Zvimbambaira—Kuwana Mutengo Wacho

Musi waDecember 26, 1993, Augusto ane makore matanhatu akanga achifamba zvake mumunda pedyo neLuanda, guta guru reAngola. Pakarepo akaona chimwe chinhu chaivaima chiri pasi. Ashamiswa, akasarudza kuchinhonga. Nhanho yake yakatevera yakaputitsa chimbambaira.

Somugumisiro wokuputika kwacho, Augusto aifanira kubviswa tsoka yake yokurudyi. Zvino ava nemakore 12, anogara ari pawiricheya nguva zhinji, uye ibofu.

AUGUSTO akaremadzwa nechimbambaira chinoteyerwa vanhu, chakapiwa zita iri nokuti chakagadzirirwa vanhu kwete motokari dzehondo kana dzimwe motokari dzemauto. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kusvika panguva ino, marudzi anopfuura 350 ezvimbambaira zvinoteyerwa vanhu ave achigadzirwa munyika dzinopfuura 50. Zvakawanda zvacho zvinogadzirwa kuti zvikuvadze, kwete kuuraya. Nei? Nokuti varwi vakakuvadzwa vanoda kubatsirwa, uye murwi aremadzwa nechimbambaira achaderedza kurwiwa kwehondo—zvinodiwa nomuvengi chaizvo. Uyezve, kuchema kwokurwadziwa kwomurwi akuvara kunogona kutyisidzira mamwe makomuredhi ake. Saka, zvimbambaira zvinowanzonzi zvinoshanda chaizvo kana wazvinoputikira akapukunyuka—kunyange zvokutamburira.

Zvisinei, sezvataurwa munyaya yatangira ino, vakawanda vanourawa kana kuremadzwa nokuputika kwezvimbambaira vanhuwo zvavo, kwete varwi. Kazhinji izvi hazviitiki netsaona. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi Landmines—A Deadly Legacy, zvimwe zvinoputika “zvinonangidzirwa nemaune kuvanhuwo zvavo kuita kuti vatize, kuparadza zvokudya, kuita kuti vave vapoteri kana kuti kutyisidzira chete.”

Kupa muenzaniso mumwe chete, mune kumwe kurwisana kwakaitika muCambodia, zvimbambaira zvakaiswa zvakapoteredza misha yevavengi, ipapo misha iyi yakatanga kubhombwa. Vachiedza kutiza, vanhuwo zvavo vakatizira munzvimbo dzakateyiwa zvimbambaira. Panguva iyi, mukuedza kumanikidza hurumende kuti ibvume kutaurirana, nhengo dzeKhmer Rouge dzakateya zvimbambaira mumatoro emupunga, zvichityisidzira varimi uye zvichiita kuti pasave nokurima kupi nokupi.

Zvakaitika kuSomalia muna 1988 zvingava zvaitonyanya kubaya pamwoyo. Pakabhombwa Hargeysa, vagari vomunzvimbo yacho vakamanikidzwa kutiza. Zvadaro, varwi vakateya zvimbambaira mudzimba dzakanga dzatizwa. Pakapera kurwisana kwacho, vapoteri vakadzoka, uye vakaremadzwa kana kuurawa nezvimbambaira zvakanga zvakavigwa.

Asi zvimbambaira zvinokuvadza kupfuura kuuraya kana kuremadza maoko nemakumbo. Funga nezvezvimwe zvinoitwa neizvi zvombo zvakaipa kwazvo.

Mutengo Wacho uye Kurwadziwa Kwenzanga

Kofi Annan, munyori mukuru weUnited Nations, anoti: “Kuvapo—kana kuti kutya kuvapo—kwechimbambaira chimwe chete kunogona kudzivisa kurimwa kwomunda wose, zvichiita kuti musha wose ushaiwe chokurarama nacho, zvichivhiringidza zvekare kugadziridzwa kwemigwagwa yenyika uye kubudirira.” Saka, muAfghanistan neCambodia, inenge 35 muzana yemimwe minda yaizogona kurimwa kudai varimi vakanga vasingatyi kutsika ivhu. Vamwe havana basa nazvo. “Ndinotya zvimbambaira,” anodaro mumwe murimi wokuCambodia. “Asi kana ndikarega kuenda kunocheka uswa netsanga, hatingararami.”

