Ukubuka Okwezwe

Kunokudla Okwanele, Kodwa Ukungondleki Kuyaphikelela

Ngisho nakuba umphakathi womhlaba uye wanda ngokuphawulekayo, kunabantu abambalwa abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-150 abangondlekile kahle emazweni ampofu kunokuba kwakunjalo eminyakeni engu-20 edlule. “Eqinisweni abakhiqizi bokudla nabalimi baye bandisa umkhiqizo wokudla ngesilinganiso esifanayo sokwanda kwabantu futhi basidlula,” kusho uJohn Lupien, umqondisi we-UN Food and Agriculture Organization. “Njengamanje, kunokudla okwanele kokondla bonke abantu, uma eqinisweni kungafinyelela kubantu abakudingayo.” Ngokudabukisayo, kubika i-Economist, “okungenani abantu [abayizigidi] ezingu-780 emazweni ampofu, oyedwa kwabayisihlanu emphakathini wabo, akakutholi ukudla okwanele. Nokho, abantu abalinganiselwa [ezigidini eziyinkulungwane] abathola ukudla okwanele ukuze baxoshe iphango bantula ama-vitamin nokusansimbi abakudingayo. . . . Izingane ezincane ezilinganiselwa ku-40-000 zifa nsuku zonke, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ukungondleki kahle kuzenza zivulekele kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezifo.” Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukondleka ngokweqile kubangela imiphumela eyingozi, kubangele izifo ezinjengesifo senhliziyo nemidlavuza ethile phakathi kwezigaba zabantu abacebile.

Indida Yosizo Olunikezwa ISomalia

Ukuthutheleka kokudla kwamahhala eSomalia ekhungethwe indlala kuye kwabangela indida ethakazelisayo. Nakuba usizo lokuqeda indlala lwaluphumelela ekuqedeni ukulamba, lusongela futhi ukubhubhisa umnotho wamapulazi alendawo. Lapho ukudla kwakuntuleka kakhulu kangangokuba abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1,5 babebhekene nokufa ngenxa yendlala, intengo yokudla yaphakama ngendlela emangalisayo. Kodwa ngemva kwelungiselelo lokunikeza usizo lokudla, amanani entengo ancipha ngokuphawulekayo. “Intengo yerayisi kuthiwa iphansi ukwedlula yonke emhlabeni, ngentengo eyehlele [emaRandini angu-15] ngesakazane lerayisi [elingamakhilogremu angu-50] ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezidlule,” kusho umbiko we-New York Times. “Uma kuqhathaniswa, isilinganiso esifanayo sohlobo olufanayo lwerayisi singabiza [R34,50] e-United States [amaRandi angu-354] eJapane.” Ngenxa yalokho, umkhiqizo otholakala kulendawo uye wancipha kakhulu kangangokuba abalimi abakwazi ukuthengisa isivuno sabo. Manje kuqaliswe isimiso sokuba kuthengiswe okunye kwalokhu kudla kosizo futhi kuzanywe ukuba kusimamiswe amanani.

Nobaba Kumelwe Basolwe

Sekuyisikhathi eside manje omama abakhulelwe bexwayiswa ukuba bagweme izinto ezingase zibangele ukuzalwa kwezingane zikhubazekile, ezinjengotshwala nokubhema, futhi badle ukudla okunomsoco. “Manje, izixwayiso ezifanayo zinikezwa labo abazoba ngobaba,” kusho i-U.S.News & World Report. “Ukucwaninga okusha kusikisela ukuthi ukuvulekela kwendoda kumakhemikhali akuthonyi nje kuphela amandla okuzala kodwa kuthonya nempilo yangesikhathi esizayo yezingane zakhe.” Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi amadoda “anengxenye enkulu kakhulu kunokuba bekuqashelwa esikhathini esidlule kukho kokubili ukuphuphuma kwezisu komkawo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zokukhubazeka, imidlavuza nokubambezeleka kokukhula ezinganeni zawo.” Manje kuyabonakala ukuthi izidakamizwa namanye amakhemikhali (kuhlanganise nemiphumela yokubhema ugwayi), kanye nokudla okuntula imifino nezithelo ezicebe nge-vitamin C, kulimaza isidoda. Isazi sezinto eziphathelene noshevu uDevra Lee Davis sithi: “Sekuyisikhathi eside kakhulu sigxile komama kuphela. Ukubaluleka kukababa ekwenzeni izingane ezinempilo kuye kwanganakwa.”

