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Alesi Woƒe Agbenɔnɔ Trɔe

ƑE GEÐEE nye sia la, nya si wogblɔna tsɔ ƒoa United States ƒe ŋutinya tae nye, “Alesi woɖu Ɣetoɖoƒeduwo dzii.” Hollywood ƒe sinimawo ɖea yevu amedzro siwo le tsatsam to Amerika ƒe gbadzaƒewo kple towo dzi, kple alesi asrafo aɖewo siwo ɖi John Wayne, lãkplɔviwo, kple amedzrowo nɔa aʋa wɔm kple Indiatɔ wɔadã, ŋutasẽla, fiakpuidalawoe. Esime yevu ŋutigbalẽɣitɔwo nɔ anyigba kple sika dim la, wobu be Kristodukɔa ƒe nunɔla kple mawunyagblɔla dometɔ aɖewo nɔ luʋɔwo ɖem.

Aleke anyigbadzinɔla gbãtɔawo, Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔawo bua ŋutinya mae? Agbalẽ si nye The Native Americans—An Illustrated History gblɔ be, esime Europatɔwo va ɖo la, wozi Indiatɔwo “dzi be woanɔ anyi kple akpasesẽnuxɔla, adzodala gãtɔ kekeake si wokpɔ kpɔ, siwo va ge ɖe wo dome lae: Europa-yevu amedzidzelawo.”

Ðekawɔwɔ si He Dzre Vɛ

Gbã la, anyigbatɔawo tsɔ dɔmenyonyo kple kpekpeɖeameŋu xɔ Europatɔ geɖe siwo va ɖo Amerika ƒe Dzieheɣedzeƒekpa dzi zi gbãtɔe. Ŋutinya aɖe gblɔ be: “Ne menye Powhatantɔwo ye o la, anye ne Britaniatɔwo ƒe nɔƒe si nɔ Jamestown, Virginia, si nye Eŋlisiawo ƒe dutanyigba gbãtɔ si li ke le Xexe Yeyea me la mate ŋu ato ƒe 1607-08 ƒe vuvɔŋɔli sesẽ gbãtɔ la me ado o. Nenema ke ne menye Wampanoagtɔwo ye o la, anye ne Pilgrim dutanyigba si nɔ Plymouth, Massachusetts la mali ke o.” Anyigbatɔawo dometɔ aɖewoe fia amedzroawo alesi woanyro anyigba la ahado agblemenuwoe. Eye aleke Lewis kple Clark ƒe mɔzɔzɔ le ƒe 1804-06 me—be yewoadi mɔ nyui si anɔ Louisiana-nyigba kple afisi woyɔna be Oregon Dukɔ dome hena mɔzɔzɔ—akpɔ dzidzedzee ne ɖe menye Shoshone-nyɔnu si nye Sacagawea ye de nu eme eye wòkpe ɖe wo ŋu o? Eyae nye “ŋutifafa ƒe dzesi” na wo esime wodo go Indiatɔwo ŋkume kple ŋkumee.

Gake le alesi Europatɔwo nɔ anyigba la kple nuɖuɖutsoƒe siwo mebɔ o ŋudɔ wɔmee ta la, woƒe ʋuʋu va Dziehe Amerika bibibi he masɔmasɔ va amedzroawo kple anyigbatɔawo dome. Canadatɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔla Ian K. Steele gblɔ be Narragansettɔ 30,000 ye nɔ Massachusetts le ƒe alafa 17 lia me. Esi woƒe fia Miantonomo “kpɔ be dzɔgbevɔ̃e gbɔna la, . . . edze agbagba be yeado ŋusẽ nubabla si le wo kple Mohawktɔwo dome ɖe edzi ale be yewoaɖo Amerika Indiatɔwo ƒe tsitretsiɖeŋuha gã aɖe anyi.” Woka nya ta be egblɔ na Montauktɔwo le ƒe 1642 me be: “[Ele be] míawɔ ɖeka abe alesi woawo [Eŋlisiawo] le ɖekae ene, ne menye nenema o la, mí katã míatsrɔ̃ avɔ kpuie, elabena mienya be klatsa kple lãgbalẽwo nɔ mía tɔgbuiwo si fũ, klatsawo kple [dɔkuwo] bɔ ɖe míaƒe gbadzaƒewo, abe alesi wobɔ ɖe míaƒe avewo mee ene, eye tɔmelã kple xewo bɔ ɖe míaƒe ƒukɔmewo me. Gake esi Eŋlisitɔ siawo va xɔ míaƒe anyigba ko la, wotsɔ gbesihɛwo ƒo gbeawo, eye wotsɔ fia tso atiwoe; woƒe nyiwo kple sɔwo ɖua gbeawo, eye woƒe hawo gblẽ míaƒe fɔlĩfɔƒewo, eye dɔ gbɔna mí katã wu ge míatsrɔ̃.”—Warpaths—Invasions of North America.

