Kudzivirirwa Nemapurisa—Tariro uye Kutya
VANHU vakawanda muEngland mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 vakanga vasingadi kuti pave nemapurisa akadzidzira basa, anopfeka yunifomu. Vaitya kuti mapurisa ane zvombo anodzorwa nevakuru veguta angavatorera rusununguko rwavo. Vamwe vaitya kuti vanogona kuguma vava nemapurisa anosora akaita seaiva kuFrance panguva apo Joseph Fouché aiva mukuru wemapurisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakamanikidzwa kuzvibvunza kuti, ‘Chii chatingaita tisina mapurisa?’
London ndiro rakanga rava guta guru uye rakapfuma kukunda mamwe ose pasi pano; utsotsi hwaiwanda uye huchikanganisa bhizimisi. Vaya vaizvipira kurinda usiku nevaya vakadzidzira kubata mbavha, boka rainzi Bow Street Runners raitsigirwa nemari nevamwe vanhu, ndiro raiva nebasa rokudzivirira vanhu uye zvinhu zvavo. Clive Emsley mubhuku rake rinonzi The English Police: A Political and Social History anoti: “Utsotsi nemhirizhonga zvakaramba zvichinzi zvinhu zvisingafaniri kuva munzanga yakabudirira.” Nokudaro vagari vomuLondon vaida kuti zvinhu zvifambe zvakanaka saka vakasarudza kuva nemapurisa akadzidzira basa achitungamirirwa naSir Robert Peel. Muna September 1829, mapurisa ane yunifomu eMetropolitan Police akatanga kutenderera-tendera munzvimbo dzawo.
Kubvira pakutanga kwenhau yawo yemazuva ano, nyaya yemapurisa yakamutsa tariro uye kutya—tariro yokuti achachengetedza uye kutya kuti angashandisa simba rawo zvisina kunaka.
Mapurisa okuAmerica Anotanga Basa
MuUnited States, New York City ndiro guta rakatanga kuva nemapurisa akadzidzira basa. Kuwedzera kwaiita upfumi hweguta ndiko kuwedzera kwaiita utsotsi. Pakazosvika ma1830, mhuri dzose dzaikwanisa kuverenga nezvenyaya dzoutsotsi hwakakura dzakanga dzichinyorwa mumapepanhau akachipa akanga achangotanga—aiita peni rimwe chete. Vanhu vakatanga kunyunyuta zvakanyanya, uye New York yakawana mapurisa muna 1845. Vanogara muNew York nevanogara muLondon vave vachifarira mapurisa evamwe vavo kubva panguva iyoyo.
Vanhu vokuAmerica vaityawo mapurisa ehurumende ane zvombo sezvaiita vokuBritain. Asi nyika mbiri idzi dzakasarudza kuita zvakati siyanei. VokuBritain vakasarudza kuva nemapurisa ane heti refu neyunifomu dzebhuruu. Chombo choga chavaiva nacho katsvimbo kepuranga kaigara kakavigwa. Kusvika panguva ino mapurisa okuBritain haatakuri pfuti kunze kwokunge kana zvinhu zvatoshata. Zvisinei, mumwe mushumo unoti: “Zvinhu zviri kuramba zvichioma . . . zvokuti mapurisa omuBritain achaguma ava nepfuti munguva pfupi iri kutevera.”
Zvisinei, muUnited States kutya kuti simba rehurumende rinogona kukanganiswa kwakaita kuti pave nokuchinjwa kwechipiri kweBumbiro romutemo weUnited States, uyo unopa “vanhu kodzero yokuchengeta uye kuva neZvombo.” Somugumisiro, mapurisa aida pfuti. Nokufamba kwenguva, kushandisa kwavo pfuti kwakaguma nokuridzirana pfuti kunogara kuchiitwa nemapurisa nematsotsi. Chimwe chakakonzera kuti mapurisa okuUnited States ade pfuti ndechokuti mapurisa aya akatanga basa panguva yakasiyana zvachose neokuLondon. New York yakanga yazara mheremhere pamusana pokuwanda kwevanhu. Kuuya kwevanhu vakawanda vokune dzimwe nyika kunyanya dzokuEurope uye dzokuAfrica pashure pokutanga kweHondo yevagari vomuAmerica yomuna 1861-65 kwakaita kuti pave nokurwisana kwemarudzi. Mapurisa akafunga kuti aifanira kushandisa simba rakawanda kudzikamisa zvinhu.
