“Bva Rinofamba!”
“BHAIBHERI rinodzidzisa nzira yokuenda nayo kudenga, kwete chinoita kuti matenga ashande,” akadaro musayendisiti nomuvambi weItaly womuzana ramakore rechi 16 Galileo Galilei. Zvitendero zvakafanana naichocho zvakamukandira murwisano neChechi yeRoma Katurike, iyo yakamutyisidzira nokutambudza uye kuisa mutorongo. Makore 350 gare gare, chechi yakahwirudzura kubata kwayo Galileo. Chakaitika muzuva raGalileo chakanzi “bonderano pakati pesayenzi yecherekedzo nedzidziso yokusaziva.”
Nhasi, vatsvaki vezvokwadi vanogona kudzidza muchinoitika chaGalileo. Asi neiko bonderano yakadaro yakamboitika? Kunzvera mirangariro yesayenzi inogamuchirwa yenguva yake kuchagovera mhinduro.
Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 16, pasi raifungwa kuva pakati pechisiko chose. Nyika dzomudenga dzaifungidzirwa kuva dzinotenderera mumadenderedzwa akakwana. Kunyange zvazvo dzisina kubvumikiswa nemitoo yesayenzi, idzi pfungwa dzakagamuchirwa noumachokwadi seidi rakasimbiswa. Zvamazvirokwazvo, sayenzi ne“pfungwa [dzayo] dzakavanzika” yakanga isingaparadzanisiki norudzidziso.
Galileo akaberekerwa munyika yakadaro nemhuri inoremekedzwa muPisa muna 1564. Baba wake aida kuti ave chiremba, asi mukomana anobvunza akayevedzwa nenhamba. Pashure penguva yakati, sapurofesa wesayenzi, iye akawana nheyo dzakati dzesimba rinodzivisa chinhu kufambiswa kana kuti kumiswa. Apo rondedzero dzamateresikopo ekare eNetherlands dzakamusvika, iye akavandudza zvikuru pamugadzirirwo uye akavaka chishandiso chake amene chakaisvonaka. Iye akachinangidzira kumatenga ndokubudisa izvo akadzidza mubhuku rake rokutanga, Sidereus Nuncius (Mutumwa Ane Nyeredzi), achisuma mwedzi mina yaJupiter kuchizvarwa chake. Muna 1611 iye akadanwa kuRoma, uko akapa zviwanwa zvake kuCollegio Romano yeJesuit (Koreji yeRoma). Ivo vakamukudza kupfurikidza nomusangano umo vakabvuma zviwanwa zvake.
Dzidziso Dzinoshorwa neChechi
Nenzira inotyisa, Galileo asati abva muRoma, muJesuit ane simba, Cardinal Bellarmine, akanyandura nzvero mudzidziso dzaGalileo. Galileo aidavira kuti chisiko chinodzorwa nemitemo iyo vanhu vanogona kudzidza kupfurikidza nefundo. Chechi yeKaturike yakashora uyu murangariro.
Kunyange vamwe vazivi vemitumbi yomudenga vakaramba murangariro waGalileo. Ivo vaidavira kuti kwakanga kusingabviriri teresikopo kuwedzera zvomene uye kuti kuita kwacho kwakanga kuri nyengedzo. Mumwe muprista akatokarakadza kuti nyeredzi dzakaonwa dzakanga dzaiswa mumarenzi! Apo Galileo akawana makomo omwedzi, kuchisimbisa kuti mitumbi yomudenga yakanga isiri madenderedzwa akakwana, muprista Clavius akaramba kuti mwedzi wakanga wakaiswa mukristaro, zvokuti, kunyange zvazvo munhu angaona kusvikira kumakomo, rakanga richiri denderedzwa rakakwana! “Ikoku,” akadaro Galileo mumhinduro, “inhamburiko yakaisvonaka yechienzi.”
Fariro yaGalileo yokurava mu“Bhuku reChisiko,” seizvo iye akadana fundo yechisiko, yakamutungamirira kubasa romuzivi wemitumbi yomudenga wePoland Nicolaus Copernicus. Muna 1543, Copernicus akanga abudisa bhuku rinotaura kuti pasi raitenderera zuva. Galileo akasimbisa ikoku. Zvisinei, ikoku kwakarwisanisa Galileo negadziriro yesayenzi, yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye yorudzidziso yezuva rake.
Nepo Chechi yeKaturike yakashandisa ruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga rwaCopernicus nokuda kwokuronga misi, zvakadai seIsita, mirangariro yaCopernicus yakanga isina kugamuchirwa pamutemo. Vaprista vechechi vakatsigira rondedzero yaAristotle yokuti pasi rakanga riri nzvimbo yapakati yechisiko chose. Mirangariro mitsva yaGalileo, zvisinei, yakadenha mukurumbira wavo nesimba.
