Kuparadza Vana Kunoita Hondo

HONDO yacho, imwe yedzakawanda muhondo yavagari vemo yeSierra Leone, yakaitika mumavambo a1995. Sezvo pfuti dzakanyarara, Tenneh ane makore mana okukura, ane vabereki vakanga vatofa muhondo yacho, akaumburuka akuvadzwa. Bara rakanga rapinda mumusoro make, ragara seri kweziso rake rorudyi, uye paiva nengozi yokuti bara racho raizoparira utachiona hwaizopararira kusvika kuuropi hwake ndokumuuraya.

Mwedzi 16 gare-gare, varoorani vechiBritish vakaronga kuti Tenneh aendeswe kuEngland nendege kunovhiyiwa. Boka ravavhiyi rakabvisa bara racho, uye vanhu vakafara kuti kuvhiya kwacho kwakabudirira, kuti upenyu huduku hwakanga hwaponeswa. Bva, kufara kwacho kwakatonhodzwa nokuziva kuti Tenneh akasara ari nherera yaisafanira kunge yakatombopfurwa.

Zvombo, Nzara, Uye Hosha

Kunyange zvazvo Tenneh akarohwa nebara rakapotsa, nomutoo unowedzera vana havasi vanyajambwa vetsaona asi zvipfuro. Apo kusawirirana kwedzinza kunovamba, kuuraya vakuru hakuna kukwana; vana vomuvengi vanorangarirwa sevavengi vomunguva yemberi. Mushamarari wezvematongerwe enyika muRwanda akataura munhepfenyuro yeredhiyo ya1994 kuti: “Kana uchida kuuraya makonzo makuru, unofanira kuuraya maduku.”

Vana vazhinjisa vanofa muhondo, zvisinei, havasi vanyajambwa vemabhomba kana kuti mabara asi panzvimbo pezvo ndevenzara nechirwere. Muhondo dzeAfrica, somuenzaniso, kushayikwa kwezvokudya nekwokurapwa kwakauraya vanhu kakapetwa ka20 kupfuura zvakaita kurwisa chaikoiko. Kuvhara migove inokosha mutoo wehondo unoshandiswa noutsinye munguva dzazvino uno. Mauto akafushira zvimbambaira munzvimbo huru dzenyika inorimwa zvokudya, akaparadza matura ezvokudya nepombi dzemvura nedzinotakura mvura, uye akatora migove yezvinhu zvinenge zvatumirwa kuzobatsira. Anoparadzawo zvipatara, achidzinga vanorapa.

Mitoo yakadaro inokuvadza vana zvikurusa. Pakati pa1980 na1988, somuenzaniso, vana vakafa nezvikonzero zvinoparirwa nehondo vaisvika 330 000 muAngola uye 490 000 muMozambique.

Havana Musha, Havana Mhuri

Hondo inoita nherera kupfurikidza nokuuraya vabereki, asi inodarowo kupfurikidza nokuparadzanisa mhuri. Munyika yose, vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 53 vakatiza misha yavo vatyisidzirwa nemasimba masimba. Anenge munhu mumwe muvanhu 115 vari vose vapasi! Vanopfuura hafu vana. Mukutiza kworutyo, vana kazhinji kazhinji vanoparadzaniswa navabereki vavo.

Somugumisiro wokurwisana muRwanda, vana 114 000 vakanga vaparadzaniswa navabereki vavo pakupera kwa1994. Maererano nokunzvera kwomuna1995, mwana mumwe muvashanu muAngola akava nechinoitika chakafanana. Nokuda kwavana vakawanda, zvikurukuru vaduku zvikuru, kuvadziko yokusava navabereki inotambudza zvikuru kupfuura nhamo yehondo pachayo.

Kuurawa Nezvimbambaira

Munyika yose mazana ezviuru zvavana zvakaenda kunotamba, kunofudza zvipfuwo, kunotsvaka huni, kana kuti kunodyara mbeu, kuzongodhuutswa bedzi nezvimbambaira. Zvimbambaira zvinouraya vanhu 800 mwedzi uri wose. Munyika 64 mune zvimbambaira zvine mamiriyoni 110 kana zvabatanidzwa pamwe chete zvakafushirwa muvhu. Cambodia yoga ine mamiriyoni anenge manomwe ezvimbambaira zvakadaro, zviviri pamwana ari wose.

