Ukubuka Okwezwe

Umqedazwe Wokubulala

Isilinganiso sokubulala eUnited States saqhubeka sinyuka ngo-1991. Umagazini iTime wabikezela ukuthi lapho wonke amanani esehlanganisiwe, azobonisa ukubulawa kwabantu abacishe babe ngu-25 000 ngonyaka, okungaphezulu kakhulu kwenani lango-1990 labangu-23 440. Lelinani elishaqisayo, ngokweTime, lenza ukuba isilinganiso sokubulala saseU.S. “sibe esiphakeme kunawo wonke amazwe aseNtshonalanga,” njengoba kubulawa abantu abacishe babe yishumi ezakhamuzini ezingu-100 000. EBrithani isilinganiso sababulawayo singu-5,5 kubo bonke abantu abangu-100 000; eJapane singu-1,3 kuphela. Akumangalisi ukuthi iFederal Centers for Disease Control manje ibheka ukubulala njengokuwumqedazwe; njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-22 kufa umuntu ngokudutshulwa, ukugwazwa, ukuklinywa, noma ngokushaywa. Ngabesifazane, ukubulawa manje kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa endaweni yomsebenzi. Amaphoyisa matasa kakhulu ukuba akwazi ukubhekana nalomqedazwe. Maphakathi nawo-1960, ayeletha phambi kwenkantolo abangu-9 kukho konke ukubulawa kwabantu abayishumi; kulezinsuku, athola abangaphansi kwabangu-7 kwabayishumi.

Usizi Lwesonto EMexico

Muva nje usizi lugadle esontweni likaMoya edolobheni lase-El Charquillo, eMexico. Intuthu yebutane—cishe eyayiphuma esibanini segesi esasikhanyiselwe inkonzo yasebusuku yesonto—yaba ningi kakhulu futhi yabulala abantu abangu-30 esontweni. Ngokombiko okuChristian Century, amadoda amathathu asinda kulenhlekelele athi umfundisi wesonto wenqaba ukuba ibandla liphume kulesisakhiwo ngisho nakuba abanye babezizwa benesiyezi, begula, futhi bekhungathekile ngenxa yentuthu. Ngokugomela umfundisi watshela umhlambi wakhe owawugula ukuthi lokho ababekuzwa kwakungabangelwa ukugula kodwa kunalokho kwakubangelwa ukuba khona kukaKristu noma umoya kaNkulunkulu ongena emizimbeni yabo.

Ukugibela Ibhayisikili Okuphephile

Ngonyaka odlule, izingozi zabulala abagibeli bamabhayisikili abangu-710 engxenyeni engasentshonalanga kuphela yeJalimane, kwalimala nabanye abangu-64 000. NgokweRheinische Post, iphephandaba laseDüsseldorf, isazi sesayensi uDietmar Otte waqondisa ukucwaninga okwenziwa ezingozini zamabhayisikili ezingu-1 200 ezenzeka eminyakeni emihlanu. Ezilinganiselwa engxenyeni zazihilela ukulimala ekhanda. UOtte ulinganisela ukuthi izigqoko zokuvikela ikhanda zaziyonciphisa ukungathi sína kwengxenye yalezingozi noma zizivimbele ngokuphelele. Kodwa izigqoko zokuvikela ikhanda zingase ngisho zisebenze ngisho nangokungaphezu kwalokho. Umbiko owakhishwa kuJAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) wathola ukuthi kusukela ku-1984 kuya ku-1988, izingozi zamabhayisikili eUnited States zabangela cishe izingozi zasekhanda ezicishe zibe isigidi. Kulezo, ezingu-2 985 zazibulala. NgokweJAMA, “ukuqoka kwabo bonke abagibeli bamabhayiselili izigqoko ezivikela ikhanda kuyo yonke indawo ngabe kwavimbela . . . ukufa komuntu oyedwa usuku ngalunye kanye nokulimala ekhanda okukodwa emizuzwini emine.” Izingane zizuza ngokukhethekile ekugqokeni izigqoko ezivikela ikhanda, njengoba kwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zilimale ngokungathi sína ekhanda kunabantu abadala.

