Nei Zvakadzoka?
ANENGE makore 40 adarika, zvirwere zvakajairika kudai semarariya, yellow fever, nedengue zvaifungidzirwa kuti zvakapedzwa munzvimbo dzakawanda panyika. Asi zvaisafungidzirwa zvakaitika—zvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene zvakatanga kuoneka zvekare.
Nei? Chimwe chikonzero ndechokuti, zvimwe zvipembenene nemajemusi azvinotakura zvave nhinhi kumishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene uye inoshandiswa pakurapa. Uku kuchinja kwazvo zvichijaira kwakawedzerwa, kwete nokushandiswa zvakanyanya kwemishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene asiwo nokushandisa mishonga yokurapa nenzira isiri iyo. “Mudzimba dzakawanda dzevarombo,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Mosquito, “vanhu vanowana mushonga wacho, voshandisa mushoma zvokuti vangopedza zviratidzo zvechirwere chacho, vochengeta unenge wasara kuti vazorapisa kana chirwere chadzoka.” Nokurapwa zvisina kukwana kudaro, majemusi akasimba angangorarama mumuviri womunhu obereka mamwe asingaurayiwi nomushonga.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze
Chimwe chikonzero chikuru chokudzoka kwezvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene kuchinja—muzvinhu zvakasikwa uye mumagariro evanhu. Muenzaniso mukuru kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze epasi pose. Mamwe masayendisiti anotarisira mamiriro okunze anopisa kuwedzera zvipembenene zvinotakura zvirwere munzvimbo dzanhasi dzinotonhora. Pane uchapupu hwokuti izvi zvingave zviri kutoitika izvozvi. Dr. Paul R. Epstein weCenter for Health and the Global Environment, paHarvard Medical School, anoti: “Zvipembenene pamwe nezvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene (kusanganisira marariya nedengue fever) zviri kushumwa nhasi munzvimbo dzakakwirira muAfrica, Asia, neLatin America.” MuCosta Rica, dengue yakapararira mumakomo, iyo munguva shoma yadarika yakanga ichingowanikwa kuPacific Coast, asi zvino yakazara nyika yacho yose.
Asi mamiriro okunze anodziya anogona kuita zvakawanda. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo anochinja nzizi kuva zvidziva, nepo mune dzimwe nzvimbo anoita kuti mvura inaye ichiita mafashamo anosiya zvimadziva zvemvura isingayereri. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ose mvura isingayereri inoshanda senzvimbo yakanaka yokuti umhutu huberekane. Mamiriro okunze anopisa anopfupikisa nguva yokubereka kwoumhutu, zvowedzera kuberekana kwahwo, uye anorebesa mwaka apo umhutu hunenge hwakawanda. Mumamiriro okunze anopisa, umhutu hunenge hwakachangamuka. Kupisa kwakanyanya kunotopinda mudumbu moumhutu kwowedzera kuberekwa kwemajemusi anokonzera zvirwere, nokudaro zvichiwedzera mukana wokuti kungorumwa kamwe kunogona kuisa munhu pangozi yokubatwa nechirwere. Asi pane zvimwewo zviri kutyirwa.
Muenzaniso Wechirwere Nokupararira Kwacho
Kuchinja kwemagariro evanhu kunogonawo kukonzera kuvapo kwezvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene. Kuti tinzwisise maitikiro azvinoita, tinofanira kunyatsotarisisa basa rinoitwa nezvipembenene. Muzvirwere zvakawanda, chipembenene chinogona kunge chiri chinhu chimwe muzvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa mukuparadzirwa kwezvirwere. Mhuka kana shiri inogona kunge iriyo yakatakura chirwere nokutakura zvipembenene pamuviri wayo kana kuti nokunge iine majemusi muropa rayo. Kana chakatakura chirwere chacho chichigona kurarama chakadaro, chinogona kuvawo zimai rechirwere chacho.
