Rufu Rwuri Pamapapiro Asina Kusimba

Haisati iri hondo inobata misoro mikuru yenhau; bva yakauraya mamiriyoni asingatauriki oupenyu hwavanhu. Haisati iri hondo inorwiwa nemabhomba namabara; bva pakureva nezvenhamo noupenyu hunorasika, inoenzana kana kuti inopfuura idzo dzinorwiwa nenzira iyeyo. Muiyi hondo, rufu rwunouya, rwusati rwuri munotakurirwa mabhomba endege dzinobhomba vavengi zvikuru, asi rwuri pamapapiro asina kusimba oumhutu hwechikadzi.

Yakanyorwa nomunyori weMukai! muNigeria

HWAVA usiku; mhuri yarara. Umhutu hunopinda mukamuri rokurara, mapapiro ahwo achibhabhama pakati peka 200 neka 500 pasekondi. Hune nzara yeropa romunhu. Zvinyoronyoro, hunomhara paruoko rwomukomana. Sezvo kurema kwahwo kuchingova bedzi magiramu 3/1 000, mukomana haanyanduki. Ipapo hunobudisa chinhu chakapinza chine mazino esaha mumuromo une minzwa wamativi emuromo wahwo wahunobaya nacho ganda romukomana patsinga yeropa. Pombi mbiri dziri mumusoro wahwo dzinosveta ropa rake. Panguva imwe cheteyo, maparasaiti emarariya anobuda mumashwanu amate oumhutu achipinda muropa romukomana. Basa racho rinopera nokukurumidza; haanzwi chinhu. Umhutu hunobhururuka huchienda, hwakazara neropa rinopfuura nekatatu uremu hwomuviri wahwo. Mazuva akawanda asati apfuura, mukomana anorwara kusvikira kukudokufa. Ane marariya.

Chiono chakadzokororwa chadzokororwazve kane zviuru zvamamiriyoni. Mugumisiro wave uri nhamo norufu pamwero mukurusa. Pasina panikiro, marariya muvengi ane utsinye uye asingaregi worudzi rwomunhu.

Kutsvaka Muvengi Kwokushivira

Kumwe kwokuwana kukuru muhondo yokurwisana nemarariya kwakaitwa, kwete nemasayendisiti makuru eEurope, asi nomuvhiyi weHondo yeBritain ari muIndia. Masayendisiti navanachiremba vomuzana ramakore rechi 19, mutsinhirano nokufunga kwomumakore ane zviuru zviviri akapfuura, vakafunga kuti vanhu vaibatira hosha kupfurikidza nokufema mhepo yakashata isina kuchena.a Mukupesana, Dr. Ronald Ross aidavira kuti hosha yacho yaipfuudzwa kubva kumunhu ichienda kumunhu noumhutu. Kunyange pashure pokunge kwazivikanwa kuti marariya yaibatanidza maparasaiti ari muropa romunhu, vanzveri vakapfuurira kunzvera zviratidzo zviri mumhepo nemvura zvomunzvimbo yamachakwi. Munguvayo, Ross akanzvera matumbu oumhutu.

Tichirangarira midziyo yekare yomukamuri rokunzverera yaaifanira kushanda nayo, kunzvera matumbu oumhutu kwakanga kusati kuri chinhu chiri nyore kuita. Sezvo aishanda, mapute oumhutu nounyunyu akamukomberedza, akatsunga, mukuwirirana naRoss, kuzvitsivira amene “nokuda kwokufa kweshamwari dzawo.”

Pakupedzisira, pana August 16, 1897, Ross akawana, mudumbu roumhutu hwechikadzi, zvinhu zvipenyu zvakatenderera zvakanga zvakura mumwero wakati muusiku humwe. Maparasaiti emarariya!

Azadzwa nomufaro, Ross akanyora mubhuku rake rokunyora zvinonyorwa kuti akanga afukura chakavanzika chaizoponesa “vanhu vane zviuru zvamazana.” Akanyorawo ndima kubva mubhuku reBhaibheri raVaKorinte: “Haiwa rufu rumborera rwako rwuripiko? Kukunda kwako haiwa Guva?”—Enzanisa na 1 VaKorinte 15:55.

