Zvirwere Zvinoparadzirwa Nezvipembenene Chinetso—Chiri Kuramba Chichikura

YAVE NGUVA YOKURARA mumusha wokuLatin America. Amai vanofukidza norudo mwanakomana wavo muduku nemagumbeze vomuti rara zvakanaka. Asi usiku, tsikidzi nhema inotaima, yakareba zvisingasviki masendimita matatu, inobuda musirin’i yakatsemuka youya pamubhedha. Inodonhera zvisinganzwiki pachiso chomwana ari kudzipfodora uye inoruma zvisingambonzwiki paganda dete nomuromo wayo. Tsikidzi yacho painosvika pakuti tunduma neropa rayanwa, inosiya yaitira tsvina yayo izere utachiona. Asingamuki, mukomana wacho anokwenya chiso chake, achizorera tsvina yacho ine utachiona paronda.

Nokurumwa kumwe uku, mwana wacho anobata chirwere cheChagas. Pasati papera vhiki imwe kana mbiri, anotanga kupisa muviri zvikuru uye muviri wake unozvimba. Kana akararama, utachiona hwacho hunogona kugara muropa rake, huchipinda mumwoyo make, mutsinga dzokunzwa nadzo, uye dzimwe nhengo dzomukati. Makore 10 kusvika ku20 anogona kudarika pasina kana zvaari kunzwa. Asi angaita maronda mudumbu make, kupindwa muuropi noutachiona, uye pakupedzisira kufa nokutadza kushanda kwomwoyo.

Nyaya yarukwa pamusoro apa iyi inoratidza kubata kungaita munhu chirwere cheChagas. MuLatin America, mamiriyoni evanhu anogona kunge ari pangozi yokuwana chirwere ichi.

Shamwari Dzevanhu Dzine Makumbo Akawanda

“Zvirwere zvizhinji zvevanhu zvokupisa muviri zvinokonzerwa notupukanana tunoparadzirwa nezvipembenene,” inodaro Encyclopædia Britannica. Vanhu vanoshandisa shoko rokuti “chipembenene, (insect)” kusanganisira kwete zvipembenene chaizvo zvoga—zvisikwa zvine makumbo matanhatu senhunzi, nhata, umhutu, inda, nezvinyamututa—asiwo tupuka tune makumbo masere sezvishambwe nezvikwekwe. Masayendisiti anobatanidza zvose izvozvi pasi pezita rimwe guru rezvirumha zviduku (arthropod)—boka guru rezvipuka zvakasikwa—zvinosanganisira marudzi miriyoni anozivikanwa.

Zvipembenene zvakawanda hazvikuvadzi vanhu, uye zvimwe zvinobatsira zvikuru. Kudai zvisipo, zvinomera zvakawanda nemiti zvinoshandiswa nevanhu nemhuka sezvokudya zvingadai zvisingaberekeswi kana kuita michero. Zvimwe zvipembenene zvinobatsira kuoresa marara. Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinodya miti bedzi, nepo zvimwe zvichidyanana.

Chokwadi, pane zvipembenene zvinonetsa vanhu nemhuka nokuruma kwazvo kunorwadza kana nokungovapo kwazvo zvakawanda. Zvimwe zvinoparadzawo zvirimwa. Zvisinei, zvakatoipa zvipembenene zvinoparadzira zvirwere norufu. Zvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene “ndizvo zvakakonzera hosha norufu rwevanhu vakawanda kubvira muzana remakore rechi17 kusvika mukutanga kwerechi20 kupfuura dzimwe honzeri dzose dzasanganiswa,” anodaro Duane Gubler weU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Pari zvino, munhu mumwe pavatanhatu voga voga ane chirwere chakakonzerwa nezvipembenene. Kunze kwokukonzera kutambura kwevanhu, zvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene zvinopedza mari yakawanda, kunyanya munyika dzichiri kubudirira—dzisina kwokuwana mari yacho. Kunyange kuvapo kwechirwere kumwe chete kunogona kudya mari yakawanda kwazvo. Zvakadaro zvakamboitika kumadokero kweIndia muna 1994 zvinonzi zvakapedza mabhiriyoni emadhora omunyika iyoyo uye okune dzimwe nyika. Maererano neWorld Health Organisation (WHO), nyika dzepasi pano dzine urombo hwakanyanya dzichange dzisingakwanisi kubudirira mune zvoupfumi kusvikira zvinetso zvoutano zvakadaro zvagadziriswa.