Chimbofunga nezvechirwere cheLyme, chakatanga kuzivikanwa muna 1975 chikabva chapiwa zita rokuti Lyme, nzvimbo iri kuConnecticut, U.S.A., kwachakatanga kuonekwa. Utachiona hunokonzera chirwere cheLyme hunogona kunge hwakauya kuNorth America makore zana adarika nemakonzo kana zvipfuwo zvaiva mungarava dzaibva kuEurope. Kana chikwekwe chiduku cheIxodes chanwa ropa remhuka ine chirwere ichi, utachiona hwacho hunoramba huri mudumbu rechikwekwe ichi kwoupenyu hwacho hwose. Chikwekwe chacho pachinozoruma imwe mhuka kana munhu, chinogona kuparadzira utachiona muropa rechinhu charumwa.
Nechokumusoro kwakadziva kumabudazuva kweUnited States, chirwere cheLyme ndokumusha kwacho—chave chiri ikoko kwenguva yakareba. Chinonyanya kutakura utachiona hwechirwere cheLyme imbeva dzine makumbo machena. Mbeva dzachowo dzinenge dziine zvikwekwe, kunyanya zvinenge zvichikura. Zvikwekwe zvakura zvinoda kugara pamhuka hombe, pazvinogona kudya nokuberekana. Kana chaguta neropa, chikwekwe chikadzi chinodonha pasi kuti chikandire mazai acho, anobva achochonya kuitwa tuvana tunozotanga zvekare mararamiro acho.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu
Utachiona hwakagara nemhuka nezvipembenene kwemakore akawanda husingakonzeri zvirwere muvanhu. Asi kuchinja mumamiriro ezvinhu kunogona kuchinja chirwere chiri munzvimbo imwe kuva chirwere chinobata vanhu vakawanda munzanga. Chii chakachinja pachirwere cheLyme?
Kare, zvikara zvaibatsira kuti zvikwekwe zvinogara pamhuka zvisasangane nevanhu nokudzora kuwanda kwemhuka. Vanhu vokutanga vaibva kuEurope pavakatema masango kuti varime, kuwanda kwemhuka kwakaderera uye zvikara zvaidya mhuka idzi zvakaenda kure. Asi munguva dzepakati pema1800, minda yakawanda yakasiiwa sezvo varimi vakatanga kuenda kumadokero, uye masango akatanga kukura. Mhuka dzakadzoka asi zvikara zvaimbodzidya hazvina. Saka mhuka dzakawanda zvisina akamboona, uyewo ndozvakaita zvikwekwe.
Gare gare, utachiona hwechirwere cheLyme hwakasvika hukagara kwemakumi emakore husati hwava ngozi kuvanhu. Zvisinei, misha payakatanga kuvakwa kumapeto kwemasango acho, vana nevakuru vakawanda vakatanga kupinda munzvimbo dzaiva nezvikwekwe. Zvikwekwe zvakaona kuti vanhu ndivo vokutoruma, uye vanhu vakawana chirwere cheLyme.
Chirwere Munyika Isina Kugadzikana
Zviri pamusoro apa zvinoratidza nzira imwe mune dzakawanda iyo chirwere chinouya nacho uye muenzaniso mumwe wokuti zviito zvomunhu zvakaita sei kuti chidzoke. “Nguva zhinji zvirwere zvizhinji zvisingakurumidzi kurapika zvakadzoka nokuda kwemaitiro evanhu,” anonyora kudaro anodzidza zvakatikomberedza Eugene Linden mubhuku rake rinonzi The Future in Plain Sight. Mimwe mienzaniso mishoma: Kukurumbira uye zvifambiso zvinokurumidza kufamba zvemazuva ano zvinogona kuparadzira utachiona nezvinohutakura pasi pose. Kukanganiswa kwezvisikwa zvikuru nezviduku kunokanganisa kuwanda kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana. “Zvinosvibisa zvinopinda mumhepo nomumvura,” anodaro Linden, “zvichishayisa simba rokugona kurwisa zvirwere mumhuka nevanhu.” Anowedzera zvakataurwa naDr. Epstein kuti: “Chaizvoizvo kupindira kwevanhu muukama hwezvinhu zvakasikwa kwakaderedza kugona kwenyika kuderedza zvirwere, zvichiita kuti utachiona hupombonoke.”
Kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika kunotungamirira kuhondo dzinokuvadza mararamiro ezvinhu zviripo uye kuparadza zvinhu zvinokosha zvinopa utano hwakanaka nezvokuti zvokudya zvigoverwe. Pamwe naizvozvi, Biobulletin yeAmerican Museum of Natural History inotaura kuti: “Vapoteri, vakaperezeka uye vasina simba, kakawanda vanomanikidzirwa kupinda mumisasa inoita kuti kumanikidzika kwayo noutsvina hurimo zvivaise pangozi yokubatwa nezvirwere zvakawanda.”
Kusagadzikana mune zvoupfumi kunoita kuti vanhu vatame, mungava munyika mavo kana kuenda kune dzimwe, zvikurukuru mumaguta akawandisa vanhu. “Utachiona hunoda nzvimbo dzakawanda vanhu,” inotsanangura kudaro Biobulletin. Apo vanhu vanogara mumaguta vanowanda, “kakawanda zvirongwa zvinoitwa kuchengetedza utano hwevanhu, zvakadai sedzidzo inokosha, kudya kunovaka muviri, uye zvirongwa zvokubaya majekiseni okudzivirira hazvifambirani nokuwanda kwevanhu.” Kuwandisa kwevanhu kunoitawo kuti mvura, zvimbudzi, nenzira dzokurasa marara zviwandirwe, zvichiita kuti utsanana uye kuchena kwomunhu zviome panguva imwe chete zvichiumba mamiriro ezvinhu anowedzera zvipembenene nezvimwe zvinotakura zvirwere. Kunyange zvakadaro, mamiriro acho ezvinhu ane tariro, sezvinoratidzwa nenyaya inotevera.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 27]
“Nguva zhinji zvirwere zvizhinji zvisingakurumidzi kurapika zvakadzoka nokuda kwemaitiro evanhu”
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]
Utachiona Hwakawanikwa kuWest Nile Hunopinda muUnited States
Utachiona hwakawanikwa kuWest Nile, hunopinda muvanhu bedzi kana varumwa noumhutu, hwakatanga kuzivikanwa muna 1937 muUganda uye hwakazoonekwa kuMiddle East, Asia, Oceania, neEurope. Utachiona hwacho hwakanga husina kumboonekwa nechokuDivi rokuMavirira Repasi kutozosvikira muna 1999. Zvisinei, kubvira ipapo, vanhu vakabatwa nahwo vanopfuura 3 000 vakashumwa nezvavo muUnited States uye vanhu vanopfuura 200 vakafa.
Vanhu vakawanda vane utachiona hwacho havambozivi kuti vanahwo, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vangava nezviratidzo zvakada kufanana nezvedzihwa. Asi vashoma ndivo vanorwara nezvirwere zvakakomba zvinosanganisira encephalitis nemeningitis yomumuzongoza. Hapasati pave nomushonga wokudzivirira kana wokurapa chirwere chinokonzerwa noutachiona hwakawanikwa kuWest Nile. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inonyevera kuti utachiona hwakawanikwa kuWest Nile hunogona kupinda mumunhu kana aiswa nhengo dzabva pane mumwe munhu kana kuisirwa ropa romunhu anahwo. “Iye zvino hapasati pave nenzira dzokuongorora ropa kana rine utachiona hwakawanikwa kuWest Nile,” yakashuma kudaro Reuters yezvenhau muna 2002.
[Mufananidzo]
CDC/James D. Gathany
[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 24, 25]
Ungazvidzivirira Sei? Zvimwe Zvokuita Nezvokusaita
Mukai! yakabvunza vagari vomunzvimbo dzakawanda zvipembenene nezvirwere kupota pasi nokuda kwemazano okugara une utano hwakanaka. Unogona kuwana mazano avo achibatsira kwaunogara.
Utsanana—Chombo Chako Chokutanga
◼ Chengeta musha wako wakachena
“Vhara midziyo inochengeterwa zvokudya. Chengeta kudya kwakabikwa kwakavharwa kutozosvikira kwadyiwa. Chenesa parasikira zvokudya pakarepo. Usarara ndiro dzisina kusukwa kana kukanda marara ezvokudya kunze kwemba kuti azoraswa mangwanani. Afukidze kana kuafushira, nokuti zvipembenene nemakonzo zvinouya usiku zvichitsvaka zvokudya. Uyezve, imba ikaiswawo uriri hwesamende kusiyana neine uriri hwevhu zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuchenesa uye kuti pasava nezvipembenene.”—Africa.