Ngegama Kuphela

Nakuba kunamaKatolika alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-45 eFrance, iningi lawo, ukuba umKatolika kusho ukubhapathizwa isonto, ukushadiswa, kanye nokungcwatshwa isonto. Ukuhlola kwamuva okwagqugquzelwa umagazini iMadame Figaro kwembula ukuthi ababili kwabathathu balabo baseFrance abazibiza ngokuthi bangamaKatolika abahlanganyeli eSidlweni; abane kwabahlanu abalokothi baye kovuma izono, futhi oyedwa kuphela kwabayishumi oya njalo eMiseni. Ngokuphathelene nomthandazo, abangamaphesenti angu-36 bayethukela bethandazile, futhi abangamaphesenti angu-34 abathandazi kwanhlobo. Ukhulumela lokhu kuhlola, lomagazini uthi: “UbuKatolika buyinkolo yesiko kunokuba bube inkolo yokuphila okungokoqobo.” Icaphuna amazwi kakhadinali waseFrance uLustiger athi “umuntu uyisilwane esingokwenkolo,” iMadame Figaro iyanezela: “Ngokungangabazeki uyiso. Kodwa ngokusobala uya engakuqapheli ngokwengeziwe.”

Ukuhunyushwa KweBhayibheli Kuyanda

Ngokwezibalo zeUnited Bible Societies, njengoba zacashunwa iBible Society yaseJalimane, izingxenye zeBhayibheli zahunyushelwa ezilimini ezintsha ezingu-32 ngo-1991. Ngakho, imibhalo yeBhayibheli manje itholakala ngengqikithi yezilimi ezingu-1 978, kubika iphephandaba laseJalimane iWetterauer Zeitung. (Omunye umthombo unikeza izilimi ezingu-1 982.) IBhayibheli lilonke liye lahunyushelwa ezilimini ezingu-322, imiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki kwezingu-758, futhi ezinye izingxenye zeBhayibheli kwezingu-898. EAfrika, imibhalo yeBhayibheli itholakala ngezilimi ezingu-566. EAsia inani lingu-490, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika zingu-411, endaweni yasePacific zingu-321, futhi eYurophu zingu-187.

Asabulala

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili kuphele impi eNingizimu Afrika, amabhomu agqitshwayo asabulala izingane eNamibia. NgoDecember 1991, iphephandaba iLesotho Today labika ukuthi “abantu abangaphezu kuka-40 baye bafa ezinyangeni ezingu-18 ezidlule, futhi abacishe babe yikhulu balimala.” Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kwezixwayiso zethelevishini namaphephandaba. Omunye umama, owashonelwa izingane zakhe ezintathu kweziyisishiyagalombili ngenxa yaleziqhumane, wezwakalisa ukudabuka: “Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi nakuba sekuphele iminyaka emibili impi iphelile sisaphangwa izingane zethu.” Nakuba izinkulungwane zamabhomu agqitshwayo sezisusiwe, kungase kungenzeki ukuwathola nokuwasusa wonke, njengoba esakazeke endaweni enkulu futhi amaningi efihlwe kahle ngaphansi.

Amaqembu Agqekeza Egqoke Izingubo Zabesifazane

Igagasi elingavamile lobugebengu liye lakhukhula yonke iFlorida, eU.S.A., eminyakeni yamuva nje. Abenzi balomkhuba—abesilisa abagqoka njengabesifazane—bebelokhu bephanga izitolo zezingubo eziphambili emadolobheni amaningi. NgokweWall Street Journal, amaphoyisa alinganisela ukuthi kunabantu besilisa abagqoka njengabesifazane abangaphezu kwekhulu emaqenjini. Umseshi uMichael Roggin watshela iJournal ukuthi ngonyaka odlule lamaqembu aba namacala okugqekeza angu-25 edolobheni laseWest Palm Beach kuphela, entshontsha izingubo ezibiza u-R1 100 000. Aphanga isitolo sezingubo eziphambili esisodwa izikhathi eziyisithupha ngezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi lapho umniniso efaka imigoqo yensimbi ngaphakathi efasiteleni lesitolo, azama ukulibhodloza ngemoto. Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke ukuganga kwawo, lamaqembu kunzima ukuwabamba. “Uma lokhu bekwenzeka eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, ayeyoba sobala kuhle kwezinqe zesele,” omunye usayitsheni wamaphoyisa wachazela iJournal. “Kodwa emphakathini wanamuhla, uyazi, sekwaba nje into evamile ukubona lonke uhlobo lwabantu luzihambela nje ngokukhululekile.”

