Kusafa Kwemweya—Mavambo Edzidziso Yacho
“Hapana nhau yezveupenyu hwake husingaoneki yakabata pfungwa dzomunhu zvakadaro seyechimiro chake pashure pokufa.”—“ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS.”
IMWE nyanzvi ine makore 70 okukura uye mudzidzisi inopomerwa kumhura Mwari nokukanganisa ndangariro duku nedzidziso yayo. Kunyange zvazvo achizvidzivira zvinoorora pakutongwa kwake, dare risina ruramisiro rinomuwana ane mhaka uye rinomutongera rufu. Maawa mashomanene asati aurawa, mudzidzisi akwegura anopa vana vakamupoteredza nhevedzano yezvibvumikiso zvokusimbisa kuti mweya haufi uye kuti rufu harufaniri kutyiwa.
2 Murume akapiwa mhosva haasi mumwe kunze kwaSocrates, muzivi wechiGiriki ane mukurumbira wezana ramakore rechishanu B.C.E.a Mudzidzi wake Plato akanyora zviitiko izvi murondedzero inonzi Apology uye Phaedo. Socrates naPlato vanonzi vakanga vari pakati pevakatanga kukudziridza pfungwa yokuti mweya haufi. Asi vakanga vasiri vavambi vedzidziso iyi.
3 Sezvatichaona, mavambo epfungwa yokusafa kwomunhu anosvika munguva dzapakuvamba zvikuru. Socrates naPlato, zvisinei, vakapedzisa pfungwa yacho ndokuichinja kuva dzidziso youzivi, nokudaro vachiita kuti ifadze zvikuru mapoka akadzidza ezuva ravo uye kupfuura.
Kubva Kuna Pythagoras Kusvika kumaPyramid
4 VaGiriki vakararama Socrates naPlato vasati vavepo vaidavirawo kuti mweya waipfuurira kurarama pashure pokufa. Pythagoras, mazvikokota wemasvomhu akakurumbira wechiGiriki wezana ramakore rechitanhatu B.C.E., aifunga kuti mweya haufi uye waigona kutama. Iye asati avako, Thales weMiletus, anofungwa kuva muzivi wechiGiriki akatanga kuzivikanwa, aifunga kuti mweya usingafi waivapo kwete bedzi muvanhu, mhuka, uye miti asiwo muzvinhu zvakadai semagineti, sezvo achigona kufambisa simbi. VaGiriki vekare vaiti mweya yevakafa yaiyambutswa rwizi runonzi Styx kuenda kunzvimbo huru iri pasi pevhu inonzi nyika yevakafa. Ikoko, vatongi vaitongera mweya kukutambudzwa mujere rine madziro marefu kana kuti kumufaro muParadhiso.
5 MuIran, kana kuti Persia, kumabvazuva, muporofita anonzi Zoroaster akararama muzana ramakore rechinomwe B.C.E. Akavamba munamatiro wakazosvika pakuzivikanwa sechiZoroaster. Urwu rwakanga rwuri rudzidziso rweUmambo hwePersia, rwaidzora nyika yose Greece isati yava simba guru. Magwaro echiZoroaster anoti: “Mweya weVakarurama uchangogara uri muMufaro Usingafi, asi mweya weMurevi wenhema zvirokwazvo uchatambudzwa. Uye Mitemo iyi inoita kuti Ahura Mazda [kureva, “mwari akachenjera”] agadzwe nechiremera Chake chikuru.”
6 Dzidziso yokusafa kwomweya yakanga iriwo rutivi rwerudzidziso rweIran rwakatangira chiZoroaster. Marudzi ekare eIran, somuenzaniso, aitarisira mweya yevakaenda nokuvapa zvokudya nezvokupfeka zvokuvabetsera munyika yepasi.
