechidzitiro chinodzivirira cheozone muHafu Yedenderedzwa Rapasi yokuMaodzanyemba kwakaita kuti vagari veAustralia vavambe kurangarira zuva somuvengi panzvimbo peshamwari. Vakatoona wedzero yakapetwa katatu mukenza yeganda.

Mune mamwe mativi enyika, kuwana mvura yakakwana ihondo yezuva nezuva. Apo Amalia akanga ane makore 13 okukura, nzara yakavapo muMozambique. Makanga musitongorina mvura yakakwana nokuda kwegore rokutanga uye makadokusava neipi neipi gore rakatevera. Zvirimwa zvemiriwo zvakasvava ndokufa. Amalia nemhuri yake vakamanikidzirwa kudya michero yomusango nokuchera munzizi dzine jecha nokuda kwemvura inokosha ipi kana ipi yavaigona kuwana.

Munharaunda yeIndia yeRajasthan, mafuro ayo ari kunyangarika nokukurumidza. Phagu, mutezo wedzinza rinotama-tama, anova kazhinji kazhinji nemakakatanwa navarimi vomunzvimbomo. Haagoni kuwana mafuro eboka rake ramakwai nembudzi. Nemhaka yokuperevedza kukuru kwomunda wakaorera, mazana amakore marefu okuvapo pamwe chete kune rugare pakati pavarimi navanotama-tama kwakaparara.

Mamiriro acho ezvinhu akatoipa zvikuru muSahel, nharaunda yakafara yenyika inonaya mvura shomanene kumucheto wokumaodzanyemba kweSahara muAfrica. Somugumisiro wokutemwa kwamasango nokusanaya kwemvura kunotevera, mapoka ose emhuka akaparadzwa uye minda miduku isingaverengeki yakafukidzwa mujecha regwenga riri kukura. “Handisati ndichizodyarazve,” akapika kudaro murimi wavanhu veFulani wokuNiger pashure pokuona mhunga yake ichikundikana kechinomwe. Mombe dzake dzakanga dzatofa nemhaka yokushayiwa mafuro.

Tyisidziro Inokura

Pane mativi akafanana anotyisidzira okusanaya kwemvura kwenguva pfupi yapfuura, kukohwa kusina kubudirira, uye mhepo yakashatiswa iyo inoshayisa mhepo yakanaka guta neguta. Zviratidzo zvepasi riri kurwara, pasi risati richiri kugona kugonana nezvinodikanwa zvose izvo munhu ari kututira pariri.

Hapana chimwe chinhu papasi chinokosha zvikuru kukurarama kwedu kupfuura mhepo yatinofema, zvokudya zvatinodya, uye mvura yatinonwa. Nenzira inopfuurira mberi, izvi zvinokosha zvinotsigira upenyu zviri zvimwe kushatiswa kana kuti kuparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma—nomunhu amene. Mune dzimwe nyika mamiriro emhoteredzo ari kutotyisidzira upenyu. Seizvo aichimbova purezidhendi weSoviet Mikhail Gorbachev akakutaura nenzira yakajeka kuti, “zvinetso zvoukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo zviri kutityisidzira zvikuru.”

Tyisidziro yacho haisati iri iyo inofanira kurerutswa. Nhamba yavagari venyika iri kuwedzera nenzira yakatsiga, uye zvinodikanwa papfuma yakaganhurirwa zviri kuwedzera. Lester Brown, purezidhendi weWorldwatch Institute, akataura munguva pfupi yapfuura kuti “tyisidziro inokurira kunguva yedu yemberi haisi denho yeuto asi kuipa kwemhoteredzo kwepasi.” Zvakakwana zviri kuitwa here kudzivisa ngwavaira?

Kurwisa Kwokudzivirira Pasi

Kwakaoma kubetsera chidhakwa chinopwiswa kuti hachina chinetso chokunwa. Nenzira yakafanana, danho rokutanga rokuvandudza utano hwenyika kuziva tambanuko yechirwere chacho. Sezvinobvira, dzidzo ndiyo budiriro yemhoteredzo yakatanhamara mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Vanhu vazhinjisa nhasi vanoziva zvikuru kuti pasi redu riri kuitwa kuti risabereke uye riri kushatiswa—uye kuti chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuitwa pamusoro pako. Tyisidziro yokuipa kwemhoteredzo inooneka zvino zvikuru kupfuura tyisidziro yehondo yenyukireya.