Isithakazelo Esikhulayo Emandleni Angaphezu Kwawemvelo

Ukuhlatshwa umxhwele amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo okukhulayo emhlabeni wonke kubonakala ngokuphawulekayo eNingizimu Afrika. Izinyanga zesintu, inkolo yomlingo, ukufunda izinkanyezi, nenkolo yobuSathane kuye kwathandwa ngokwanda okusheshayo kusukela maphakathi nawo-1980. Kungani? “Ngezikhathi zezinkinga, abantu bayazigwema izinto ezinengqondo, babalekele kweziyimfihlakalo,” kuphawula i-Weekly Mail yaseGoli. “Ekupheleni kwalenkulungwane yesibili, kunesithakazelo esikhulayo ezenzakalweni zemimoya.” Isazi sesayensi yendabuko yabantu uRobert Thornton sikuchaza ngalendlela: “Ngicabanga ukuthi lezinkolelo zibonisa izinhlobo zokwesaba abantu abanakho. Kuwukuphendukela emandleni angaphandle kwabantu abanomuzwa wokuthi abanakukwazi ukulawula ukuphila kwabo.” Umfundisi wesayensi yefilosofi yezinto ezicatshangelwayo uRod Suskind uthi: “Esinye isizathu sokwanda kwalesithakazelo ukuthi isikhathi esizayo sibonakala singabikezeleki ngempela, futhi abantu babheke ngalé kwemithombo evamile ukuze baqonde okwenzekayo.” Futhi ngokwe-Weekly Mail, isazi sesayensi yendabuko yabantu u-Isak Niehaus “usola ukwehluleka okuqondakalayo kwesayensi yezinto ezivamile nenkolo ukuphendula izimpikiswano ezinkulu ezibhekene nabantu.”

Ukubulawa Kwezintatheli

Kwabulawa okungenani izintatheli ezingu-60 lapho zibika izindaba zezimpi emhlabeni wonke ngo-1992. Lombiko, owakhishwa i-International Federation of Journalists eBrussels, eBelgium, futhi wafakwa kuyi-Manchester Guardian Weekly, wabiza iTurkey neBosnia njengezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu. Kwabikwa ukuthi okungenani izintatheli eziyishumi zabulawa kulawomazwe womabili phakathi nonyaka odlule. Izintatheli ziye futhi zasongelwa lapho zibika izimpi zombango nendlala eSomalia. Lenhlangano inxusa iZizwe Ezihlangene nohulumeni be-European Community ukuba bashaye umthetho obonisa ukuthi ukucusumbula ngomuzwa wokwenqaba ngenkani okulotshiwe “kuwukwephulwa okungathi sína kwamalungelo abantu.”

Ingabe Olunye Ubhadane Lomkhuhlane?

“Cishe ngokungangabazeki, ubhadane lomkhuhlane luyoba umashayabhuqe, lapho luqala ukuvela, mhlawumbe eminyakeni embalwa ezayo,” kuphawula i-New York Times Magazine. Ngokososayensi, sekufike isikhathi sobhadane lomkhuhlane olufanayo nolwango-1918 olwabulala abantu abasukela ezigidini ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-40. “Kulindeleke nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuthi uma lwake lwavela, lungaphinde luvele,” kusho uJohn R. La Montagne, isikhulu sezifo ezithathelwanayo se-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases eBethesda, eMaryland. Nokho, izinguquko ezenzeka egciwaneni ezibangela ukucindezela okubhubhisayo komkhuhlane azivamile. Ziye zenzeka izikhathi ezintathu kuphela kulelikhulu leminyaka: kulokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi umkhuhlane waseSpain wango-1918, umkhuhlane wase-Asia wango-1957, nomkhuhlane waseHong Kong wango-1968; futhi lemikhuhlane emibili yokugcina yayingenamandla kangako. Njengoba igciwane lomkhuhlane lishintsha ngokuphindaphindiwe nangokungenakubikezelwa kangaka, kungavela ubhadane olubhubhisayo ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ikhambi elifanelekile. Lesihloko siyaphetha: “Uma kufanele siqondiswe umlando, cishe singalindela ushintsho olukhulu lwalawomakhambi—olukhulu ngokwanele ukuba lungaholela ekuqubukeni komkhuhlane onamandla emhlabeni wonke—ngaphambi kokuba kuphele lelikhulu leminyaka.”