Kunyange zvazvo masayendisiti akazvimirira muEurope yose akashanda kusimbisa gadziriro yaCopernicus, iwo akanga akagutswa nokuikurukura pakati pamasayendisiti. Pahwaro ihwohwo Chechi yeKaturike yakaarega. Galileo akanyora kwete muchiLatin asi muchiItaly chomunhuwo zvake uye nokudaro akakurumbirisa zviwanwa zvake. Vafundisi vakarangarira kuti akanga achidenha kwete bedzi ivo asi Shoko raMwari.
Harisi Bhuku Resayenzi
Chokwadika, kuwana maidi pamusoro pechisiko chose haisati iri zvirokwazvo denho kuShoko raMwari. Vadzidzi veShoko iroro vanoziva kuti Bhaibheri harisi bhuku resayenzi, kunyange zvazvo rakarurama apo rinotaura pamusoro penhau dzesayenzi. Rakanyorwa nokuda kwokukura mumudzimu kwavatendi, kwete kuvadzidzisa fizikisi kana kuti imwe sayenzi yakati yomusikirwo. (2 Timotio 3:16, 17) Galileo akabvuma. Iye akakarakadza kuti kune marudzi maviri omutauro: mashoko chaiwoiwo esayenzi namashoko ezuva riri rose avanyori vakafuridzirwa. Iye akanyora, kuti: “Kuri madikanwa muMagwaro . . . kujekesa iwaya kunzwisiso yavanhuwo zvavo, kutaura zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoratidzika kuva zvakasiana (pamusoro perevo yamashoko) nezvokwadi chaiyoiyo.”
Kune mienzaniso yaikoku mumagwaro eBhaibheri akasiana-siana. Mumwe ndiJobho 38:6, umo Bhaibheri rinotaura nezvepasi serine “nheyo” uye “ibwe rekona.” Vamwe vakashandisa zvisakafanira ikoku soufakazi hwokuti pasi ifirapo. Kutaura kwakadaro hakurehwi sokurondedzera kwesayenzi kwapasi asi, panzvimbo pezvo, kunoenzanisira nenzira yokudetembedza kusikwa kwapasi nokuvakwa kwechivako, naJehovha soMuvaki Mukuru.
Munyori woupenyu hwomunhu L. Geymonat anoonesa mubhuku rake Galileo Galilei, kuti: “Vafundisi vakaganhurirwa avo vaida kuganhurira sayenzi pahwaro hwokurangarira kweBhaibheri havasati vaizoita chinhu kunze kwokukandira ruzvidzo paBhaibheri rimene.” Nokuda kwezvikonzero zvoudyire vanhu vane chisimbwa vakaita izvozvo chaizvo. Imwe tsamba yakatumirwa kuHoly Office ichiraira kuongororwa kwaGalileo.
Pana February 19, 1616, vafundisi veKaturike vakapiwa zvikarakadzo zviviri: (1) “zuva ndiyo nzvimbo yapakati yechisiko chose” uye (2) “pasi harisati riri nzvimbo yapakati yechisiko chose.” Pana February 24 vakati idzi pfungwa ndedzoupenzi uye dzechihedheni. Galileo akarairwa kusaomerera kana kuti kudzidzisa rondedzero dzakadaro.
Galileo akanyaradzwa. Chechi yeKaturike yakanga isati bedzi ichirwisana naye asi shamwari dzake dzakanga dzava dzisina simba rokubetsera. Iye akangozvipa amene kunzvero. Kudai kwakanga kusati kuri nokuda kwechinjo yapapa muna 1623, tingave tisina kunzwa nezvake zvakare. Zvisinei, papa mutsva, Urban VIII, akanga akangwara uye ari mutsigiri waGalileo. Shoko rakasvika Galileo rokuti papa haasati aizoramba bhuku idzva. Iye akatokurukura napapa. Pashure peichi chairatidzika kuva chiratidzo chokugamuchira pfungwa dzavamwe chakaratidzwa napapa, Galileo akavamba basa pabhuku racho.
Kunyange zvazvo Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems raGalileo rakatanga kubudiswa neraisenzi yeKaturike muna 1632, mbavarira yapapa yakakurumidza kupera. Pamakore 70 ezera, Galileo akadanwa kuti aoneke pamberi peBvunzurudzo kechipiri. Pomero yenyumwiro yokuwa pakutenda yaida kuti tendero yechechi yokubudisa bhuku itsanangurwe pakutanga, uye kwakataurwa kuti Galileo akavanza nokunyengera rambidzo yapakuvamba pakudzidzisa chiCopernicus. Sezvo Dialogue rakaenzanisa mitoo yemitumbi yomudenga, kubatanidza iyo yaCopernicus, kwakataurwa kuti yakapunza rambidzo.