Vatungamiriri venyika havasati vari vasingazivi zvinetso zvacho. Vatungamiriri venyika 118 vakapinda Earth Summit muna 1992, mukati mayo nhano shomanene dzakaitwa kudzivirira mhepo yakapoteredza pasi nepfuma yepasi iri kuderera. Nyika zhinjisa dzakasaina chibvumirano chemamiriro okunze umo dzakabvuma kugadza muitiro wokushuma chinjo mukubudiswa kwecarbon, nenharidzano yokuita kuti kubudiswa kwose kuve kusingachinji munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Vakarangarirawo nzira dzokudzivirira nadzo mhatsa yezvipenyu zvepasi redu, hwerengedzo yose yamarudzi emiti nemhuka. Kubvumirana kwaisagona kusvikwa pakudzivirira masango enyika, asi musangano wacho wakaita zvinyorwa zviviri—“Rio Declaration” ne“Agenda 21,” izvo zvine nhungamiro panzira iyo nyika dzingagona kuwana nadzo “budiriro inoenderera mberi.”

Seizvo nyanzvi yemhoteredzo Allen Hammond anoonesa, “muedzo wakakomba uchava kana zvibvumirano zvakaitwa muRio zvichizochengetwa—kana mashoko acho akasimba achizotungamirira kuzviito mumwedzi namakore zviri mberi.”

Danho rinokosha rokufambira mberi, zvisinei, rakanga riri Montreal Protocol ya1987, iyo yaibatanidza chibvumirano chenyika dzakawanda chokumisa chlorofluorocarbons (maCFC) mukati meganhuriro yenguva yakagadzwa.a Neiko pane itiro hanya yacho? Nemhaka yokuti maCFC anotaurwa kuva ari kuita rutivi rukuru mukupedzwa kwokukurumidza kweozone layer inodzivirira yapasi. Ozone iri mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi yapamusoro inoita rutivi runokosha mukusefa mwaranzi isingaoneki yezuva, iyo inogona kuparira kenza yeganda uye tsanga. Ikoku hakusati kuchingova chinetso chiri muAustralia. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vezvesayenzi vakacherechedza kuderera kwe8 muzana muzviri muozone yomuchando pamusoro penharaunda dzinodziya dzeHafu Yedenderedzwa Rapasi yokuChamhembe. Matani mamiriyoni makumi maviri emaCFC akatokwira akananga kurutivi rwapamusoro rwemhepo yakapoteredza pasi.

Atarisana nouku kushatiswa kwemhepo yakapoteredza pasi kune ngwavaira, marudzi enyika akaisa kurutivi misiyano yawo ndokuita chiito chakasimba. Chimwe chiito chenyika dzakawanda chave chichiswederawo chokudzivirira marudzi ari mungozi, kuchengetedza Antarctica, uye kudzora kutengeswa kwetsvina ine muchetura.

Nyika zhinji dziri kuita matanho okuchenesa nzizi dzadzo (salmon dzakadzoka zvino kuThames River yeEngland), okudzora kushatiswa kwemhepo (kwakaderera ne10 muzana mumaguta eUnited States ane chiutsi chakaipisisa), okuwana manyuko esimba rakanaka remhoteredzo (80 muzana yemisha iri muIceland inodziyiswa nesimba rokupisa kwapakati papasi), uye okuchengetedza nhaka yadzo yomusikirwo (Costa Rica neNamibia dzakachinja inenge 12 muzana yehwerengedzo yenharaunda yenyika yadzo kuva manational park).

Izvi zviratidzo zvakanaka chibvumikiso chokuti rudzi rwomunhu rwuri kurangarira ngozi yacho zvakakomba here? Ichangova nhau yenguva bedzi pasi redu risati rava muutano hwakanaka zvakare here? Nyaya dzinotevera dzichaedza kupindura mibvunzo iyoyo.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]