Nyika dzinopfuura 40 dzinogadzira marudzi anenge 340 ezvimbambaira muzvimiro namavara zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru. Zvimwe zvinoratidzika sematombo, zvimwe sezvinanazi, zvimwewo semashavishavi egirini anoyangarara zvinyoronyoro achidzika pasi kubva muherikoputa, asingaputiki. Mishumo inoratidza kuti zvimwe zvimbambaira, zvakagadzirwa kuti zvitarisike sezvokutambisa zvavana, zvakaiswa pedyo nezvikoro nenhandare dzokutambira umo vakadzi navana vachazviona.

Kugadzira chimbambaira chokuurayisa varwi kunoita inenge $30 bedzi, asi kuwana nokubvisa chimbambaira muvhu kunoita pakati pe$3 000 ne$10 000. Muna 1993 zvimbambaira zvinenge 100 000 zvakabviswa, asi zvimwe zvitsva zvine mamiriyoni maviri zvakafushirwa. Zvose vaurayi vanomirira vasingatomborari, vasingatsauranisi murwi nomwana, vasingazivi chibvumirano chorugare, uye vanoramba vane ngozi kwamakore anosvika ku50.

Muna May 1996, pashure pemakore maviri okukurukura muGeneva, Switzerland, vakurukuri vemarudzi akawanda vakakundikana kurambidza zvimbambaira munyika yose. Kunyange zvazvo vakarambidza mamwe marudzi ezvimbambaira nokuganhurira kushandiswa kwamamwe, kurambidzwa kwachose chose kwezvimbambaira hakusi kuzorangarirwazve kusvikira kurukurirano inotevera yokudzokorora, yakarongerwa gore ra2001. Kubva zvino kusvika panguva iyoyo, zvimbambaira zvichauraya vamwe vanhu 50 000 nokukuvadza 80 000. Vakawanda vachava vana.

Kutambudza Nokubata Chibharo

Muhondo dzenguva pfupi yapfuura vana vakatambudzwa, zvimwe kupfurikidza nokuranga vabereki vavo kana zvimwe kuwana mashoko pamusoro pavabereki vavo. Dzimwe nguva, munyika ine utsinye yokurwisana, hapana kuva nomufungo kunodikanwa uye kutambudza vana kunongoitirwa bedzi kunakidzwa.

Masimba masimba evatano, kubatanidza kubata chibharo, ndokwenguva dzose muhondo. Mukurwisana muBalkans, waiva muitiro kubata vasikana vechiduku chibharo ndokuvamanikidza kubereka mwana womuvengi. Nenzira yakafanana, muRwanda varwi vaiwanzobata chibharo sechombo chokuparadzanisa mhuri. Mune kumwe kurwisa anenge musikana wechiduku ari wose aipukunyuka kurwisa kwemauto aibatwa chibharo. Vasikana vakawanda vaiita pamuviri vairambwa nemhuri dzavo nenzanga. Vamwe vasikana vairasa vana vavo; vamwe vaizviuraya.

Kurwadziwa Nendangariro

Muhondo vana kazhinji kazhinji vanova nezvinoitika zvakaipa zvikuru kupfuura zviroto zvinotyisa zvikuru zvavakuru vakawanda. MuSarajevo, somuenzaniso, kunzverwa kwavana 1 505 kwakaratidza kuti vanenge vose vakanga vapfuura nomukuridzwa kukuru kwezvombo. Vanopfuura hafu vakanga vapfurwa, uye zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvakanga zvambova mumamiriro ezvinhu umo zvaikarira kuurawa.

