Sayenzi Nebhaibheri—Zvinopesana Zvechokwadi Here?

ZVINHU zvakaita kuti Galileo neChechi yeKaturike vazonetsana zvakatanga mazana emakore Copernicus naGalileo vasati vaberekwa. Pfungwa yokuti pasi ndiro riri pakati pezvose zvakasikwa yakatangwa nevaGiriki vekare yakaitwa kuti ikurumbire nomuzivi ainzi Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) uye nyanzvi yenyeredzi yainzi Ptolemy (zana remakore rechipiri C.E.).a

Pfungwa yaAristotle yezvakasikwa yaibva pakufunga kwenyanzvi yemasvomhu yechiGiriki uye muzivi ainzi Pythagoras (zana remakore rechitanhatu B.C.E.). Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras yokuti denderedzwa uye zvinhu zvakaurungana zvinhu zvakakwana, Aristotle aitenda kuti matenga aiva zvinhu zvakaurungana zvakawanda, sezvakaita kuurungana kweonyeni. Kuurungana kwacho kwakanga kuri kwekristaro, nyika iri pakati. Nyeredzi dzaifamba dzakaita denderedzwa, dzichitenderedzwa nechikamu chokunze chezvinhu zvakaurungana, kunobva simba rinopfuura revanhu. Aristotle aidavirawo kuti zuva nemimwe mitumbi yokudenga zvakanga zvakakwana, zvisina mavara kana kuti zvinosvibisa uye zvisingachinji.

Pfungwa huru yaAristotle yaibva muuzivi, kwete mune zvesayenzi. Aifunga kuti zvaizova zvisina musoro kutaura kuti pasi rinotenderera. Akarambawo pfungwa yokuti muchadenga hamuna chinhu, sezvaaidavira kuti pasi rinotenderera raizokanganiswa nokukweshera uye raizomira kushanda dai pasina simba rinoramba richishandiswa. Nokuti pfungwa yaAristotle yaiita seine musoro zvichienderana nezvakanga zvava kuzivikanwa panguva iyoyo, vanhu vakaramba vachibvumirana nayo kwemakore anenge 2 000. Kunyange muzana remakore rechi16, muzivi wokuFrance Jean Bodin akataura maonero akanga akakurumbira iwayo, achiti: “Hapana munhu ane pfungwa dzakakwana kana kuti ane zivo shomanana yefizikisi achazombofunga kuti pasi, nokurema kwarinoita uye kusanzwisisika . . . , rinotenderera zuva zvishoma nezvishoma . . . ; nokuti dai kuri kuti nyika inongoti tendererei zvishoma, taizoona maguta nezvivako zvirefu, mataundi nemakomo zvichiwisirwa pasi.”

Aristotle Anogamuchirwa Nechechi

Chimwe chakaita kuti Galileo anetsane nechechi chakaitika muzana remakore rechi13 uye chaiva nechokuita nomukuru mukuru weKaturike ainzi Thomas Aquinas (1225-74). Aquinas airemekedza Aristotle zvikuru, uye aimuti Muzivi Mukuru. Kwemakore mashanu Aquinas akaedza kubatanidza uzivi hwaAristotle nedzidziso yechechi. Panguva yaGalileo, anodaro Wade Rowland mubhuku rake rinonzi Galileo’s Mistake, “Dzidziso yaAquinas yaiva musanganiswa wedzidziso yaAristotle nedzidziso yeChechi yeRoma.” Yeukawo kuti mumazuva iwayo sayenzi yakanga isati yazvimirira yoga. Dzidzo yainyanya kutarisirwa nechechi. Kazhinji chechi ndiyo yaitungamirira chitendero nesayenzi.

Izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti Galileo anetsane nechechi. Kunyange paakanga asati ava kudzidza nezvenyeredzi, Galileo akanga anyora nyaya yezvokufamba kunoita zvinhu. Yaipokana nezvakawanda zvaifungidzirwa naAristotle airemekedzwa zvikuru. Zvisinei, kutsigira kwakaita Galileo dzidziso yokuti zuva ndiro riri pakati pezvakasikwa uye kutaura kwake kuti zvinoenderana neMagwaro ndiko kwakaita kuti atongwe neDare reChechi Rinobvunzurudza muna 1633.

Achizvidzivirira, Galileo akatsigira zvaaitenda kuti Bhaibheri iShoko raMwari rakafuridzirwa. Akataurawo kuti Magwaro akanyorerwa vanhuwo zvavo uye kuti ndima dzomuBhaibheri dzinotaura nezvokufamba kwezuva dzakanga dzisingafaniri kutorwa sezvadziri. Zvaaitaura hazvina zvazvakabatsira. Nokuti Galileo akaramba kutsanangurwa kweMagwaro kwaibva muuzivi hwechiGiriki, akanzi ane mhosva! Chechi yeKaturike haina kubvuma kuti yakakanganisa kutonga Galileo kusvikira muna 1992.