Amadoda Ashaywayo

“Cishe amaphesenti angu-40 abesifazane abahlolwa ekuhloleni okwakuxhaswe umkhandlu othile athi ayeye asongela noma axhaphaza ngokomzimba abangane bawo bomshado, ngokuphawulekayo inani elingaphezulu kwelabesilisa abasho into efanayo,” kuphawula i-Toronto Star. “Lokucwaninga kuguqula inkolelo evamile ngobudlova basekhaya . . . Ngisho nabacwaningi bamangazwa yimiphumela yalokhu kuhlola.” Lokhu kuxhaphaza kwakuhlanganisa ukusongela, ukujikijela ngento ethile, noma ukushaya ngento ethile. Ezikhathini eziningi abesifazane bathi isisusa sobudlova babo kwakungekhona ukuzivikela. “Lokhu kuhlola kufanele kubangele abantu ukuba basicabangele kabusha sonke isimo sokuxhashazwa kwasemshadweni ngokwezahlulelo zomthetho wobugebengu,” kwasho uRena Summer, umfundi ofundela ubudokotela emkhakheni wokuhlolwa komkhaya eYunivesithi yaseManitoba nongomunye wabasunguli balokhu kuhlola. Nokho, uthi, njengoba ngokuvamile amadoda enamandla kunabesifazane, ngokuvamile abesifazane balimala kakhulu lapho bexhashazwa amadoda abo.

Ukuzingelwa Kwabathakathi Kusekhona

Bephawulwe njengabathakathi, abesifazane abangaphezu kweshumi nambili ezindaweni zesizwe zasemaphandleni aseNdiya babulawa izixuku ezivuke umbhejazane esikhathini sezinyanga ezimbili, kubika i-India Today. “Abanye abesifazane abaningi baye bashaywa, bahlukunyezwa, bahanjiswa benqunu, bahlaziswa ngendlela enonya kakhulu futhi baxoshwa emizini yakubo.” Lolutalatiya lwaqaliswa izindwendwe ezazishaywa abantu benkolo ezazenziwa zisuke kwelinye idolobha ziye kwelinye. Lomkhuba waholela emzabalazweni wokuletha inguquko engokwenhlalo nokuncishiswa kobugebengu. Kodwa-ke abanye besifazane ababekulamaqembu “bangenwa umoya” futhi baqala ukukhomba izakhamuzi ezithile njengabathakathi ababangela izinkinga kulendawo. Ukwehluleka ukuphumelela ‘ovivinyweni’ lokungabi nacala, njengokuvusa umuntu ofile uma umuntu ebekwe icala lokubulala othile, kwakusho ukuthola isijeziso esisheshayo. Kuthiwa ukukholelwa ebuthakathini yikhona okuwumsuka, futhi ngokwesinye isazi sesayensi yendabuko yabantu, “kubangelwa ukufuna kwemiphakathi yesizwe ukulawula nokusebenzisa amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, ukuba namandla ngokumelene neso elibi, amandla okufinyelela imigomo yayo efiselekayo namandla okuphoqolela intando yayo kwabanye.”

Ukusola I-caffeine

Abaphuzi bekhofi abangalinganiseli abawunqamula ngokushesha umkhuba wabo bakhononda njalo ngobuhlungu bekhanda, ukucindezeleka, isifo sokukhathala, ukukhathazeka, ngisho nobuhlungu bezicubu, isicanucanu, nokubuyisa. Manje, abacwaningi eYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins baye bathola ukuthi lezimpawu ziyavela futhi nakubantu abaphuza inkomishi eyodwa noma ezimbili zekhofi noma itiye nsuku zonke, noma amathini ambalwa eziphuzo ezine-caffeine, futhi abakwaziyo ukuphila ngaphandle kwayo izinsuku ezimbili. Imiphumela yokuhoxa ingase ibe namandla kakhulu kangangokuba bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi kumelwe babonane nodokotela. Izisulu kungaba yilabo ngezimpelasonto ababa kude namagedlela ekhofi asezindaweni zomsebenzi, abantu abaphendukela eziphuzweni ezingena-caffeine, noma iziguli okumelwe zingadli ngaphambi kokuba zihlinzwe. Odokotela balulekwa ukuba bagcine umbhalo olotshiwe wesilinganiso se-caffeine ephuzwa yiziguli ezikhala ngobuhlungu bekhanda nezinye izimpawu ezifana nalezo eziphatha umuntu ohoxile ekuphuzeni iziphuzo ezine-caffeine. Labo abafisa ukwehlisa isilinganiso sabo sokuphuza iziphuzo ezine-caffeine balulekwa ukuba lokho bakwenze kancane kancane. Lokhu kuhlola kwakuye kwaphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi i-caffeine, futhi ngaleyondlela nekhofi, ingafakwa yini ohlwini njengesidakamizwa esiluthayo ngokomzimba.