Nokudaro, zvakanzi zviri nani kuva nemapurisa pane kuashaya. Vanhu vakanga vachiti zviri nani kuva nemapurisa ane utsinye asi paine runyararo uye kuchengeteka. Zvisinei, kune dzimwe nyika, rumwe rudzi rwemapurisa rwakanga ruri kutanga.
Mapurisa Anotyisa
Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, apo chipurisa chemazuva ano chakanga chiri kutanga, vanhu vakawanda vakanga vari kutongwa nenyika dzokuEurope. Chaizvoizvo, mapurisa okuEurope akanga adzidziswa kuchengetedza vatongi pane kuchengeta vanhu. Kunyange vokuBritain, avo vakanga vasingafariri mapurisa ane zvombo munyika yavo, vanenge vakanga vasinganetseki kushandisa mapurisa ane zvombo kuita kuti nyika dzavaitonga dzizviise pasi. Rob Mawby, mubhuku rake rinonzi Policing Across the World anoti: “Zviitiko zvoutsinye hwemapurisa, uori, chisimba, kuponda uye kushandisa simba zvisina kunaka ndizvo zvaiitika nguva dzose mumakore gumi oga oga okutonga dzimwe nyika.” Rapedza kutaura kuti mapurisa aya akaitawo zvimwe zvinhu zvaibatsira, bhuku iri rinowedzera kuti zvakaita kuti “pave nemapurisa anoshandira hurumende uye kwete kushandira vanhu.”
Hurumende dzoudzvanyiriri idzo dzaitya kuchinja kwezvinhu kakawanda dzakashandisa mapurisa epachivande kuti afeyefeye vanhu vadzo. Mapurisa akadaro anowana mashoko achiita zvokutambudza vanhu uye kuponda vanofungidzirwa kuti vapanduki kana kusunga vanhu pasina kutongwa. VaNazi vakanga vaine Gestapo, Soviet Union yaiva neKGB, uye East Germany yaiva neStasi. Zvinoshamisa kuti Stasi yaiva nemapurisa 100 000 uye zvichida vanhu vepachivande vanodarika hafu yemiriyoni kuti vadzore vanhu vaisvika mamiriyoni anenge 16. Mapurisa aiteerera vanhu vachitaura parunhare nguva dzose uye aiva nemafaira aiva nemazita evanhu venyika yacho vanenge chikamu chimwe kubva muzvitatu. “Mapurisa aya akanga asina muganhu uye akanga asinganyari,” anodaro John Koehler mubhuku rake rinonzi Stasi. “Vakuru vakuru vechitendero, kusanganisira vakuru vakuru vechiPurotesitendi nechiKaturike vaipinzwa basa vakawanda kuti vashande senhume dzemapurisa. Mahofisi avo uye makamuri okureurura akanga akazara nemichina yokutapa manzwi.”
Zvisinei, mapurisa anotyisa haawanikwi kunyika dzine hurumende dzoudzvanyiriri chete. Mapurisa omumaguta makuru kune dzimwe nzvimbo ave achipomerwa kukonzera kutya apo anoshandisa nzira dzakanyanya utsinye, kunyanya kana akananga vanhu vemamwe madzinza. Ichitaura nezveimwe nhau yakabuda kuLos Angeles, imwe magazini yakati “zvakanga zvaita kuti basa rechipurisa rive risiri rokuchengeta mutemo asi kuti rava basa rechipurisa rematsotsi.”
Naizvozvo, vakuru vakuru vave vachibvunza mubvunzo wokuti, Chii chingaitwa nemapurisa kuti vanhu vaafarire? Achiedza kuda kuratidza kuti anoshandira vanhu, mamwe mapurisa akatanga kuita mabasa anobatsira vanhu munharaunda yawo.
Tariro Yechipurisa Munzanga
Chipurisa chomunharaunda chokuJapan chakafadza vanhu vakawanda pasi pose. Kubvira kare, mapurisa okuJapan anoshanda achibva mumahofisi ane mapurisa anenge gumi nemaviri anoita basa achichinjana. Mudzidzisi wokuBritain wenhau dzechitsotsi uye ava nenguva achigara muJapan anonzi Frank Leishman akati: “Kukura kwebasa rinoitwa nemapurisa okuno anonzi koban kunozivikanwa kwazvo: kuudza vanhu kero dzomuguta guru rine migwagwa yomuJapan isina mazita; kukweretesa maamburera akanhongwa kuvanhu vanenge vachinayiwa; kuperekedza zvidhakwa kuchitima chokupedzisira kuti zviende kumba, uye kupa mazano akasiyana-siyana ‘kuvanhu vane zvinovanetsa.’” Mapurisa omunharaunda akaita kuti Japan ichiviwe nokuti ine migwagwa yaunokwanisa kufamba zvisina ngozi.