Zvatingadzidza

Tingadzidzei pane zvakaitika izvi? Kutanga, Galileo akanga asingapokani neBhaibheri. Pane kudaro, aipokana nedzidziso dzechechi. Mumwe munyori wezvechitendero akati: “Zvinoita sokuti chatingadzidza kuna Galileo hachisi chokuti Chechi yakanyanya kuomerera kuchokwadi cheBhaibheri; asi ndechokuti haina kuomerera zvakakwana.” Nokubvumira uzivi hwechiGiriki kuti huchinje dzidziso dzayo, chechi yakabvuma kukundwa netsika dzevanhu pane kutevera dzidziso dzeBhaibheri.

Zvose izvi zvinotiyeuchidza nyevero yomuBhaibheri inoti: “Chenjerai: zvichida pangava nomumwe munhu angaenda nemi semhuka yake yaabata nouzivi uye nounyengeri husina maturo maererano netsika dzevanhu, maererano nezvinhu zvepakutanga zvenyika uye kwete maererano naKristu.”—VaKorose 2:8.

Kunyange nhasi, vakawanda vari muchiKristudhomu vanoramba vachigamuchira dzidziso nouzivi hunopesana neBhaibheri. Mumwe muenzaniso idzidziso yaDarwin yokushanduka-shanduka, yavakagamuchira pane kugamuchira nhoroondo yomuna Genesi yokusika. Paanenge achigamuchira dzidziso iyi, zvechokwadi machechi ari kuita kuti Darwin ave Aristotle wemazuva ano uye kuti kushanduka-shanduka kuve dzidziso yechitendero inokosha.b

Sayenzi Yechokwadi Inowirirana neBhaibheri

Zvataurwa hazvitombofaniri kuita kuti munhu asafarira sayenzi. Zvechokwadi, Bhaibheri rinotikumbira kuti tidzidze pane zvakaitwa naMwari uye kuti tione unhu hwaMwari hunoshamisa mune zvaakasika. (Isaya 40:26; VaRoma 1:20) Zvechokwadi, Bhaibheri harina kuitirwa kuti ridzidzise sayenzi. Pane kudaro, rinozivisa mitemo yaMwari, unhu hwake husingaoneki mune zvaakasika, uye chinangwa chake nokuda kwevanhu. (Pisarema 19:7-11; 2 Timoti 3:16) Asi, Bhaibheri parinotaura nezvezvinhu zvakasikwa, rakarurama nguva dzose. Galileo pachake akati: “Magwaro Matsvene nezvakasikwa zvakabva kuna Mwari . . . Magwaro Matsvene nezvinhu zvakasikwa hazvingambopokani.” Chimbofunga nezvemienzaniso inotevera.

Chinotokosha kupfuura kufamba kunoita nyeredzi nedzimwe nyika ndechokuti zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa zvine mitemo, zvakadai somutemo wesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Munhu asinei neBhaibheri akatanga kutaura nezvemitemo iyi ndiPythagoras, uyo aidavira kuti zvinhu zvakasikwa zvaigona kutsanangurwa nenhamba. Kwapera makore zviuru zviviri, Galileo, Kepler, naNewton vakazoguma varatidza kuti zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinodzorwa nemitemo yakarongeka.

MuBhaibheri, bhuku raJobho ndiro rinotanga kutaura nezvemitemo inodzora zvinhu zvakasikwa. Munenge muna 1600 B.C.E., Mwari akabvunza Jobho kuti: “Unoziva mitemo yokudenga here?” (Jobho 38:33) Zvarakanyorwa muzana remakore rechinomwe B.C.E., bhuku raJeremia rinotaura nezvaJehovha soMusiki we“mirayiro yomwedzi neyenyeredzi” uye ‘mirayiro yedenga nepasi.’ (Jeremia 31:35; 33:25) Achifunga nezvemashoko aya, mutsinhiri weBhaibheri G. Rawlinson akati: “Kupararira kwomutemo muzvinhu zvakasikwa zvatinoona kunotsigirwa zvakasimba nevanyori vatsvene sezvakunoitwa nesayenzi yemazuva ano.”

Kana tikatangira panguva yaPythagoras, mashoko ari muna Jobho akanyorwa pachine makore ane chiuru Pythagoras asati anyora nezvemitemo inodzora zvinhu zvakasikwa. Yeuka kuti chinangwa cheBhaibheri hachisi chokungotaura zvinhu asi ndechokutiratidza zvakasimba kuti Jehovha ndiye Musiki wezvinhu zvose—ndiye anogona kusika mitemo inodzora zvinhu zvakasikwa.—Jobho 38:4, 12; 42:1, 2.