“Chengeta michero kana chimwe chinhu chose chinokwezva zvipembenene kure nemba. Chengeta zvipfuyo—mbudzi, nguruve, huku—kunze kwemba. Vhara makomba ezvimbudzi. Fushira nhoko dzezvipfuyo nokukurumidza kana kuti vhara neraimi kuti nhunzi dzitambire kure. Kunyange vavakidzani vako vasingaiti izvozvo, unogona kuita kuti zvipembenene zvive zvishoma uyewo wogadza muenzaniso wakanaka.”—South America.
[Mufananidzo]
Kusiya zvokudya kana marara zvisina kuvharwa zvakafanana nokukoka zvipembenene kuti zvidye newe
◼ Utsanana hwomumuviri
Sipo inotengeka, saka geza maoko nembatya nguva nenguva, kunyanya kana wagumana nevamwe vanhu kana mhuka. Usabata mhuka dzakafa. Usabata muromo, mhuno, uye maziso ako nemaoko ako. Mbatya dzinofanira kugara dzichiwachwa kunyange kana dzichiita sedzakachena. Zvisinei, dzimwe pefiyumu dzinokwezva zvipembenene, saka usashandisa sipo nezvimwe zvokugezesa zvinonhuwirira.”—Africa.
Matanho Okudzivirira
◼ Bvisa nzvimbo dzinoberekera umhutu
Vhara matangi emvura nemabhavhu okugezera. Rasa zvimatende zvose zvinogona kugarira mvura. Usarega mvura iri mumaruva ari mumidziyo. Umhutu hunogona kubereka chero pane mvura inopedza mazuva mana.—Southeast Asia.
◼ Usanyanya kugara pane zvipembenene
Usafamba nguva inofarira kudya zvipembenene uye nzvimbo yazvinofarira. Zuva rinokurumidza kunyura munzvimbo dzinopisa, saka mamwe mabasa ezuva nezuva anoitwa murima, apo zvipembenene kakawanda zvinenge zvichifamba-famba. Kugara nokurara panze zvinowedzera mukana wokurumwa apo zvipembenene zvinoparadzira zvirwere zvinenge zvakawanda.—Africa.
[Mufananidzo]
Kurara panze munyika ine umhutu zvakafanana nokuhukoka kuti hukudye
Pfeka mbatya dzinovhara muviri wose, kunyanya kana uri musango. Pfapfaidza mushonga unodzinga zvipembenene pambatya dzako neganda, nguva dzose uchitevera mirayiridzo yakanyorwa. Zviongorore pachako nevana vako kana musina zvikwekwe kana mapedza zuva muchifamba musango. Chengeta imbwa dzako nekiti zviine utano uye zvisina zvipembenene.—North America.
Usanyanya kugumana nemhuka dzomupurazi, nokuti zvipembenene zvinogona kuparadzira zvirwere kubva kwadziri kuendesa kuvanhu.—Central Asia.
Shandisai maneti anovharidzira umhutu—kunyanya akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya zvipembenene—mose zvenyu semhuri. Shandisai sefa pamahwindo, uye sefa dzacho ngadzigare dzisina kubooka. Vharai hwangwadza dziri pakati pedenga remba nomudhuri dzinogona kupinza zvipembenene. Kudzivirira kwakadaro kungadya mari, asi ungatorasikirwa nemari yakawanda kana uchizoendesa mwana kuchipatara kana kuti mumwe anoshanda akarwara zvokusagona kuunza mari kumba.—Africa.
[Mufananidzo]
Maneti ane mishonga yokudzivirira zvipembenene akachipa kana achienzaniswa nemishonga uye mari dzokubhadhara muzvipatara
Bvisa nzvimbo dzinovanda zvipembenene pamusha wako. Nama madziro nedenga, nama makatsemuka uye maburi. Vharai nejira risingapindi zvipembenene pasi pedenga remba yakapfirirwa nouswa. Bvisa umwe ungwanda-ngwanda hwakadai semapepa kana machira kana mapikicha akaiswa kumadziro—munohwanda zvipembenene.—South America.