Kuita basa rechipurisa zvakadai kungashanda kune dzimwe nzvimbo here? Vamwe vanodzidza nezvokuparwa kwemhosva vakatanga kuona kushanda kwazvinoita. Kufambira mberi mune zvokukurukurirana kwemazuva ano kunenge kwakabvisa mapurisa kubva kune vanhu vavanoshandira. Mumaguta akawanda mazuva ano, basa rechipurisa kakawanda rinenge rine chokuita nepanenge paitika tsaona chete. Dzimwe nguva zvinoita sokuti basa raiitwa pakutanga rokudzivirira kuparwa kwemhosva rakakanganwika. Nezvave kuitika izvi, zvikwata zvinorinda munharaunda zvava kutangazve kufarirwa nevanhu.
Zvikwata Zvinorinda Munharaunda
“Izvi zvinonyatsoshanda, zvinoderedza kuparwa kwemhosva,” anodaro Dewi, mupurisa, achitaura nezvebasa rake muWales. “Kuva nezvikwata zvinorinda munharaunda zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanenge vachibatsirana kuchengetedza zvinhu zvevamwe. Tinoronga misangano kuitira kuti vavakidzani vazivane, vopanana mazita nenhamba dzenhare, vonzwa nezvokuti chii chavangaita kuti vadzivirire utsotsi. Ndinofarira chirongwa ichi nokuti chinokurudzira mushandirapamwe munharaunda. Kazhinji, vanhu havazivi kuti vavakidzani vavo ndivanaani. Chirongwa ichi chinoshanda nokuti chinoita kuti vanhu vazive zviri kuitika.” Chinoitawo kuti pave noukama huri nani pakati pemapurisa nevoruzhinji.
Chimwe chakaedza kuitwa kukurudzira mapurisa kuti ave netsitsi nevanhu vanenge vakanganisirwa. Mumwe murume wokuNetherlands anonzi Jan van Dijk anoona nezvevanenge vakanganisirwa akanyora kuti: “Mapurisa anofanira kudzidziswa kuti zvaanoita ari muhofisi zvakakosha kuvanhu ivavo kufanana nokukosha kwezvinoitwa navanachiremba kuvarwere vavo.” Munzvimbo dzakawanda mapurisa haasati ava kuona nhau dzokurwa mudzimba uye kubatwa chibharo semhosva chaidzo. Asi Rob Mawby, mubhuku rake anoti: “Zvinoitwa nemapurisa panhau dzokurwa mudzimba uye kubatwa chibharo zvakava nani zvishoma mumakore achangobva kudarika aya. Kunyange zvakadaro, pachine mukana wokuita zviri nani zvikuru.” Kushandisa simba zvisina kunaka kunoitwa nemapurisa ndeimwe nhau iyo mapurisa ose anofanira kuda kugadzirisa.
Kutya Uori Hwemapurisa
Kufungidzira kuti wakachengetedzwa nemapurisa dzimwe nguva kunoita sokusina zvakunoreva, kunyanya kana nhau dzouori hwemapurisa dzikapararira. Mishumo yakadaro yave iripo kubvira pakatanga basa rechipurisa. Richitaura nezvegore ra1855, bhuku rinonzi NYPD—A City and Its Police rinotsanangura “zvinofungwa nevanhu vakawanda vanogara muNew York kuti mbavha nemapurisa zvava kunetsa kusiyanisa.” Bhuku rinonzi Faces of Latin America, rakanyorwa naDuncan Green, rinoshuma kuti mapurisa anofungidzirwa kuti “ane uori hwakanyanya, haagoni basa, uye anotyora kodzero dzevanhu.” Mukuru wemapurisa 14 000 mune imwe nyika yokuLatin America akati: “Chii chaungatarisira kana mupurisa achitambira mari iri pasi peUS$100 (Z$5 500) pamwedzi? Kana akapiwa chiokomuhomwe, angaitei?”
Uori idambudziko rakakura zvakadini? Mhinduro yacho inoenderana nokuti wabvunza ani. Mumwe mupurisa kuNorth America uyo aiita basa rokutenderera-tenderera kwemakore muguta rine vanhu 100 000 anopindura achiti: “Zvechokwadi kune mamwe mapurisa ane chitsotsi, asi akawanda acho ari pachokwadi. Ndizvo zvandakaona nemaziso angu.” Kune rimwe divi, mumwe anoongorora nyaya dzoutsotsi ane makore 26 ari pabasa iri mune imwe nyika akati: “Ndinofunga kuti uori huri pasi pose. Kuvimbika pakati pemapurisa kushoma. Kana mupurisa akatsvaka zvinhu muimba yapazwa owana muine mari, zvichida anoitora. Kana akawana zvimwe zvinokosha zvakanga zvabiwa, anogona kutora zvimwe zvacho.” Nei mamwe mapurisa achiita zvouori?