Kakawanda, vanopukunyuka kuputika kwezvimbambaira vanova varombo kwazvo. Somuenzaniso, munyika ichiri kusimukira mune zvoupfumi, mwana anorasikirwa negumbo rake aine makore gumi anoda anenge makumbo okuisira anosvika 15 muupenyu hwake hwose, rimwe chete richiita $4 750 paavhareji. Ichokwadi kuti izvi zvingasava zvinonyanya kudhura kune vamwe. Asi kuvakawanda vevagari vomuAngola, $4 750 inopfuura mari inotambirwa pamwedzi mitatu!

Fungawo nezvokurwadziwa kwenzanga. Somuenzaniso, vagari vomune imwe nyika yokuAsia vanoramba kufambidzana nevakaremadzwa vachitya kuita “munyama.” Kuroora kana kuroorwa kungava chiroto chezvinhu zvisingaitiki kune akaremadzwa. “Handifungi nezvokuroora,” anodaro mumwe murume wokuAngola akabviswa gumbo mushure mokunge akuvadzwa pakaputika chimbambaira. “Mukadzi anoda murume anogona kushanda.”

Zvinonzwisisika kuti vakaremadzwa vakawanda vanonzwa vasinganyanyi kukosha. “Handichagoni kupa mhuri yangu chokudya,” anodaro mumwe murume wokuCambodia, “uye izvi zvinondirwadza.” Dzimwe nguva kunzwa kwakadaro kunogona kutadzisa munhu kuita zvinhu kukunda kurasikirwa negumbo kana ruoko. “Ndinodavira kuti kukuvadzwa kwakakura kwandakaitwa ndekwepfungwa,” anodaro Artur, akaremadzwa muMozambique. “Nguva zhinji ndaishatirwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti mumwe munhu anditarisa. Ndaifunga kuti hapana ainge achiri kundiremekedza uye kuti handaizombofa ndakava noupenyu hwandaiva nahwo.”a

Zvakadini Nokubvisa Zvimbambaira?

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya kuedza kwakakura kwakaitwa kwokuti nyika dzikurudzirwe kurambidza kushandiswa kwezvimbambaira. Uyezve, dzimwe hurumende dzakatanga zvirongwa zvine ngozi zvokubvisa zvimbambaira zvakateyiwa. Asi zvipingamupinyi zvakati kuti zviripo. Chimwe chacho inguva. Kubvisa zvimbambaira kunotora nguva yakawanda kwazvo. Kutaura chokwadi, vanobvisa zvimbambaira vanoti, paavhareji, kubvisa chimbambaira kunotora nguva inopeta kazana nguva inopedzwa chichiteyiwa. Chimwe chimhingamupinyi imari inodiwa. Chimbambaira chimwe chete chinoita $114 kusvika ku$570, asi kubvisa chimwe chete kungada mari inosvika ku$38 000.

Saka, kubviswa zvachose kwezvimbambaira kunenge kusingabviri. Somuenzaniso, kubvisa zvimbambaira zvose zviri muCambodia, kwaizoda kuti munhu wose ari munyika iyoyo ape mari yake yose yaanotambira kubasa iri kwemakore anoverengeka anotevera. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kunyange dai mari yakanga iripo, kubvisa zvimbambaira zvose zviri ikoko kwaizotora makore ane zana. Mamiriro akaita zvinhu munyika yose akatoipa zvikuru. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pachishandiswa ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwuripo iye zvino, kubvisa zvimbambaira mupasi rose kwaizoda mari inosvika mabhiriyoni 1 254 emadhora uye zvaizotora makore anopfuura chiuru!

Chokwadi, nzira itsva dzokubvisa zvimbambaira dzave dzichitaurwa—kubva pakushandisa zvimbuyu zvakagadzirwa murabhoritari zvinoona pane zvimbambaira kusvika kumichina mikuru inoshandiswa neredhiyo inobvisa zvimbambaira pamaeka mashanu muawa imwe chete. Zvisinei, zvingatora nguva nzira dzakadaro dzisati dzashandiswa zvakanyanya, uye dzingashandiswa chete nenyika dzakapfuma kwazvo.

Nokudaro, munzvimbo zhinji kubvisa zvimbambaira kunoitwa pachishandiswa nzira dzechinyakare. Murume anogwesha nedumbu rake achirova-rova ivhu riri mberi kwake nekamuti, padiki padiki, achibvisa zvimbambaira mamita 20 kusvika ku50 akafara zvakaenzana pazuva. Zvine ngozi here? Hungu! Pazvimbambaira 5 000 zvoga zvoga zvinobviswa, munhu mumwe chete anobvisa zvimbambaira anourawa uye vaviri vanokuvadzwa.

