Ndivanaani Vakanga Vari vaMasorete?

JEHOVHA, “Mwari wazvokwadi,” akachengetedza Shoko rake, Bhaibheri. (Pisarema 31:5) Asi sezvo Satani, muvengi wezvokwadi, akaedza kurishatsa nokuriparadza, Bhaibheri rakatisvika sei nenzira inokosha serakanyorwa?—Ona Mateo 13:39.

Rutivi rwemhinduro runogona kuwanwa mutsinhiro yaPurofesa Robert Gordis, iyo inoti: “Zviitwa zvavanyori vechiHebheru, vanonzi vamasorete kana kuti ‘vachengetedzi vegamuchidzanwa,’ hazvina kunzwisiswa zvakakwana. Ava vanyori vasingazivikanwi vakanyora Bhuku Dzvene nokungwarira kukuru uye kworudo.” Kunyange zvazvo voruzhinji vaava vanyori vachiramba vari vasingazivikanwi kwatiri nhasi, zita remhuri imwe yavaMasorete rakanyorwa zvakajeka—Ben Asher. Chii chatinoziva pamusoro pavo navaMasorete biyavo?

Mhuri yaBen Asher

Chikamu cheBhaibheri chakanyorwa pakuvamba muchiHebheru, chinowanzodanwa kuti Testamente Yekare chakanyorwa nokutendeka navanyori vechiJudha. Kubvira muzana ramakore rechitanhatu kusvikira kune rechigumi C.E., ava vanyori vainzi vaMasorete. Basa ravo raibatanidzei?

Kwamazana amakore chiHebheru chakanga chichinyorwa bedzi namaconsonant, mavhawero acho achigoverwa nomuravi. Pakazosvika nguva yavaMasorete, zvisinei, kududzwa kwakarurama kwechiHebheru kwakanga kuchirasika nemhaka yokuti vaJudha vakawanda vakanga vasirizve vanodekudza mumutauro iwoyo. Mapoka avaMasorete muBhabhironi neIsraeri akatanga zviratidzo zvaifanira kuiswa mumativi amaconsonant kuratidzira mataurire nokududzwa kwakarurama kwamavhawero. Dzinenge gadziriro nhatu dzakasiyana dzakatangwa, asi yakabvumikisa kuva inopesvedzera zvikurusa yakanga iri iyo yavaMasorete muTibheria, pedyo neGungwa reGarirea, musha wemhuri yaBen Asher.

Manyuko anoronga zvizvarwa zvishanu zvavaMasorete zvakabva muiyi mhuri yechienzi, achivamba naAsher Mukuru wezana ramakore rechisere C.E. Vamwe vakanga vari Nehemiah Ben Asher, Asher Ben Nehemiah, Moses Ben Asher, uye, pakupedzisira, Aaron Ben Moses Ben Asher wezana ramakore rechigumi C.E.a Ava varume vakanga vari pamberi paavo vakanga vachivandudza zviratidzo zvakanyorwa izvo zvaizojekesa nenzira yakanakisisa uko vainzwisisa kuva kududzwa kwakarurama kworugwaro rweBhaibheri rechiHebheru. Kuti vatange izvi zviratidzo, vaifanira kusarudza hwaro hwegadziriro yegirama yechiHebheru. Hapana gadziriro yakajeka yemitemo nokuda kwegirama yechiHebheru yakanga yati yambonyorwa. Naizvozvo, mumwe angataura kuti vaMasorete ava vakanga vari pakati penyanzvi dzegirama dzokutanga dzechiHebheru.

Aaron, muMasorete wokupedzisira wegamuchidzanwa remhuri yaBen Asher, akanga ari wokutanga kunyora uye kupepeta aya mashoko. Akaita kudaro mubhuku rake rinonzi “Sefer Dikdukei ha-Te‘amim,” bhuku rokutanga remitemo yegirama yechiHebheru. Iri bhuku rakava hwaro hwebasa redzimwe nyanzvi dzegirama yechiHebheru dzemazana amakore aitevera. Asi ikoku kwakanga bedzi kuri mugumisiro werimwe basa rinokosha ravaMasorete. Nderipi iroro?

