Kungani Kusungulwe INkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe EYurophu?

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ENETHERLANDS

LAPHO umnikazi wegalaji engxenyeni esenyakatho neNetherlands enqatshelwa ukuba athole imvume yokuthengisa igesi ewuketshezi, okwakusho nokuthi wayengavunyelwe ukuguqula izinjini zezimoto ukuba zisebenzise igesi ewuketshezi, walwa impi ende engokomthetho ezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene ukuze aqede lokhu kuvinjelwa okumiswe uhulumeni. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, waphelelwa izimali.

Enomuzwa wokuthi izinkantolo zaseNetherlands zazingamphathanga ngobulungisa, wadlulisela icala kuyi-European Court of Human Rights eStrasbourg. Ngo-1985 i-European Court yenza isinqumo esimvunayo. Lomnikazi wegalaji wabheka lesi sinqumo senkantolo njengokunqoba okukhulu okungokokuziphatha ngoba, ngokusho kwabantu, ‘kwafakazela ukuthi wayelokhu engenalo iphutha.’

Ungomunye wezakhamuzi eziningi emazweni aseYurophu eziye zadlulisela amacala azo kuyi-European Court of Human Rights phakathi namashumi eminyaka adlule. Umsebenzi walenkantolo akukhona ukwahlulela izikhalo zabantu ngabanye baseYurophu kuphela kodwa nokwahlulela izikhalo zamazwe amangalela amanye amazwe lapho kucatshangelwa ukuthi amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo awazange ahlonishwe. Ukwanda kwesibalo samacala asenkantolo alethwa ezinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe kubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi nohulumeni abathile balangazelela ubulungisa.

I-European Court of Human Rights

Ngo-1950 amazwe amaningana aseYurophu, ayebumbe uMkhandlu WaseYurophu futhi ayehlangene eRome, anquma ukwenza isivumelwano ayengaqinisekisa ngaso amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi zawo nabantu bakwamanye amazwe abahlala ngaphansi kwegunya lawo lokwahlulela. Kamuva kwanezelwa amanye amalungelo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo inani elandayo lamazwe aseYurophu lingenela iSivumelwano SaseYurophu ngenhloso yokuthola ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu nenkululeko eyisisekelo. Amanye alamalungelo aphathelene nokuvikelwa kokuphila nokuvinjelwa kokuhlushwa, futhi amanye aphathenele nokuphila komkhaya kanye nenkululeko engokwenkolo, yokukhuluma, yokuveza umbono, neyokuhlangana. Izisulu zokweqiwa kwalamalungelo abantu zingafaka isikhalo kunobhala-jikelele woMkhandlu WaseYurophu ngezwe elithintekile.

Kusukela ekusungulweni kwalenkantolo, sekuye kwafakwa izikhalo ezingaphezu kuka-20 000. Lenkantolo inquma kanjani ukuthi yimaphi amacala okufanele iwaqule? Okokuqala, kwenziwa umzamo wokuba kube nokubuyisana. Uma lokho kuhluleka futhi isikhalo sibhekwa njengesizwakalayo, sethulwa kuyi-European Court of Human Rights eStrasbourg. Amaphesenti angaba mahlanu kuphela ezikhalo ake afinyelele kulenkantolo. Kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-1995, lenkantolo isikhiphe izinqumo ezingu-554. Nakuba isinqumo senkantolo siba esibophayo ngokuqondene nezwe elithintekile lapho isikhalo sifakwe umuntu ngamunye, akubi lula neze lapho isikhalo sifakwe izwe noma amazwe. Esimweni esinjalo, okungase kwenzeke ukuthi izwe elilahlwe icala likhetha inkambo ezuzisayo ngokwezombangazwe kunokuba lenze ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko zesivumelwano. Nakuba i-International Court of Justice eHague isingatha imibango ephakathi kwamazwe kuphela, i-European Court ikhipha izinqumo nasemacaleni okungezwani phakathi kwezakhamuzi namazwe.

Ukunqoba Okuvuna Inkululeko Yokukhulekela EYurophu

Ngo-1993 i-European Court of Human Rights yafinyelela izinqumo ezimbili ezibalulekile ezivuna inkululeko yokukhulekela. Icala lokuqala lalihilela isakhamuzi saseGreece, uMinos Kokkinakis. Njengomunye woFakazi BakaJehova, wayeseboshwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-60 kusukela ngo-1938, wayephoqelelwé ukuba avele ezinkantolo zaseGreece izikhathi ezingu-18, futhi wayechithé isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha ejele.

Ngo-May 25, 1993, i-European Court yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni waseGreece wawungayihloniphanga inkululeko engokwenkolo kaMinos Kokkinakis owayeneminyaka engu-84 ngaleso sikhathi futhi yathi makanikezwe isinxephezelo esingu-R42 500. Inkantolo yakwenqaba ukuphikisa kukahulumeni waseGreece kokuthi uKokkinakis noFakazi BakaJehova bebonke babesebenzisa amasu okucindezela lapho bexoxa ngenkolo yabo nabanye.—Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bheka INqabayokulinda ka-September 1, 1993, amakhasi 27-31.

Ecaleni lesibili, i-European Court yakhipha isinqumo esivuna u-Ingrid Hoffmann wase-Austria. Ngenxa yokuthi wayebe omunye woFakazi BakaJehova eseshadile, waphucwa ilungelo lokunakekela abantwana bakhe ababili, ngemva kwesehlukaniso. Ekuqaleni izinkantolo eziphansi zazimnike ilungelo lokunakekela abantwana, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yalinika umyeni wakhe ongumKatolika. Inkantolo yasekela lesi sinyathelo emthethweni wase-Austria othi abantwana kumelwe bakhuliselwe enkolweni yamaKatolika uma abazali babengamaKatolika lapho beshada ngaphandle uma bobabili bevumelana ngokuba bashintshe inkolo yabo. Umyeni wakhe wangaphambili wagomela ngokuthi njengoba ayesengomunye woFakazi BakaJehova, wayengakwazi ukukhulisa abantwana ngendlela evamile, nenengqondo. Ngo-June 23, 1993, i-European Court yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi i-Austria yayibandlulule uNkk. Hoffmann ngenxa yenkolo yakhe futhi yayingalihloniphanga ilungelo lakhe lokukhulisa abantwana bakhe. Wanikwa isinxephezelo.—Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bheka i-Phaphama! ka-October 8, 1993, ikhasi 15.

Lezi zinqumo zithinta bonke abantu abathanda inkululeko engokwenkolo neyokukhuluma. Amacala adluliselwa ezinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe angaba nengxenye ebalulekile ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi. Kuhle nokukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa kwamaqembu ezokwahlulela. Nakuba enezinhloso ezinhle ukuzedlula zonke emhlabeni, awakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthula okuhlala njalo nenhlonipho ephelele ngamalungelo abantu.