Kuedza Kubatana Pakurambidza Kushandiswa Kwezvimbambaira

Muna December 1997, vamiririri venyika dzinoverengeka vakasaina Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, inozivikanwawo sechibvumirano chokuOttawa. “Uku kufambira mberi kusina kumboitika kana kusingaenzaniswi mumitemo yenyika yose yokuparadza zvombo kana mitemo yenyika yose yekodzero dzavanhu,” anodaro Jean Chrétien, mutungamiriri wehurumende yeCanada.b Kunyange zvakadaro, dzinoda kusvika nyika 60—kusanganisira dzimwe dzinogadzira zvimbambaira kwazvo munyika yose—hadzisati dzasaina chibvumirano ichi.

Chibvumirano chakaitwa kuOttawa chichabudirira mukubvisa nhamo yezvimbambaira here? Zvichida kusvika pakati kuti. Asi vazhinji havana chokwadi. “Chero dai nyika dzepasi rose dzikatevedza chibvumirano chakanyoreranwa pasi kuOttawa,” anodaro Claude Simonnot, mumwe wevatungamiriri veHandicap International, iri muFrance, “raizongova danho rimwe chete mukuedza kubvisa ngozi yezvimbambaira mupasi.” Nei? “Mamiriyoni ezvimbambaira achakavanzwa muvhu, achimirira nokushivirira vamwe vanhu vokuputikira munguva yemberi,” anodaro Simonnot.

Wezvenhau dzemauto John Keegan anotaura chimwe chinhu. Hondo, iye anodaro, “inosvika panzvimbo dzakavandika chose dzomwoyo womunhu, . . . umo mune kudada, mune hasha, umo unhu hwatakazvarwa nahwo hunotonga huri.” Zvibvumirano hazvigoni kuita kuti zvinhu zvakadzika midzi muvanhu zvakadaro zvakaita sokukara nokuvenga zvibve. Asi izvi zvinoreva here kuti vanhu vachakuvadzwa kana kuurawa nezvimbambaira nokusingaperi?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 6]

Kuita Mari Kaviri Here?

Chinhu chikuru mubhizimisi ndechokuti makambani ane mhosva kana zvigadzirwa zvawo zvichikuvadza. Saka, Lou McGrath, weMines Advisory Group, anoti makambani akawana mhindu mukugadzira zvimbambaira anofanira kubhadhariswa mari yokugadzirisa zvakakuvadzwa. Zvisinei, chokwadi chacho ndechokuti vagadziri vakawanda ndivo vari kuwana mhindu mukubvisa zvimbambaira. Somuenzaniso, aichimbova mugadziri wezvimbambaira wokuGermany anonzi akapiwa basa rinokosha mamiriyoni emadhora 3 800 rokubvisa zvimbambaira muKuwait. Uye muMozambique basa rinokosha mamiriyoni emadhora 285 rokubvisa zvimbambaira mumigwagwa mikuru rakapiwa makambani matatu—maviri acho akanga agadzira zvimbambaira.

Vamwe vanofunga kuti hazvina kunaka zvachose kuti makambani anogadzira zvimbambaira ave ndiwo anoita mari pakuzvibvisa. Neimwe nzira, ivo vanoti vanogadzira zvimbambaira vari kuita mari kaviri. Chipi kana chipi chingava chokwadi chacho, zvose zviri zviviri kugadzira nokubvisa zvimbambaira zvinopfuurira kuva bhizimisi rinobhadhara zvikuru.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Nhamba yezvimbambaira paavhareji yemakiromita 2,5 akafara zvakaenzana munyika pfumbamwe dzine zvimbambaira zvakawanda chaizvo

BOSNIA neHERZEGOVINA 152

CAMBODIA 143

CROATIA 137

EGYPT 60

IRAQ 59

AFGHANISTAN 40

ANGOLA 31

IRAN 25

RWANDA 25

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Source: United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, 1996

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 7]

MuCambodia, zvinonamirwa zvakanyorwa nezviratidzo zvinonyevera nezvengozi yezvimbambaira

Pazvimbambaira 5 000 zvoga zvoga zvinobviswa, munhu mumwe chete anobvisa zvimbambaira anourawa uye vaviri vanokuvadzwa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Background: © ICRC/Paul Grabhorn

© ICRC/Till Mayer

© ICRC/Philippe Dutoit