Agbagba si Miantonomo dze be yewoaɖo Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo ƒe habɔbɔ si wɔ ɖeka la medze edzi o. Chief Uncas si tso Mohegan-toa me la lée le towo dome ʋa aɖe si wowɔ le ƒe 1643 me la me, eye wòtsɔe de asi na Eŋlisiawo be enye aglãdzela. Eŋlisiawo mete ŋu bu fɔ Miantonomo hewui le se nu o. Wodi egbɔkpɔnu nyui aɖe. Steele yi edzi be: “Esi dudzikpɔlawo mete ŋu wu [Miantonomo] o, le esi mele du siwo dzi ɖum wonɔ dometɔ aɖeke ƒe dukplɔse te o ta la, wona Uncas wui, eye Eŋlisiawo kpɔ eteƒe tsɔ ɖo kpe edzi be wowui.”

Menye masɔmasɔ si nɔ dutanyigbaxɔla amedzidzelawo kple anyigbatɔawo dome edziedzi koe nusia ɖe fia o, ke eɖe towo dome fuléle vɔ̃ɖi kple alakpanuwɔwɔ si nɔ toawo dome xoxo hafi yevu ŋutigbalẽɣitɔwo va ɖo Dziehe Amerika gɔ̃ hã fia. Esime Britaniatɔwo nɔ aʋa wɔm kple Franseawo be yewoaɖu Dziehe Amerika-nyigbawo dzi la, toawo dometɔ aɖewo nɔ woƒe akpa dzi eye bubuwo de Franseawo dzi. Akpa ka dzie woɖaɖu o, eme menyo na to siwo katã de nu eme la o.

“Nugɔmemasemase ƒe Vovototo Gã Aɖe”

Nusi wokpɔ le Europatɔwo ƒe amedzidzedze ŋue nye be: “Zi geɖe la, alesi Europatɔwo bua Indiatɔwoe la, menɔa nyanya na India-dukɔwo ƒe kplɔlawo o, vaseɖe esime wòtsia megbe akpa. Womebu wo yevu ŋutigbalẽɣitɔwo alo Kristotɔwoe o. Le ame geɖe ƒe susu nu la, wonye ŋutasẽlawo—movitɔwo kple anyrawɔlawo—nuveviwɔamelawo kple amesiwo mesea veve ɖe ame nu o, amesiwo woatsɔ atsa kluvisie.” Ðokuibubu gã ƒe nɔnɔme sia gblẽ nu le toawo ŋu vevie.

Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔawo mesea Europatɔwo ƒe nya gɔme o. Le nya si Nyɔ! bia Navajotɔ aɖaŋuɖola Philmer Bluehouse me la, egblɔ nɔnɔme si nɔ anyi be enye “nugɔmemasemase ƒe vovototo gã aɖe.” Anyigbatɔawo mebu woƒe agbenɔnɔ be ɖe mede ŋgɔ o, ke be ɖe wòto vovo, be yewoƒe agbemedzidzenuwoe to vovo kura. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Indiatɔwo medzraa anyigba kura o. Ðe ya kple tsi ate ŋu azu tɔwò eye nàtsɔ wo adzraa? Ke nukata nàdzra anyigba ya? Mí katãe wòli na be míawɔ eŋudɔ. Eyata Indiatɔwo metɔa kpɔ ɖe anyigba ŋu o.