Kuparadza Kwemarariya

Kuwana kwaRoss kwakanga kuri budiriro muhondo yokurwisa marariya, iyo yakabetsera kuzarurira nzira denho huru yokutanga yorudzi rwomunhu mukurwisana nehosha yacho nezvipembenene zvinoitakura.

Murutivi rukurusa rwose rwenhau, kurasikirwa kworudzi rwomunhu kwakaparirwa nemarariya kwave kuri kukuru uye kwakapfuurira kwenguva refu. Manyoro akanyorwa nemifananidzo nemapapyrus zveEgipita zvinopupurira kuuraya vanhu vakawanda kwemarariya makore 1 500 Kristu asati afamba papasi. Yakaparadza maguta akaisvonaka omunzvimbo yakaderera yeGirisi yekare uye yakauraya Alexander Mukuru munguva yakanakisisa youpenyu hwake. Yakaparadza maguta eRoma ndokuparira vanhu vakapfuma kutamira kunzvimbo dzakakwirira. MuHondo dzechiKristu, Hondo Yavagari Vemo veAmerica, uye hondo mbiri dzenyika, yakauraya vanhu vakawanda kupfuura vakaurawa muhondo huru dzakawanda.

MuAfrica marariya yakabetsera kuti West Africa iwane zita rokuti “Guva romuRungu.” Kutaura idi, hosha yacho yakadzivisa kwazvo parapatiko yamakwikwi okuita kuti Africa ive nyika yavo zvokuti imwe yunivhesiti yeWest Africa yakazivisa umhutu kuva gamba renyika! MuCentral America, marariya yakabetsera kukurira nhamburiko dzeFrance dzokuvaka Panama Canal. MuSouth America, nokuvakwa kwenjanji yeMamoré-Madeira muBrazil, marariya yakataurwa kuva yakauraya upenyu hwomunhu nokuda kwechitsigiso chenjanji chiri chose chaiiswa.

Kurwa Kwokukunda

Dziviriro dzokurwisana noumhutu, asi nomutoo wokusaziva dzokurwisana nemarariya, dzakapfuurira kwamamireniyumu. Muzana ramakore rechi 16 P.N.V., vaEgipita vaishandisa mafuta omuti weBalanites wilsoniana somushonga wokudzinga umhutu. Makore ane chiuru chimwe gare gare, Herodotus akanyora kuti varedzi veEgipita vaiputira mibhedha yavo nemimbure yavo kuti vadzivirire zvipembenene zvacho. Makore ane mazana gumi namanomwe gare gare, Marco Polo akashuma kuti vagari vakapfuma veIndia vairara pamibhedha ine maketeni anodzivirira aigona kuvharwa usiku.

Kune imwe nzvimbo, vanhu vakawana mishonga yomusikirwo yakanga ine ukoshi chaihwoihwo. Kwamakore anopfuura 2 000, marariya muChina yave ichirapwa nomutoo unobudirira nechirimwa chinonzi qinghaosu, mushonga wegurumbadzi uyo wakawanwazve mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. MuSouth America, maKura ePeru aishandisa gwati romuti womucinchona. Muzana ramakore rechi 17, cinchona yakasvika kuEurope, uye muna 1820 nyanzvi mbiri dzokugadzira mishonga dzeParis dzakawana mairi alkaloid inonzi quinine.

Zvombo Zvitsva

Betsero yequinine mukudzivisa nokurapa marariya yakanga ichinonoka kuva inoongwa, asi apo yakangoongwa bedzi, yakava murimo unorumbidzwa kwamakore ane zana. Ipapo, pakuvamba muhondo yenyika yechipiri, mauto echiJapan akatapa nzvimbo dzinokosha dzeminda yemiti yecinchona muFar East. Kuperevedza kwakakomba kwakavapo somugumisiro kwequinine muUnited States kwakasunda kunzvera kukuru kuti kugadzirwe murimo unogadzirwa unodzivisa marariya. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri chloroquine, murimo wakanga usina ngozi, unobudirira zvikuru, uye usingadhuri kugadzira.