7 Kudavira kuti kune upenyu pashure perufu kwaiva rutivi runokosha rwerudzidziso rweEgipita. VaEgipita vaidavira kuti mweya wemunhu akafa waizotongwa naOsiris, mwari mukuru wenyika yepasi. Somuenzaniso, gwaro remupumburu wamanyoro rinonzi nderemuzana remakore rechi14 B.C.E. rinoratidza Anubis, mwari wevakafa, achitungamirira mweya wemunyori Hunefer kuenda pamberi paOsiris. Pachikero, mwoyo wemunyori, unomirira hana yake, unoyerwa uchiyenzaniswa nomunhenga uyo mwarikadzi wechokwadi neruramisiro anopfeka mumusoro make. Thoth, mumwe mwari, anonyora migumisiro yacho. Sezvo mwoyo waHunefer usingaremi nemhosva, unorema zviri pasi pemunhenga, uye Hunefer anobvumirwa kupinda munzvimbo yaOsiris ndokuva asingafi. Mupumburu wamanyoro wacho unoratidzawo chikara chikadzi chakamira pedyo nechikero, chakagadzirira kuparadza mushakabvu kana mwoyo wacho ukakundikana muedzo. VaEgipitawo vaiomesawo vakafa vavo uye vaichengetedza mitumbi yavanafarao mumapiramidhi anoorora, sezvo vaifunga kuti kupukunyuka kwomweya kwaitsamira pakuchengetedza muviri.
8 Marudzi ekare akasiyana-siyana, naizvozvo, aiva nedzidziso imwe yakafanana—yokusafa kwomweya. Akagamuchira dzidziso iyi kubva kunzvimbo imwe cheteyo here?
Mavambo Acho
9 “Munyika yekare,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, “Egypt, Persia, uye Greece dzakatapurwa nerudzidziso rweBhabhironi.” Bhuku iri rinopfuurira kutsanangura kuti: “Mukurangarira kuonana kwepakuvamba kweEgipita neBhabhironi, sezvinoratidzwa nemahwandefa eEl-Amarna, pakanga pane mikana yakawanda zvirokwazvo yokupinzwa kwemirangariro yeBhabhironi netsika muzvitendero zveEgipita. MuPersia, chitendero cheMithra chinoratidza pesvedzoro isina mubvunzo yemirangariro yeBhabhironi . . . Muvhenganiswa wakasimba wedzimwe dzidziso dzechiJudha mose muri muviri mungano dzechiGiriki dzepakuvamba uye muzvitendero zvechiGiriki zvino zvinowanzobvumwa nenyanzvi sezvisingadi imwe tsinhiro. Idzi dzidziso dzechiJudha zvikurukuru ndedzeBhabhironi nenzira yakananga zvikuru.”b
10 Asi murangariro weBhabhironi wezvinoitika pashure pokufa hauna kusiyana zvikuru here newevaEgipita, vaPersia, uye vaGiriki? Rangarira somuenzaniso, Detembedzo Regamba raGilgamesh reBhabhironi. Gamba raro rakwegura, Gilgamesh, achityiswa nokuti rufu nderwechokwadi, anovamba kutsvaka kusafa asi anokundikana kukuwana. Mumwe musikana anotengesa waini waanosangana naye mukati merwendo rwake anotomukurudzira kuti ashandise upenyu huno zvizere, nokuti haasati achizowana upenyu husina mugumo hwaanotsvaka. Shoko redetembedzo racho rose nderokuti rufu harudzivisiki uye tariro yokusafa ifungidziro. Izvi zvingaratidza here kuti vaBhabhironi vakanga vasingadaviri muUpenyu hwepashure porufu?
11 Purofesa Morris Jastrow, Jr., weUniversity of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., akanyora kuti: “Vanhu kana kuti vatungamiriri vokufunga kworudzidziso [rweBhabhironi] havana kutongokarira kuti zvinobvira kuti chinenge chambovapo chaizoparadzwa zvachose. Rufu [mukurangarira kwavo] rwakanga rwuri mukoto wokuenda kune rumwe rudzi rwoupenyu, uye kuramba kuti kune kusafa kwaingosimbisa bedzi kusabvira kwokupukunyuka kuchinja kwechimiro chokuvapo kunoparirwa norufu.” Hongu, vaBhabhironi vaidavirawo kuti upenyu hwerudzi rwakati, muchimiro chakati, hwaipfuurira pashure porufu. Vairatidza izvi nokuviga zvinhu pamwe nevafi kuti vagoshandisa muUpenyu hwepashure porufu.