Kunzverwa kwevana 3 000 vomuRwanda kwakawana kuti 95 muzana vakanga vaona masimba masimba nokuuraya mukati mokurwa kwokuparadza rudzi uye kuti vanenge 80 muzana vakanga varasikirwa nemitezo yemhuri. Chikamu chinoda kusvika chimwe muzvitatu chakanga chaona kubata chibharo kana kuti kubata zvisina kufanira muvatano uye chikamu chinopfuura chimwe muzvitatu chakanga chaona vamwe vana vachitora rutivi mukuuraya kana kuti kurova. Zvinoitika zvakadaro zvinoparadza ndangariro nemwoyo zvavaduku. Mumwe mushumo pamusoro pevana vakakuvadzwa wakabva kuyaichimbova Yugoslavia wakati: “Vanoramba vachiyeuka chinoitika chacho . . . zvichiparira zviroto zvinotyisa zvikurusa, kuyeuka kunongoerekana kwaitika kwezuva nezuva kwezvinoitika zvokutambudzika, kutya, kusachengeteka nokutambura.” Pashure pokurwa kwokuparadza rudzi muRwanda, anonzvera ndangariro wepaNational Trauma Recovery Centre akashuma kuti: “Pakati pezviratidzo zvinooneka muvana pane zviroto zvinotyisa zvikuru, kutadza kuisa ndangariro pamwe chete, kuora mwoyo nomurangariro wokusava netariro yenguva yemberi.”

Vana Vanogona Kubatsirwa Sei?

Vanzveri vakawanda vanodavira kuti kukuvadzika hakubvi apo vana vanochengeta mirangariro yavo neyeuko. Kupora kazhinji kazhinji kunovamba apo mwana anotarisana neyeuko dzakaipa kupfurikidza nokutaura kumukuru anonzwira tsitsi uye akaudzwa zvakaitika. “Hafu yehondo yacho ndeyokuita kuti vana vanonetseka chaizvoizvo vazarure mwoyo yavo ndokutaura vakasununguka,” akadaro mushandi womunzanga muWest Africa.

Chimwe chinobetsera chinokosha mukurapa marwadzo emirangariro kubatana kwakasimba nokutsigira kwemhuri nenzanga. Savana vose, vanyajambwa vehondo vanoda rudo, kunzwisisa, uye kunzwira urombo. Bva, pane chikonzero here chaizvoizvo chokudavira kuti kune tariro yavana vose yokufarikanya nguva yemberi yakajeka?

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Chaitarisika Sebhora

MuLaos mumwe musikana nehanzvadzi yake vaienda kunofurisa nyati. Musikana akaona chinhu mugoronga chaitarisika sebhora. Akachinhonga ndokuchikandira kuhanzvadzi yake. Chakawira pasi ndokuputika, chichimuuraya pakarepo.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 9]

Mumwe Bedzi Pakati Pezviuru

Apo kurwa kwakatanga munharaunda yake muAngola, Maria, nherera ine makore 12 okukura, yakabatwa chibharo ndokubata pamuviri. Apo kurwa kwakanyanyisa, Maria akatiza, achifamba makiromita 300 kuenda kunzvimbo yakachengeteka, uko akaiswa munzvimbo yavana vasina pokugara. Nemhaka yokuti aiva muduku kwazvo, akakurumidza kunzwa marwadzo okubereka, achisununguka mwana asina kusvika nokutamburira kukuru. Kacheche kacho kakararama mavhiki maviri bedzi. Maria akafa vhiki rimwe gare gare. Maria anongova mumwe bedzi pakati pezviuru zvevana vakatambudzwa nokubatwa chibharo muhondo dzenguva pfupi yapfuura.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Ndangariro Nemwoyo Zvakakuvadzwa

Kuti vana kazhinji kazhinji vanotapurwa sei nemasimba masimba kunoratidzirwa zvakanaka naShabana ane makore manomwe okukura, weIndia. Akaona mhomho ichirova baba vake kusvikira vafa uye ipapo vakagura musoro wamai vake. Ndangariro dzake nomwoyo zvakaoma, achivhara kutyiswa uku nokurasikirwa. “Handisuwi vabereki vangu,” anodaro nenzwi rakajeka, rinoratidza kusatapurwa. “Handivafungi.”