Umxoshi Wamasela Asezitolo

Ekhathele ukuntshontsha okwenzeka njalo esitolo sakhe, umnikazi wesitolo esidayisa izincwadi eDolobheni laseIwaki, eJapane, wasungula indlela entsha yokubhekana nalenkinga. “Wanquma ukwenza nokudayisa ivideo ethathwe amakhamera agadayo abekwe ezindaweni ezinhlanu phakathi esitolo sakhe,” kubika iMainichi Daily News yaseTokyo. Lamakhasethi enziwe abonisa ngokucacile abantu abayisishiyagalolunye, kuhlanganise nezingane ezinhlanu, bentshontsha. Lesitolo sakhangisa lamakhasethi ngamazwi athi: “Kunendali yamakhasethi evideo abonisa amasela antshontsha kulesitolo abiza amayen angu-280 [cishe uR5,50].” Naphezu kwezixwayiso ezivela kuziphathi-mandla zokuthi kungenzeka aphazamise amalungelo amakhasimende, umnini-sitolo uhlose ukuqhubeka namacebo akhe okulwisana nokweba ezitolo. Uthi, “bathola isifundo.” Iqoqo lokuqala lalamakhasethi lathengwa ngokushesha—futhi lakunqamula ngokushesha ukweba kulesitolo sezincwadi.

Ubhadane Lwekhofi eBrazil

Abalimi bekhofi kakade base bebhekene nezikhathi ezinzima ngenxa yamanani ehlayo—futhi manje sekwenzeka okunye. Umagazini iNew Scientist ubika ukuthi “izinyekevu sezifinyelele amanani awubhadane kwesinye sezifunda ezibaluleke kakhulu ezilima ikhofi eBrazil.” Lapho zibhuza kulamapulazi zibalelwa ezigidini, izinyekevu zizalela amaqanda ezimpandeni zezitshalo zekhofi. Izinyekevu ezisanda kuchanyuselwa, okuthiwa iziphungumangathi, zidla izimpande futhi zibulale isitshalo. Lapho kubhuza khona izinyekevu, cishe amasimu ekhofi alahlekelwa amaphesenti angu-60 esivuno sawo sekhofi. Eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule, lolubhadane luye lwaqhubeka luba lubi ngokwengeziwe. NgokweNew Scientist, iCoffee Institute yaseBrazil isola ukonakalisa kwabantu indawo ezungezile ngenxa yalolubhadane. Phakathi kwezinye izici, isintu siye sabulala izilwane ezingokwemvelo ezidla izinyekevu, ikakhulu ama-armadillo.

Izazi Zezinkanyezi Ezingenakwethenjelwa

Ekuqaleni kuka-1991 iAssociation for Scientific Research into the Parasciences yaseJalimane yaqoqa izibikezelo ezingu-152 zezazi zezinkanyezi ezingu-27. Yase ifuna ukubona ukuthi ziyagcwaliseka yini ekupheleni konyaka. IWetterauer Zeitung yabika ukuthi ezingu-103 zezibikezelo “zazishaye phansi.” Ngokwesibonelo, izazi zezinkanyezi zabikezela ukuthi kwakuzoba khona inhlekelele yeathomu kanye nekhambi lokwelapha ingculaza phakathi no-1991. Izinto ezazibikezelwe ezingu-14 ezenzeka zazimane nje ziyizinkulumo ezivamile. Ezinye zazingacacile kakhulu kangangokuba zazingenakwahlulelwa njengezinembile, kuyilapho ezinye zaziphikisana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke izazi zezinkanyezi zazingashongo lutho ngezenzakalo eziningi ezibalulekile zango-1991. “Uma nje omunye wezazi zezinkanyezi wayazi ukuthi wayenzani,” kuphawula umphathi walenhlangano, “ngokwesibonelo, wayeyokubona kusengaphambili ukushiya kukaGorbachev isikhundla noma ukuwohloka kweSoviet Union.”

Ezobuchwepheshe Ezizigwaza Ngowazo

Cishe amaphesenti angu-25 abantu baseMelika ababulawa empini yasePersian Gulf kanye namaphesenti angu-15 alabo abalimala ayeyizisulu zalokho ezempi ezikubiza ngokuthi ukudubula kobungane—ukudutshulwa amabutho akubo. Ezimpini zangaphambili ukudubula okunjalo kwabangela ukufa kwabantu baseMelika abangaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili. Inkinga enkulu ibangelwe ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe beqophelo eliphezulu. Izikhali zobuciko beqophelo eliphezulu ziye zenza izinqola zempi kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ukuba zikwazi ukudubula izisulu eziqhele ngamakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili ngokunemba okukhulu. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukugadla kokuphindisela, kodwa ukuhlakanipha kobuchwepheshe banamuhla akukwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi komngane nesitha lapho izinqola ezikude zisondelene—ikakhulukazi empini elwiwa ngokushesha lapho kungabonakali kahle.