Yeuko Inoshamisa Yaidikanwa

Itiro hanya huru yavaMasorete yakanga iri kunyorwa kwakarurama kweshoko rimwe nerimwe, kunyange vara rimwe nerimwe, rerugwaro rweBhaibheri. Kuti vave nechokwadi choururami, vaMasorete vakashandisa micheto yomumativi epeji imwe neimwe kunyora mashoko aizoratidzira chinjo ipi neipi inobvira yorugwaro yakaitwa zvimwe nokusaziva kana kuti namaune navanyori vomunguva yakapfuura. Muizvi zvinonyorwa zvomumicheto, vaMasorete vakanyorawo zvimiro zvechienzi zvamashoko nomubatanidzwa, vachiratidzira kuti izvozvi zvaioneka kakawanda sei mubhuku rakati kana kuti muMagwaro ose echiHebheru. Idzi tsinhiro dzainyorwa mugadziriro yakapfupikiswa zvikuru, sezvo nzvimbo yakanga yakaganhurirwa. Sechishandiso chenzvero yokuwedzera, vakaratidzira shoko nevara zvepakati zvamabhuku akati. Vakasvika kutambanuko yokuverenga vara riri rose reBhaibheri kuitira kuti vave nechokwadi chokunyora kwakarurama.

Mumicheto yapamusoro neyepasi pepeji, vaMasorete vakanyora dzimwe tsinhiro dzine udzame pamusoro pezvimwe zvakanyorwa zvakapfupikiswa zviri mumicheto yomumativi.b Idzodzi dzakanga dzichibetsera mukunzvera basa ravo. Sezvo ndima dzacho dzakanga dzisina nhamba panguva iyoyo uye kwakanga kusina makonikodhenzi eBhaibheri, vaMasorete vakanongedzera sei kumamwe mativi eBhaibheri kuti vaite uku kunzvera? Mumicheto yapamusoro neyepasi, vakaronga rutivi rwendima inowirirana kuti ivayeuchidze nezveuko shoko racho kana kuti mashoko akaratidzirwa aiwanika kune imwe nzvimbo muBhaibheri. Nemhaka yeganhuriro yenzvimbo, vaiwanzonyora shoko rimwe chete rinokosha kuti rivayeuchidze nezvendima imwe neimwe inowirirana. Kuti izvi zvinonyorwa zvomumicheto zvive zvinoshanda, ava vanyori vaifanira kuziva rinodokuva Bhaibheri rose rechiHebheru nomusoro.

Ndaza dzakanga dzakanyanyoreba nokuda kwemicheto dzaiendeswa kune chimwe chikamu chamanyoro. Somuenzaniso, chinonyorwa chavaMasorete chiri mumucheto waparutivi paGenesi 18:3 chinoratidza mavara matatu echiHebheru, קלד. Iyi iwirirano yechiHebheru yenhamba 134. Mune chimwe chikamu chamanyoro acho, ndaza inooneka ichiratidzira nzvimbo 134 umo vanyori vakatangira vaMasorete vakanga vabvisa noune zita rokuti Jehovha murugwaro rwechiHebheru, vachiritsiva neshoko rokuti “Ishe.”c Kunyange zvazvo vaiziva nezveidzi chinjo, vaMasorete havana kusarudza kuchinja rugwaro rwakapfuudzwa kwavari. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakaratidzira idzi chinjo muzvinonyorwa zvavo zvomumicheto. Asi neiko vaMasorete vakashandisa uku kungwarira kukuru kuti vasachinje rugwaro apo vanyori vakare vakanga varuchinja? Chimiro chavo chechitendero chechiJudha chakanga chakasiyana here necheavo vakavatangira?

Vaidavirei?

Mukati meiyi nhambo yefambiro mberi yavaMasorete, chiJudha chakanga chichibatanidzwa mukurwisana kwepfungwa kwakasimba. Kubvira muzana ramakore rokutanga C.E., chiJudha chavanarabhi chakanga chave chichiwedzera kudzora kwacho. Nokunyorwa kweTalmud nedudziro dzaiitwa navanarabhi, rugwaro rweBhaibheri rwakanga rwuchiva rwechipiri kududziro dzavanarabhi dzemutemo waipiwa nomuromo. Naizvozvo, kuchengetedzwa kwokungwarira kworugwaro rweBhaibheri kwaigona kuve kwakarasikirwa noukoshi hwako.

Muzana ramakore rechisere, rimwe boka rinozivikanwa savaKaraite rakapandukira uyu muitiro. Vachisimbisa ukoshi hwefundo yeBhaibheri yomunhu oga, vakaramba chiremera nedudziro dzavanarabhi neTalmud. Vakagamuchira rugwaro rweBhaibheri bedzi sechiremera chavo. Ikoku kwakawedzera dikanwo yokunyorwa kwakarurama kworugwaro irworwo, uye zvifundo zvavaMasorete zvakawana sundo yakamutsidzirwa.

Chitendero chavanarabhi kana kuti chavaKaraite chakapesvedzera basa ravaMasorete kusvika kumwero wakadini? M. H. Goshen-Gottstein, nyanzvi yamanyoro eBhaibheri rechiHebheru, anoti: “VaMasorete vaipwiswa . . . kuti vakanga vachichengeta gamuchidzanwa rekare, uye kurishora namaune kwaizova kwavari mhosva yakaipisisa inobvira.”