Kurwariswa Kwatinoitwa Nezvipembenene

Pane nzira huru mbiri idzo zvipembenene zvinotakura zvirwere. Nzira yokutanga ndeyokutakura nomuviri wazvo. Sezvinongoita vanhu vanogona kusvibisa mumba nebhutsu dzakasviba, “nhunzi dzinogona kutakura mamiriyoni emajemusi nemakumbo adzo, zvokuti kana akawanda, anogona kukonzera zvirwere,” inodaro Encyclopædia Britannica. Somuenzaniso, kana nhunzi dzikagara patsvina dzinogona kuitakura dzoisiya padzinomhara pazvokudya zvedu nezvokunwa. Nenzira iyi vanhu vanobata zvirwere zvinotambudza uye zvinouraya setyphoid, manyoka uye kunyange cholera. Nhunzi ndidzowo dzinoparadzira trachoma—chirwere chiri pamberi pakupofumadza vanhu munyika. Chirwere chetrachoma chinogona kupofumadza nokumara rutivi rweziso ruri pamberi pemboni. Pasi pose, vanhu 500 000 000 vanorwara nechirwere ichi.

Mapete, anowanda mune uchapa, anofungidzirwa kuti anoparadzirawo zvirwere nomuviri wawo. Uyezve, nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti kuwedzera kuri kuita asima, kunyanya kuvana, kuri kukonzerwa nokusawirirana nemapete. Somuenzaniso, funga nezvaAshley, musikana ane makore 15, apedza usiku hwakawanda achitadza kufema nemhaka yeasima. Chiremba wake paave kuda kuteerera mapapu ake, bete rinodonha kubva muhembe yaAshley romhanya napamusoro pomubhedha.

Zvirwere Zvinenge Zviri Mukati

Apo zvipembenene zvinenge zviine utachiona, majemusi, kana tumwe tupuka tunenge turi mumuviri yazvo, zvinogona kuparadzira zvirwere nenzira yechipiri—zvichidaro nokuruma kana kuparadzira nedzimwe nzira. Zvipembenene zvishoma bedzi ndizvo zvinopfuudzira zvirwere nenzira iyi kuvanhu. Somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo kune zviuru zvemarudzi oumhutu, hworudzi rweAnopheles ndihwo bedzi hunoparadzira marariya—chirwere chechipiri chinouraya zvikuru pasi pose (chichikundwa norurindi bedzi).

Kunyange zvakadaro, humwe umhutu hunoparadzira zvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana. WHO inoshuma kuti: “Pazvipembenene zvose zvinoparadzira zvirwere, umhutu ndihwo hunonyanya kutyisa, hunoparadzira marariya, dengue fever neyellow fever, zvose zvinokonzera kufa kwemamiriyoni evanhu uye vamwe vanorwara nazvo vanosvika mazana emamiriyoni gore roga roga.” Vanhu vepanyika zvikamu 40 kubva muzana vari pangozi yokubatwa nemarariya, uye vanenge zvikamu 40 kubva muzana nedengue. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, munhu anogona kubata zvose.