12 Sezviri pachena, dzidziso yokusafa kwomweya inodzokera shure kuBhabhironi rekare. Maererano neBhaibheri, bhuku rakabvumikiswa kuva renhau yakarurama, guta reBhabheri, kana kuti Bhabhironi, rakavambwa naNimirodhi, chizukuru chibvi chaNoa.c Pashure peMafashamo enyika yose muzuva raNoa, kwaingova nomutauro mumwe bedzi norudzidziso rumwe. Kupfurikidza nokuvamba guta racho ndokuvaka shongwe ipapo, Nimirodhi akavamba rumwe rudzidziso. Chinyorwa cheBhaibheri chinoratidza kuti pashure pokupesaniswa kwemitauro paBhabheri, vavaki veshongwe vasina kubudirira vakapararira ndokuvamba patsva, vachienda norudzidziso rwavo. (Genesi 10:6-10; 11:4-9) Dzidziso dzorudzidziso rwechiBhabhironi nokudaro dzakapararira pamusoro pepasi rose.
13 Gamuchidzanwa rinoti Nimirodhi akafa rufu rwemasimba masimba. Pashure porufu rwake vaBhabhironi nenzira ine mufungo vaizodai vakanzwa kuti vaifanira kumuremekedza semuvambi, muvaki, uye mambo wokutanga weguta ravo. Sezvo mwari Marduk (Merodhaki) airangarirwa somuvambi weBhabhironi, dzimwe nyanzvi dzakakarakadza kuti Marduk anomirira Nimirodhi airangarirwa samwari. Kana izvi zvakadaro, ipapo pfungwa yokuti munhu ane mweya unopukunyuka rufu inofanira kuva yaivako dzinenge nguva dzorufu rwaNimirodhi. Kunyange zvakadaro, chinyorwa chenhau chinoratidza kuti pashure peMafashamo, nzvimbo yakavambira dzidziso yokusafa kwomweya yakanga iri Bhabheri, kana kuti Bhabhironi.
14 Zvisinei, dzidziso yacho yakazova sei huru mumarudzidziso mazhinji enguva yedu? Chikamu chinotevera chichanzvera kupinda kwayo mumarudzidziso eMabvazuva.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a B.C.E. zvinoreva kuti “Nguva Yavose Isati Yasvika.” C.E. zvinomirira “Nguva Yavose,” inowanzonzi A.D., nokuda kwaAnno Domini, zvichireva kuti “mugore raShe.”
b El-Amarna inzvimbo yematongo eguta reEgipita Akhetaton, rinonzi rakavakwa muzana remakore rechi14 B.C.E.
c Ona Bhaibheri—iShoko raMwari here kana kuti roMunhu?, mapeji 37-54, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
[Study Questions
1-3. Socrates naPlato vakapfuuridzira sei pfungwa yokuti mweya haufi?
4. Socrates asati avako, vaGiriki vairangarirei pamusoro peUpenyu pashure porufu?
5, 6. VaPersia vairangarira sei mweya?
7, 8. VaEgipita vekare vaidavirei pamusoro pokuti mweya unopukunyuka panofa mutumbi?
9. Rudzidziso rwupi rwakapesvedzera nyika yekare yeEgipita, Persia, uye Girisi?
10, 11. VaBhabhironi vairangarira sei upenyu pashure porufu?
12-14. (a) Pashure peMafashamo, dzidziso yokusafa kwomweya yakavambira kupi? (b) Dzidziso yacho yakapararira sei mupasi rose?
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 6]
Murangariro weEgipita wemweya iri pasi penyika
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Socrates aiti mweya haufi