VaMasorete vairangarira kunyorwa kwakarurama kworugwaro rweBhaibheri sebasa dzvene. Kunyange zvazvo ivo pachavo vangava vakasundwa zvikuru nenhau dzakarangarirwa dzorudzidziso, kunoratidzika kuti basa ravaMasorete rimene rakanga risingapesvedzerwi nenhau dzepfungwa. Zvinonyorwa zvomumicheto zvakapfupikiswa zvikuru zvakasiya mukana muduku nokuda kwekurukurirano yepfungwa. Rugwaro rweBhaibheri rumene rwakanga ruri itiro hanya youpenyu; vaisazotamba narwo.

Kubetserwa Nebasa Ravo

Kunyange zvazvo vaIsraeri vokunyama vakanga vasichirizve vanhu vakasarudzwa naMwari, ava vanyori vechiJudha vakanga vakazvitsaurira zvakakwana kukuchengetedzwa kwakarurama kweShoko raMwari. (Mateo 21:42-44; 23:37, 38) Zvakaitwa nemhuri yaBen Asher navamwe vaMasorete zvinosanopfupikiswa naRobert Gordis, uyo akanyora, kuti: “Vashandi ivavo vanozvininipisa asi vasingakundwi . . . vakaita nenzira isina kukurumbira basa ravo rakaoma zvikuru rokudzivirira Rugwaro rweBhaibheri pakurasika kana kuti kuchinja.” (The Biblical Text in the Making) Somugumisiro, apo Vachinji vomuzana ramakore rechi16 vakadai saLuther naTyndale vakazvidza chiremera chechechi ndokuvamba kushandurira Bhaibheri mumitauro yavose kuti vose varave, vaiva norugwaro rwechiHebheru rwakasanochengetedzwa rwokushandisa sehwaro hwebasa ravo.

Basa ravaMasorete rinopfuurira kutibetsera nhasi. Magwaro avo echiHebheru anoumba hwaro nokuda kwaMagwaro echiHebheru eNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. Iyi shanduro inopfuurira kushandurirwa mundimi dzakawanda nomudzimu mumwe chetewo wokuzvitsaurira nokuitira hanya ururami izvo zvakaratidzwa navaMasorete vakare. Tinoita zvakanaka kuratidza mudzimu wakafanana mukupa ngwariro kuShoko raJehovha Mwari.—2 Petro 1:19.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Gadziriro Yokududzwa kwechiHebheru

KUTSVAKWA kwemutoo wakanakisisa wokunyora zviratidzo zvamavhawero nezviratidzo zvamataurire kwakapfuurira kwamazana amakore pakati pavaMasorete. Nokudaro, hakusati kuchishamisa kuwana fambiro mberi inopfuurira nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chemhuri yaBen Asher. Manyoro aripo anomirira nzira nemitoo yavaMasorete vaviri vokupedzisira bedzi vemhuri yaBen Asher, Moses naAaron.d Nzvero yokuenzanisa yaaya manyoro inoratidza kuti Aaron akakudziridza mitemo pamamwe mapfundo maduku okududza nokunyora izvo zvaisiyana neizvo zvababa vake, Moses.

Ben Naphtali akararama panguva imwe cheteyo naAaron Ben Asher. Codex yeCairo yaMoses Ben Asher ine kududzira kwakati kwakawanda kwakanyorwa naBen Naphtali. Naizvozvo, zvimwe Ben Naphtali amene akafundiswa naMoses Ben Asher kana kuti vose vari vaviri vakachengetedza gamuchidzanwa ravose rekare zvikuru. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotaura nezvemisiyano pakati pegadziriro dzaBen Asher naBen Naphtali, asi M. H. Goshen-Gottstein anonyora, kuti: “Kwaisazova kusiri kure zvikuru nezvokwadi kutaura nezvegadziriro mbiri dzinotsivana mukati memhuri yaBen Asher uye kutumidza musiyano wokurava, kuti: Ben Asher mukupesana naBen Asher.” Naizvozvo kwaizova kusina kururama kutaura nezvemutoo mumwe bedzi waBen Asher. Kwakanga kusati kuri mugumisiro woukuru hwakagarwa nhaka kuti mitoo yaAaron naBen Asher yakava chimiro chokupedzisira kugamuchirwa. Rugwaro rwaAaron Ben Asher rwakafarirwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti nyanzvi yeTalmud Moses Maimonides wezana ramakore rechi12 akarwurumbidza.

[Artwork—Hebrew characters]

Rutivi rwaEksodho 6:2 rune uye rusina mavhawero nezviratidzo zvamataurire

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Tibheria, musimboti womubato waMasorete kubvira muzana ramakore rechisere kusvikira kurechigumi

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.