Galileo akapindura kuti bhuku rake raitsoropodza Copernicus. Kwakanga kuri kuzvidzivirira kusina simba, nokuti mubhuku macho chinoitika chinopwisa zvikurusa chakanga chaitwa nokuda kwaCopernicus. Kupfuurirazve, mashoko apapa akaiswa mumuromo meburutu gurusa mubhuku macho, Simplicio, nokudaro kuchigumbura Papa Urban VIII.
Galileo Anowanwa Ane Mhaka Yokuwa Pakutenda
Galileo akawanwa ane mhaka. Achitorwara uye achiva akatyisidzirwa nokutambudzwa kutoti akati haachadaro, iye akadaro. Akapfugama akapika, kuti: “Ndinoti handizvo . . . zvinonzi mhosho nedzidziso dzokuwa pakutenda . . . Handisati ndichizotongotaura zvakare . . . zvinhu zvakadai sezvingandipinza munyumwiro yakafanana.” Nenzira inofadza, ngano inoti pakusimuka, akarova pasi ndokuvhuvhuma achiti, “Eppur si muove! [Bva Rinofamba!]”
Tongero yacho yakanga iri kuiswa mutorongo nezvirango kutozosvikira parufu rwake, urwo rwakaitika makore mapfumbamwe gare gare. Tsamba yaakanyora muna 1634 yakati: “Hausati uri murangariro upi noupi wangu uyo wakatanga hondo, asi kuva kwangu asingadikanwi navaJesuit.”
Muna 1822 rambidzo yakabviswa pamabhuku ake. Asi kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muna 1979 apo Papa John Paul II akazarurazve nhau yacho ndokubvuma kuti Galileo akanga “aitwa kuti atambure zvikuru . . . navanhu namasangano eChechi.” Mupepanhau reVatican, L’Osservatore Romano, Mario D’Addio, mutezo wakakurumbira wedare chairo rakaumbwa naPapa John Paul II kuti rihwirudzure kuwanwa ane mhaka kwaGalileo kwa 1633, akati: “Kunonzi kuwa pakutenda kwaGalileo hakuratidziki kuva kune hwaro hupi nohupi, mune zvoumwari kana kuti zvimwe mumutemo wechechi.” Mukuwirirana naD’Addio, dare reBvunzurudzo rakapfuura chiremera charo—rondedzero dzaGalileo hadzina kupunza rutivi rupi norupi rwokutenda. Pepanhau reVatican rakabvuma kuti kuwanwa ane mhaka kwaGalileo yokuwa pakutenda kwakanga kusina hwaro.
Chii chatinodzidza muchinoitika chaGalileo? MuKristu anofanira kuziva kuti Bhaibheri harisi bhuku resayenzi. Apo rwisano inoratidzika kuva iripo pakati peBhaibheri nesayenzi, iye haafaniri kuedza kutsinhiranisa “musiano” uri wose. Pashure pokurangarira zvose, kutenda kwechiKristu kwakavakirwa pa“shoko rinoreva nezvaKristu,” kwete pachiremera chesayenzi. (VaRoma 10:17, NW) Kunze kwezvo, sayenzi iri kuchinja nguva dzose. Rondedzero inoratidzika kuva inopokanidza Bhaibheri uye iyo yakakurumbira nhasi mangwana ingawanwa kuva yakaipa ndokurambwa.
Bva, pakunongedzera kuchinoitika chaGalileo kuti aratidzire kudzvinyirira sayenzi kworudzidziso, masayendisiti angaita zvakanaka kuyeuka kuti kuwana kwaGalileo hakuna kugamuchirwa negadziriro yokunzvera yezuva rake. Mukupesana nomufungo wapanguva iyoyo, Bhaibheri harina kusabvumirana nezvokwadi iyoyo. Shoko raMwari harina kuda kuvandudzwa. Kwakanga kuri kududzira kusakafanira kweChechi yeKaturike Bhaibheri uko kwakaparira chinetso.
Munhu ari wose anofanira kusundwa netsinhirano yakaisvonaka nomutemo womusikirwo zviri muchisiko chose kusvikira panzwisiso huru zvikuru yoMusiki, Jehovha Mwari. Galileo akabvunza, kuti: “Ko Basa rakaisvonaka zvishoma kupfuura Shoko here?” Muapostora anopindura, kuti: “mavara [aMwari] asingaoneki anoonwa zvakajeka kubva muchisiko chenyika zvichienda mberi, nemhaka yokuti anoonwa nezvinhu zvakaitwa.”—VaRoma 1:20, NW.