Chloroquine yakakurumidza kuva chombo chikuru chokurwisa marariya. Uyewo wakatangwa muma 1940 wakanga uri mushonga unouraya zvipembenene unonzi DDT, muurayi ane simba woumhutu. DDT haisati ichingouraya bedzi umhutu panguva yokupfapfaidza asi gare gare kuvapo kwezvisaririra zvayo pamadziro apfapfaidzwa kunouraya zvipembenene.b

Denho Ine Tariro

Pashure pehondo yenyika yechipiri, masayendisiti akashongedzerwa neDDT nechloroquine akaronga denho yenyika yose mukurwisa marariya noumhutu. Hondo yacho yaizorwiwa munzira mbiri—mirimo yaizoshandiswa kuuraya maparasaiti ari mumuviri womunhu, nepo kupfapfaidza kukurusa nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvaizoparadza chose chose umhutu.

Nharidzano yacho yakanga iri rukundo rwachose chose. Marariya yaizobviswa chose chose mukuvapo. Yakanga ichitungamirira denho yakanga iri World Health Organization (WHO) ichangobva kuumbwa, yakaita kuti purogiramu yokuparadza chose chose ive chinhu chayo chokutanga chapamusoro. Kutsunga kwakatsigirwa nemari. Pakati pa 1957 na 1967, nyika dzakapedza madhora ane mabhiriyoni 1,4 munhimbe yomunyika yose. Migumisiro yapakuvamba yakanga yakanaka zvikuru. Chirwere chacho chakakurirwa muEurope, North America, yaichimbova Soviet Union, Australia, uye dzimwe nyika dzeSouth America. Purofesa L. J. Bruce-Chwatt, nyanzvi yezvokurwisa marariya, akati: “Kungava kwakaoma kurondedzera nhasi mbavarira huru iyo mufungo wokuparadza chose chose wakanyandura munyika yose mukati mamazuva iwayo ane rugare.” Marariya yakanga ichidzedzereka! WHO yakaganza, kuti: “Kuparadzwa chose chose kwemarariya kwazova chinhu chaichoicho chatinogona kuita.”

Marariya Inodzivisa

Asi rukundo rwakanga rusati ruchizovapo. Zvizvarwa zvoumhutu zvakapukunyuka denho yekemikoro zvakava zvinodzivisa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene. DDT yakanga ichisiri kuhuuraya nenzira iri nyore sezvayaiita kare. Nenzira yakafanana, maparasaiti emarariya ari muvanhu akava anodzivisa chloroquine. Izvi nezvimwe zvinetso zvakaguma nokukurirwa kukuru mune dzimwe nyika uko rukundo rwakanga rwaratidzika kuva rwechokwadi. Sri Lanka, somuenzaniso, uko marariya yakafungwa kuva yakadokubviswa muna 1963, makore mashanu bedzi gare gare yakava nomurakatira unotapura mamiriyoni.

Pakazosvika 1969 kwakanga kwabvumwa zvakafara kuti marariya yakanga iri muvengi uyo asingagoni kukundwa. Panzvimbo pemashoko okuti “kuparadza chose chose,” shoko rokuti “kudzora” rakatanga kudiwa. Chii chinorehwa nokuti “kudzora”? Dr. Brian Doberstyn, mutungamiri worutivi rwemarariya rweWHO, anotsanangura, kuti: “Zvatinogona kuita bedzi zvino ndiko kuedza kuchengeta nzufu nokutambura zviri paganhuriro ine mwero wakati.”

Mumwe mukuru mukuru weWHO anonzwa urombo, achiti: “Pashure pokunge nhamburiko dzokuparadza chose chose marariya dzaitwa muma 1950 uye kushandiswa kweDDT mukurwisana nezvipembenene, nzanga yamarudzi ose yakaregeredza. Urombo, kushayikwa kwegadziriro dzehwaro, kudziviswa kwemirimo nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvakatungamirira kukupfuurira kwehosha yacho. Kutaura idi, takundwa nehosha yacho.”