Mamwe anotanga achiita basa nemazvo asi ozofurirwa nemamwe anenge aine uori uye kukanganiswa nematsotsi ane uori ari munyika yavanoshandira. Bhuku rinonzi What Cops Know rinoti mumwe mupurisa wokuChicago anoita zvokutenderera-tenderera akati: “Kana ari mapurisa, anogara achiona zvinhu zvakaipa, hapana kumbofunga. Akakomberedzwa nazvo. Anozvibata . . . anozviravira . . . anozvinhuwidza . . . anozvinzwa . . . anofanira kuzvigadzirisa.” Kuona zvinhu zvakaipa zvakadaro kunogona kukurumidza kuchinja unhu hwomunhu.
Nepo mapurisa achiita basa rinokosha, zvinhu hazvisati zvanyatsonaka. Pane chimwe chinhu chiri nani chatingatarira kwachiri here?
[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 8, 9]
“Mapurisa omuBritain Haashamisi Here?”
Vanhu vokuBritain ndivo vaiva pane vokutanga vakakwanisa kuva nemapurisa akadzidzira basa. Vaida kuti nyika yavo ive yakarongeka—kufanana nengorovhani dzavo dzematsamba dzaishanda nenguva. Muna 1829 Munyori wezvinoitika munyika, Sir Robert (Bobby) Peel, akanyengetedza Paramende kuti ibvume kuti pave neLondon Metropolitan Police, iine muzinda kuScotland Yard. Pakutanga mapurisa aisafarirwa nokuti aivhima zvidhakwa uye vanobheja mumigwagwa, asi nokufamba kwenguva, mapurisa akazotanga kufarirwa nevanhu.
Muna 1851, guta reLondon rakafara kukoka vanhu pasi pose kuti vauye kuzoona uye kuyemura zvakanga zvakwanisa kuitwa nemaindasitiri omuBritain. Vaenzi vakashamiswa nokuona migwagwa yakanga yakarongeka uye musina zvidhakwa, pfambi, uye vapemhi. Mapurisa aigona basa akanga achiratidza vanhu kwokuenda, akanga achitakurira vanhu zvinhu zvavo, aibatsira vanhu kuyambuka migwagwa, uye kutakura madzimai achembera kuenda kumotokari. Ndicho chikonzero nei vanhu vomuBritain uyewo vakabva kune dzimwe nyika vainzwika vachiti, “Mapurisa omuBritain haashamisi here?”
Vaiita sevanogona basa chaizvo pakudzivisa kuparwa kwemhosva zvokuti mukuru wemapurisa muChester muna 1873 aifunga kuti pachava neimwe nguva apo kupara mhosva kuchange kusisipo zvachose! Mapurisa akatangawo kuita mabasa okutakura varwere uye okudzima moto. Vakaronga masangano aiita kuti varombo vawane shangu nezvokupfeka. Vamwe vakaronga makirabhu evakomana, nzendo uye misha yepazororo.
Chokwadi, mapurisa matsva aya akanga aine zvinetsowo pakuranga mapurisa anoita uori uye utsinye. Asi vakawanda vakanga vachidada nokuchengeta runyararo pasina kushandisa simba rakawanda. Muna 1853, mapurisa aiva muWigan, Lancashire, akanangana nevashandi vomumugodhi vakanga vachiramwa basa. Mukuru wemapurisa acho, akanga achitungamirira varume gumi, akaramba zvachose kushandisa pfuti dzomuridzi womugodhi wacho. Chinoratidza zvakazoguma zvaitika itsamba yakagamuchirwa naHector Macleod muna 1886, paakatevera baba vake mukuita basa rechipurisa. Sezvakanyorwa muThe English Police, yaiti: “Kana ukaita utsinye, vanhu havakunzwiri tsitsi. . . . Ndinoisa vanhu pamberi nokuti uri mushandi wevanhu, vawakanzi ushandire kwenguva ino, uye ibasa rako kuvafadza uyewo mukuru wako pabasa.”