Vamwe vanhu vanoona zvipembenene nemakonzo sevaeni. Hazvisi! Ngazvirege kumbopinda. Shandisa zvinodzinga zvipembenene nomushonga wezvipembenene—asi uchitevedzera mirayiridzo yacho. Shandisa zvinobata kana kuuraya zvipembenene. Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira: Mumwe mukadzi akagadzira chimupon’oro chejira, akachizadza nejecha, akachiisa pahwangwadza yaiva pasi pedhoo rake kuti zvipembenene zvisapinda.—Africa.
[Mufananidzo]
Zvipembenene hazvifaniri kuva vaenzi mumba. Zvidzinge!
◼ Mushonga wokudzivirira
Gara muviri wako uchigona kurwisa zvirwere nokudya, kuzorora uye kurovedza muviri zvakakodzera. Usanyanya kufunganya.—Africa.
Vafambi: Gara uchiziva mashoko azvino-zvino nezvezvirwere zviripo. Mashoko acho anowanikwa kumahofisi anodzidzisa nezvoutano uye nzvimbo dzeIndaneti dzehurumende. Usati wafamba rwendo, inwa mishonga yokudzivirira inoenderana nenzvimbo yaunoda kushanyira.
Kana Ukarwara
◼ Kurumidza kurapwa
Zvirwere zvakawanda zviri nyore kurapa kana zvikakurumidza kuzivikanwa.
◼ Ngwarira kuti chirwere chaunacho chinganzi ndechimwewo
Tsvaka vanachiremba vane ruzivo rwezvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene uye vanoziva zvirwere zvomunzvimbo dzinopisa kana wakamboenda ikoko. Taurira chiremba wako nezvezvaunonzwa zvose nekwose kwawakaenda, kunyange munguva yakapfuura. Shandisa mishonga chete kana zvakakodzera, uye pedza mishonga yawapiwa.
[Mufananidzo]
Zvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene zvinogona kuita sezvimwe zvirwere. Udza chiremba wako nezvekwose kwawakaenda
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Globe: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]
Zvipembenene Zvinoparadzira HIV Here?
Pashure pemakore gumi okuongorora nokutsvakurudza, vanodzidza zvipembenene nemasayendisiti ezvokurapa havana kuona uchapupu huripo hwokuti umhutu kana chimwe chipembenene chipi nechipi zvinoparadzira HIV—utachiona hweAIDS.
Kana huri umhutu, somuenzaniso, muromo wacho hauna kuita sejekiseni rine muromo mumwe wokuti ropa rinogona kubuda naipapo zvekare. Asi, umhutu hunosveta ropa nerimwe buri huchibudisa mate nerimwe buri. Ipapo, anotsanangura kudaro Thomas Damasso, nyanzvi yokuongorora HIV neDistrict Health Management Team muMongu, Zambia, umhutu pahunozeya ropa, hunozeya zvose noutachiona hweHIV. HIV haiwanikwi mutsvina youmhutu hwacho. Uye kusiyana noutachiona hwemarariya, HIV haipindi mumate oumhutu.
Kuti abate HIV, munhu anofanira kunge apindwa notunhu tune utachiona twakawanda. Kana umhutu hukadzingwa hwoenda kune mumwe munhu, turopa tunenge twasara pamuromo tunenge turi tushoma zvokuti tunzi tune ngozi. Maererano nenyanzvi, kunyange kupwanya umhutu hwakazara ropa rine HIV paronda hakungakonzeri HIV.
[Kwazvakatorwa]
CDC/James D. Gathany
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 23]
Chikwekwe chepamhuka (chakaratidzwa chiri chikuru kurudyi) chinoparadzira chirwere che“Lyme” kuvanhu
Kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi: Chikono chakura, chimwana, zvose makuriro azvo chaiwo
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Zvikwekwe zvose: CDC
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 26, 27]
Mafashamo, nzvimbo dzisina utsanana, uye kutama kwevanhu zvinokonzera kupararira kwezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nezvipembenene
[Kwazvakatorwa]
FOTO UNACIONES (yakabva kuU.S. Army)