Chimwezve chinhu ndechokuti makambani emirimo akarega kunzvera kwawo. Mumwe musayendisiti wemarariya akati: “Chinetso ndechokuti kunoda zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwemhindu zvakawanda, asi hapana mhindu uye hapana kurudziro. Hungu, kunyange zvazvo hondo dzakawanda dzakakurirwa, hondo yokurwisana nemarariya ichigere kupera. Zvisinei, Bhaibheri rinonongedzera kunguva yaswedera pedyo apo “[kusina] mugari wemo achati: ‘Ndinorwara.’” (Isaya 33:24, NW) Kutozosvikira panguva iyeyo, hosha norufu zvichave zvichiri kuuya zviri pamapapiro asina kusimba.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 15]

Umhutu Hunorwisana Nomunhu

Hunotyisidzira nomutoo wakananga inodokuva hafu yorudzi rwomunhu, nyika dzinopfuura zana rimwe, zvikurukuru munyika dzinopisa. Africa zvikurukuru ndiyo nhare.

Umhutu hunozivikanwa kuva hunotakurwa nendege kubva munharaunda dzinopisa uye hwakatapura vanhu vanogara pedyo nenhandare dzamarudzi ose dzendege.

Vanyajambwa vanotambudzwa. Hunotambudza vanhu vane mamiriyoni 270 gore rimwe nerimwe, huchiuraya vanosvika kumamiriyoni maviri. Hune utsinye zvikurukuru kuvakadzi vane mimba navana, paavhareji hunouraya vechiduku vaviri miniti iri yose.

Hunodenha vanoshanya kunyika dzinopisa. Gore rimwe nerimwe zvirwere zvemarariya “zvinobva kune dzimwe nyika” zvine 10 000 zvinoshumwa muEurope uye zvinopfuura 1 000 muNorth America.

Matandi. Umhutu hwechikadzi hune maparasaiti hunotapura vanhu zvikurukuru usiku. Marariya inopfuudzwawo kupfurikidza nokuisira ropa uye, panhambo nenhambo, kupfurikidza nenariti dzakashatiswa.

Rudzi rwomunhu rwakava noruzivo nemitoo yokurwisa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya bedzi. Pasinei hapo nenhamburiko dzomubatanidzwa dzenyika 105 idzo dziri kuedza kukunda kutambudza kwacho, rudzi rwomunhu rwuri kukundwa.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 16]

Dzivisa Kurumwa Noumhutu

Rara mubhedha wako wakafukidzwa nomumbure. Mimbure yakaiswa mushonga unouraya zvipembenene ndiyo yakanakisisa.

Shandisa chinodzora tembiricha yemhepo usiku kana chichiwanika, kana kuti rara mumakamuri ane mafafitera namasuo zvakadzitirwa. Kana pasina zvinodzitira, chengeta masuo namafafitera zvakapfigwa.

Pashure pokunyura kwezuva, kunorumbidzwa kuti upfeke chipfeko chine maoko marefu nomudhebhe. Mavara matema anokwezva umhutu.

Zora mushonga unodzinga zvipembenene mumativi omuviri wako asina kudzivirirwa nechipfeko. Sarudza uyo une diethyltoluamide (deet) kana kuti zvimwe dimethyl phthalate.

Shandisa zvipfapfaidzo zvinouraya umhutu, zvinoparadzira mushonga unouraya zvipembenene, kana kuti makoiri oumhutu.

Manyuko: World Health Organization.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

H. Armstrong Roberts

[Bhokisi riri papeji 17]

“Hakuna ‘Bara Remashiripiti’”

Nepo kariro yorukundo rwakakwana ichiratidzika kuva iri kure, hondo yokurwisana nemarariya inopfuurira. Pamusangano wamarudzi ose pamusoro pemarariya muBrazzaville, Congo, muna October 1991, vamiriri veWHO vakarayira kuregwa kwe“chimiro chendangariro chakatekeshera chokutera” ndokurumbidza nhimbe yokudzora marariya. Nhamburiko dzakadaro dzichabudirira zvakadini?