Esi Britaniatɔwo, Spaniatɔwo, kple Franseawo va ɖo ko la, wogblɔ le nusi dzɔ ŋu be enye “dutanuwɔna ƒomevi eve ƒe gododo si gblẽ nu vevie.” Afimatɔwo nye amesiwo te ŋu nya alesi woanɔ anyigba la dzi ahanɔ agbe ɖe dzɔdzɔmenuwo nu eye wonya alesi woanɔ agbe eye womagblẽ nu le yamenutoa me ƒe dɔwɔwɔ le ɖoɖo nu ŋu o. Gake duta yevuwo va bu anyigbatɔawo be wonye ame ɖuɖɔe wɔadãwo—eye wote ŋu ŋlɔ woa ŋutɔwo ƒe ŋutasesẽ si wotsɔ ɖu wo dzii la be! Le ƒe 1831 me la, Franse-yevu ŋutinyaŋlɔla Alexis de Tocqueville gblɔ alesi duta yevuawo bua Indiatɔwoe ɣemaɣi kpuie ko be: “Mawu mewɔ wo be woƒe ŋku naʋu o; ehiã be woaku.”

Ametsrɔ̃nu Vɔ̃ɖitɔ Kekeake

Esi amedzroawo nɔ Dziehe Amerika vam bibibi la, ŋutasesẽ he ŋutasesẽ vɛ. Eyata eɖanye Indiatɔwo alo Europatɔwoe dze ame dzi gbã o, akpa evea siaa wɔ ŋutasẽnuwo. Wovɔ̃na na Indiatɔwo le tayikpakpa na ame ŋuti, woxɔ se be enye wɔna si wosrɔ̃ tso Europatɔ siwo naa nu ame ɖe tayi ta la gbɔ. Gake Indiatɔawo nɔ aʋa si dzi womate ŋu aɖu o la wɔm kple akpa si sẽ wu wo sasasã—le agbɔsɔsɔ kple aʋawɔnuwo gome. Le go akpa gãtɔ me la, eva hiãna be toawo me tɔwo naʋu adzo le wo denyigbawo dzi alo woaku. Zi geɖe la, nu evea siaa dzɔna—wodzona le woƒe anyigbawo gbɔ eye wowua wo alo wokuna le dɔléle kple dɔwuame ta.

Gake menye kuku le aʋa mee nye nusi tsrɔ̃ anyigbatɔawo wu o. Ian K. Steele ŋlɔ be: “Menye tu, sɔ, Biblia, alo Europatɔwo ƒe ‘ŋkuʋuʋu’ ye nye aʋawɔnu sesẽtɔ kekeake si wotsɔ dze Dziehe Amerika dzi o. Dɔvɔ̃e.” Patrica Nelson Limerick si nye ŋutinyafialagã ŋlɔ nu le ŋusẽ si Xexe Xoxoa ƒe dɔlélewo kpɔ ɖe Amerikatɔwo dzi ŋu be: “Esime dɔléle siawo [siwo Europatɔwo tsɔ ƒe alafa geɖe hafi te ŋu nɔ te ɖe wo nu]—aɖibaku, gbaɣi, dzamezã, asrã, aŋutiɖiɖi ŋudza, ŋudza sesẽ, yɔmekpe, kple ƒo wo katã ta la, sakpatɛ—ɖo Xexe Yeyea me la, amewo mete ŋu nɔ te ɖe wo nu o. Ame agbɔsɔsɔme si kuna la dzi ɖe edzi ɖo alafa memamã 80 alo 90 tso kɔƒe yi kɔƒe me.”

Russell Freedman ƒo nu le sakpatɛ ƒe nugbegblẽ le ƒe 1837 me ŋu. “Mandantɔwo dzie wòdze gbã, eye Hidatsa, Assiniboin, Arikara, Sioux, kple Blackfoot tɔwo kplɔe ɖo kabakaba ŋutɔ.” Mandantɔwo tsrɔ̃ vɔ kloe. Woƒe agbɔsɔsɔme ɖiɖi tso abe 1,600 ene le ƒe 1834 me va ɖo 130 le ƒe 1837 me.

Nukae Dzɔ Ðe Nubablaawo Dzi?