Mumwe muenzaniso watinogona kufunga nezvawo ndewokunobva mvura inonaya pasi pano. Zvikataurwa nenzira iri nyore, zvinoitika ndezvokuti mvura inopwa mugungwa, youmba makore, yonaya iri mvura kana kuti chiri chando panyika, uye yopedzisira yadzokera kugungwa. Mabhuku asiri eBhaibheri akatanga kutaura nezvezvinoita mvura inonaya pasi pano ndeomuzana remakore rechina B.C.E. Zvisinei, Bhaibheri rakanga rafanotaura nezvazvo pachine mazana emakore. Somuenzaniso, muzana remakore rechi11 B.C.E., Mambo Soromoni waIsraeri akanyora kuti: “Nzizi dzose dzinoyerera dzichienda kunyanza, asi nyanza haizari. Kunzvimbo kunoenda nzizi, ndiko kwadzinodzokerazve.”—Muparidzi 1:7, Bhaibheri Rinoyera.

Saizvozvowo, munenge muna 800 B.C.E. muprofita Amosi, mufudzi anozvininipisa uye mushandi wepapurazi, akanyora kuti Jehovha “unodana mvura yegungwa, ndokuidururira panyika.” (Amosi 5:8) Vasingashandisi mashoko akaoma, Soromoni naAmosi vakarondedzera zvakarurama kunobva mvura inozonaya, mumwe nomumwe achiona zvinhu nenzira yakati siyanei.

Bhaibheri rinotaurawo nezvaMwari so“unoturikira nyika pasina chinhu,” kana kuti maererano neThe New English Bible, “unorembedza nyika pasina chinhu.” Tichifunga nezvezivo yakanga yavapo muna 1600 B.C.E., pangangodaro pakataurwa mashoko aya, zvaizoda munhu anokosha kuti ataure kuti chinhu chinorema chinogona kuramba chakarembera mumhepo pasina chinochitsigira. Sezvambotaurwa, Aristotle pachake akaramba pfungwa yokuti nyika haina payakaturikwa, uye akazorarama kwapera makore 1 200!

Hazvikushamisi here kuti Bhaibheri rinotaura zvinhu zvakarurama kudaro—kunyanya kana uchifunga nezvepfungwa dzenhema asi dzaiita sedzine musoro dzepanguva yarakanyorwa? Kuvanhu vanofunga, uhu ndohumwezve uchapupu hwokuti Bhaibheri rakafuridzirwa naMwari. Naizvozvo, tinenge takachenjera kana tikasangochinjwa nyore nyore nedzidziso chero ipi zvayo inopokana neShoko raMwari. Sezvakaratidzwa nenhau dzakaitika kakawanda, uzivi hwevanhu, kunyange huya hwevanhu vakachenjera zvikuru, hungakurumbira kwekanguva, asi “shoko raJehovha rinogara nokusingaperi.”—1 Petro 1:25.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 6]

Maonero Evapurotesitendi

Vatungamiriri vevaPurotesitendi vaitsigira kuchinja vairambawo pfungwa yokuti zuva ndiro riri pakati pezvinhu zvakasikwa. Vaisanganisira Martin Luther (1483-1546), Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560), naJohn Calvin (1509-64). Luther akati nezvaCopernicus: “Benzi iri rinoda kuchinja sayenzi yose yezvenyeredzi.”

Vatungamiriri vevaitsigira kuchinja vaivakira zvavaitaura pakududzira mamwe magwaro sezvaari, zvakadai senhoroondo iri muna Joshua chitsauko 10, inotaura nezvokuti zuva nomwedzi ‘zvakaramba zvimire.’c Nei Vaichinja vaidavira izvi? Bhuku rinonzi Galileo’s Mistake rinotsanangura kuti kunyange hazvo vaPurotesitendi vakabuda muChechi yeRoma Katurike, vakakundikana ‘kusiya zvavakanga vadzidziswa’ naAristotle naThomas Aquinas, zvakanga zvadzika midzi mavari, zvavakadzidziswa zvacho “zvaigamuchirwa nevaKaturike uye vaPurotesitendi vaitsigira kuchinja.”

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mifananidzo]

Luther

Calvin

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Servetus and Calvin, 1877

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 4]

Aristotle

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kubva mubhuku rinonzi A General History for Colleges and High Schools, 1900

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Thomas Aquinas

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1855

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]

Isaac Newton

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Makore anopfuura 3 000 adarika, Bhaibheri rakarondedzera kunobva mvura inozonaya pasi pano