“Hakuna ‘bara remashiripiti’ remarariya,” akataura kudaro mutungamiri mukuru weWHO Hiroshi Nakajima misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. “Naizvozvo tinofanira kuirwisa munzira dzakawanda.” Hedzino nzira nhatu dzehondo idzo dzakaziviswa zvikuru misi ichangobva kupfuura:

Mushonga Wenhomba. Masayendisiti ave achishanda kwamakore achitsvaka mushonga wenhomba wokurwisa marariya, uye zvinobudisa nhau panhambo nenhambo zvinoshuma “budiriro” mukunzvera. Ichipwatitsa kuva netariro kusina kufanira, WHO inonyevera pamusoro “penyengedzo yokuwanika kwomushonga wenhomba wokurwisa marariya munguva yemberi iri pedyo.”

Chimwe chezvinetso mukuita mushonga wenhomba ndechokuti parasaiti yemarariya iri mumunhu yakabudirira nomutoo unoshamisa mukunzvenga nhamburiko dzegadziriro yokuzvidzivirira kwomuviri womunhu dzokuiparadza. Kunyange pashure pamakore akawanda okudenha yadenhazve, vanhu vakangoita bedzi kuzvidzivirira kwakaganhurirwa kuhosha yacho. Dr. Hans Lobel, nyanzvi yoruzivo rwomurakatira paU.S. Centers for Disease Control muAtlanta, anoti: “Hauiti kuzvidzivirira kwomuviri pashure pedenho shomanene chete. Naizvozvo [mukuedza kuita mushonga wenhomba] uri kuedza kuvandudza muzvarirwo.”

Mirimo. Nokudzivisa kunowedzera kweparasaiti yemarariya mirimo iriko, WHO iri kusimudzira mushonga mutsva unonzi arteether, unowanwa muchinotorwa mugurumbadzi rechiChina rinonzi qinghaosu.c WHO inokarira kuti qinghaosu ingava manyuko eboka idzva chose chose remirimo yomusikirwo, iyo ingawanika kunzanga yenyika mukati mamakore gumi.

Mimbure yomubhedha. Ichiri kushanda ndiyo iyi dziviriro yave iriko kwezviuru zviviri zvamakore mukurwisana noumhutu. Umhutu hwemarariya kazhinji kazhinji hunodenha usiku, uye mumbure unohudzinga. Inoshanda zvikurusa mimbure yanyikwa mumushonga unouraya zvipembenene, wakadai sepemethrin. Fundo muAfrica dzinoratidza kuti mumisha uko mimbure yomubhedha yakatangwa, nzufu dzemarariya dzakaderera ne 60 muzana.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]

Uri Kuenda Kunyika Dzinopisa Here?

Kana uchironga kuenda kunharaunda uko marariya iri tyisidziro, unofanira kuita zvinotevera:

1. Bvunza chiremba wako kana kuti nzvimbo yenhomba.

2. Sanotevera mirayiridzo yaunopiwa, uye kana uchishandisa murimo wokudzivisa marariya, pfuurira kuita kudaro kwevhiki ina pashure pokubva munharaunda ine marariya.

3. Zvidzivirire pakurumwa noumhutu.

4. Ziva zviratidzo zvemarariya: fivhiri, kutemwa nomusoro, kudzimba kwetsandanyama, kurutsa, uye/kana kupanza. Yeuka kuti marariya inogona kuoneka kusvikira kugore rimwe pashure pokubva kwako munharaunda ine marariya kunyange kana mirimo yokudzivisa marariya yave ichishandiswa.

5. Kana une zviratidzo, ona chiremba. Marariya inogona kuipisisa nokukurumidza uye inogona kuparira rufu mumaawa asingasviki 48 pashure pokunge zviratidzo zvokutanga zvaoneka.

Manyuko: World Health Organization.

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 14]

H. Armstrong Roberts