Zvisinei, umhutu handihwo bedzi hunoparadzira zvirwere zvinenge zviri mumuviri wahwo. Mhesvi dzinoparadzira majemusi anokonzera hotsikotsi, inotambudza mazana ezviuru zvevanhu uye kumanikidzira nzanga dzose kusiya minda yadzo yakaorera. Nokuparadzira mahwemisi anokonzera river blindness (upofu), tumbuyu tutema twakapofumadza vanhu vomuAfrica vanosvika 400 000. Unyunyu hunotakura majemusi anokonzera leishmaniasis, boka rezvirwere zvinoremadza, zvinokokonyadza uye kakawanda zvinouraya zviri kutambudza mamiriyoni evanhu vemazera ose pasi pose nhasi. Nhata dzinowanikwa kwose kwose dzinogona kunge dzakatakura mahwemisi, encephalitis, tularemia, uye kunyange plague—inonyanya kufungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yakakonzera denda reBlack Death, iro rakatsvaira chikamu chimwe muzvitatu kana kupfuura chevanhu vomuEurope mumakore eMiddle Ages pamakore matanhatu bedzi.

Inda, zvishambwe, nezvikwekwe zvinogona kunge zvakatakura marudzi akasiyana-siyana etyphus, tisingatauri zvimwewo zvirwere. Zvikwekwe zvomunzvimbo dzine mamiriro okunze ari pakati nepakati kupota pasi pose zvinogona kutakura chirwere chinonetesa cheLyme—chirwere chinotakurwa nezvipembenene chakanyanya muUnited States neEurope. Chimwe chidzidzo chakaitwa kuSweden chakaratidza kuti shiri dzinotama dzinogona kutakura zvikwekwe kwezviuru zvemakiromita, zvichida zvichitanga zvirwere zvazviinazvo kune dzimwe nzvimbo itsva. “Zvikwekwe,” inodaro Britannica, “zvinopfuura zvimwe zvipembenene zvose (kunze kwoumhutu) mukuwanda kwezvirwere zvazvinoparadzira kuvanhu.” Kutaura zvazviri, chikwekwe chimwe chinogona kunge chiine majemusi anokonzera zvirwere zvitatu uye chinogona kuzvipfuudzira zvose nokungoruma kamwe bedzi!

“Kumbozorora” Pazvirwere

Zvakatozotanga kuzivikanwa nevezvesayenzi munguva pfupi yapfuura muna 1877 kuti zvipembenene zvinoparadzira zvirwere. Kubvira ipapo, basa guru rokuedza kudzora kana kupedza zvipembenene zvinokonzera zvirwere rakaitwa. Muna 1939 mushonga unouraya zvipembenene unonzi DDT wakatanga kugadzirwa, uye pakazosvika ma1960 zvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene zvakanga zvisisaonwi sezvinokonzera ngozi pautano hwevanhu vari kunze kweAfrica. Zvakanyanya kusimbirirwa kwakanga kuri kubva pakudzora zvinoparadzira zvirwere kuenda pakurapa nomushonga vanenge varwara, uye kufarira kudzidza zvipembenene uye mazvinogara kwakapera. Mishonga mitsva yakanga iri kuwanikwawo, uye zvaiita sokuti sayenzi yaizowana mushonga wokurapa kurwara kwose. Nyika yakanga iri kunakirwa no“kumbozorora” pazvirwere. Asi kuzorora kwacho kwaizopera. Nyaya inotevera ichakurukura kuti nei.

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 19]

Nhasi, munhu mumwe pavatanhatu ane chirwere chinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]

Tsikidzi

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]

Nhunzi dzinotakura zvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwere nemakumbo adzo

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 21]

Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinotakura zvirwere mumuviri wazvo

Tumbuyu tutema tunotakura zvinokonzera “river blindness” (upofu)

Umhutu hunotakura zvinokonzera marariya, “dengue fever” ne“yellow fever”

Inda dzinogona kukonzera “typhus”

Nhata dzinenge dzakatakura “encephalitis” nezvimwe zvirwere

Mhesvi dzinoparadzira hotsikotsi

[Kwazvakatorwa]

WHO/TDR/LSTM

CDC/James D. Gathany

CDC/Dr. Dennis D. Juranek

CDC/Janice Carr

WHO/TDR/Fisher

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]

Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, www.insectimages.org