Hayden, mupurisa akarega basa aishanda neMetropolitan Police, anoti: “Nguva dzose tinodzidziswa kuzvidzora nokuti kuita basa rechipurisa zvinobudirira kunoda kutsigirwa nevanhu. Katsvimbo kedu kapfupi kepuranga ndiko kataizopedzisira kushandisa pasisina zvokuita zvokuti mamwe mapurisa akapedza basa rawo asina kumbokashandisa.” Chimwe chakaita kuti basa remapurisa omuBritain rionekwe zvakanaka yakanga iri imwe nyaya yakakurumbira yaibuda paterevhizheni yakaitwa kwemakore 21 yaitaura nezvomumwe mupurisa akatendeseka aiziva vanhu vose vaigara kwaaishandira, Dixon of Dock Green. Zvichida zvakaita kuti mapurisa aite zvakanga zvichibuda paterevhizheni, asi zvechokwadi zvakakurudzira kudanana kuripo pakati pevanhu vokuBritain nemapurisa avo.
Zvinhu zvakachinja muBritain muma1960, uye kudada nenyika kwakanga kwagara kuripo kwakatsiviwa nokutsoropodza vane simba. Mishumo youori uye urudzi pakati pemapurisa yakasvibisa chipurisa muma1970, pasinei nokuedza kuwana rutsigiro rwevanhu kwakaitwa nechirongwa chemapurisa omunharaunda. Munguva ichangobva kudarika, pashure pokupomerwa kakawanda nezvourudzi uye kunyepa kuti vamwe vanhu vapiwe mhaka, mapurisa akaedza zvekare nomwoyo wose kuvandudza basa rawo.
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Mufananidzo uri pamusoro: http://www.constabulary.com
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]
Chishamiso Chakaitika muNew York Here?
Apo mapurisa anoedza kuita basa nomwoyo wose, zvinoguma zvaitika zvinofadza chose. Kwemakore akawanda New York rave richinzi nderimwe remaguta ane ngozi zvikuru pasi pano, uye pakazosvika kunopera kwema1980, zvaiita sokuti mapurisa akanga aora mwoyo akanga akanda mapfumo pasi. Kuomerwa munyaya dzemari kwakaita kuti vakuru veguta vasawedzera mapurisa mari uye kubudisa mamwe acho basa. Vanotengesa zvinodhaka vakati hekani waro uye chisimba chakabva chanyanya. Vanhu vaigara muguta vaienda kunorara vachinzwa pfuti dzichirira. Kwakaitika mhirizhonga dzemarudzi muna 1991, uye mapurisa akaratidzira kutsutsumwa zvaiva nemheremhere.
Zvisinei, mukuru wemapurisa mutsva akada kukurudzira mapurisa ake, achiita misangano nawo nguva nenguva kuti vaone zvokuita, nzvimbo nenzvimbo. James Lardner naThomas Reppetto mubhuku ravo rinonzi NYPD vanotsanangura kuti: “Mukuru wemapurisa kana kuti mukuru weNarcotics Bureau vakanga vari vanhu vaiverengwa mumapepanhau asi vasingakwanisi kuonekwa. Asi zvino vakanga vava kugara pasi kwemaawa akawanda vachikurukura.” Nhamba dzokuparwa kwemhosva dzakatanga kuderera zvikuru. Kuponda kunonzi kwakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pavanenge 2 000 muna 1993 kusvika ku633 muna 1998—nhamba yakaderera zvikuru mumakore 35. Vanhu vomuNew York vakanga vatanga kutaura nezvechishamiso. Kuderera mumishumo yokuparwa kwemhosva mumakore masere yange iri 64 kubva muzana.
Izvi zvakakwanisa kuitika sei? The New York Times yaJanuary 1, 2002 inoti chimwe chakabatsira iCompstat, “urongwa hwokutevera nhamba dzokuparwa kwemhosva munzvimbo nenzvimbo pachishandiswa kombiyuta kuona uye kugadzirisa zvinetso nokukurumidza pazvinomuka.” Aimbova mukuru wemapurisa Bernard Kerik akati: “Takatarisa kwaiitika mhosva dzacho, nei dzakanga dzichiitika uye taibva taisa mapurisa uye zvokushandisa kuitira kuti tive nechokwadi chokuti nzvimbo idzodzo dzakanga dzichiongororwa. Ndizvo zvaunoita kana uchida kuderedza kuparwa kwemhosva.”
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Zvakaita kamba dzemapurisa okuJapan
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Mapurisa emotokari muHong Kong
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8, 9]
Kudzora boka revanhu vari kuona nhabvu muEngland
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]
Basa rechipurisa rinosanganisira kubatsira vanenge vaita tsaona