Vaseɖe egbea la, toawo me ametsitsiwo ate ŋu ayɔ ɣletiŋkeke siwo dzi United States dziɖuɖua bla nu kple wo tɔgbuiwo le ƒe alafa 19 lia me la ɖekaɖeka. Gake nya kawo ŋutɔŋutɔe nɔ nubabla mawo me? Zi geɖe la, wotsɔa anyigba nyui ɖɔa li saɖaganyigba manyonu aɖee, si menyoa wo ŋu o kpakple nunyiame si dziɖuɖu naa wo.

Kpɔɖeŋu aɖe si ɖe alesi wodo vlo anyigbatɔawoe nye esi dze le Iroquois-dukɔwo (tso ɣedzeƒe va yi ɣetoɖoƒe, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, kple Seneca tɔwo) gome le esime Amerika dutanyigbaxɔlawo ɖu Britaniatɔwo dzi le ɖokuisinɔnɔʋa si wu enu le ƒe 1783 me la megbe. Iroquoistɔwo nɔ Britaniatɔwo ƒe akpa dzi, eye Alvin Josephy, Jr., gblɔ be nusi ko wokpɔ ɖe eteƒee nye aɖabaŋeŋe ƒu wo dzi kple dzudzu. Esi Britaniatɔwo “ŋe aɖaba ƒu [Iroquoistɔwo] dzi la, wotsɔ ŋusẽ si wokpɔ ɖe woƒe anyigbawo dzi la de asi na United States tɔwo.” Egblɔ kpee be “anyigbasitsaha amebalawo kple asitsalawo kpakple Amerika dziɖuɖua ŋutɔ zi” Iroquoistɔ siwo de dutanyigbaxɔlawo dzi ɖe Britaniatɔwo ŋu gɔ̃ hã dzi.

Esi wowɔ nubabla ƒe takpekpe aɖe le ƒe 1784 me la, James Duane si nye Anyigbagã ƒe Sewɔtakpekpe ƒe Kɔmiti si Kpɔa Indiatɔwo ƒe Nyawo Gbɔ teƒenɔla tsã la ɖo aɖaŋu na dziɖuɖua ƒe amewo “be woaɖoe koŋ awɔ Iroquoistɔwo ame madeŋgɔwoe bene woatsɔ agblẽ kakaɖeameɖokui dzi ɖesiaɖe si agakpɔtɔ anɔ wo me la me.”

Wowɔ ɖe eƒe ameŋumabumabu ƒe aɖaŋuɖoɖoa dzi. Wolé Iroquoistɔ aɖewo aboyomewoe, eye wolé tu ɖe wo dzi hafi ‘bla nu kpli wo.’ Togbɔ be Iroquoistɔwo bu wo ɖokui be womeɖu yewo dzi le aʋa me o hã la, eva hiã be woaɖe asi le woƒe anyigba si le New York kple Pennsylvania ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe gome ŋu eye wova xɔ saɖaganyigba sue aɖe le New York Nutome.

Ayemenu sia kee wowɔ ɖe anyigbatɔawo ƒe to akpa gãtɔ ŋuti. Josephy gblɔ hã be Amerikatɔwo ƒe amewo zã “zãnunana, ŋɔdzidodo, aha sesẽ, kple amesiwo womedɔ o ƒe nufitifitiwɔwɔwo tsɔ dze agbagba be yewoaxɔ anyigba le Delawaretɔwo, Wyandottɔwo, Ottawatɔwo, Chippewatɔwo [alo Ojibwatɔwo], Shawneetɔwo, kple Ohio-dukɔ bubuwo si sesẽe.” Eyata mewɔ nuku be Indiatɔwo megava ka ɖe duta yevuwo kple woƒe ŋugbedodo ƒuƒluwo dzi o!

“Azɔli Legbee” la Kple Aɖatsimɔzɔzɔ La

Esime Amerikatɔwo ƒe Dukɔmeviʋa (ƒe 1861 vaseɖe ƒe 1865) dzɔ la, ena asrafowo dzo le Navajo-dukɔ si le Anyieheɣetoɖoƒe nutome la me. Navajotɔwo zã woƒe anyimanɔmanɔ sia tsɔ dze Amerika kple Mexico tɔwo ƒe du siwo le Rio Grande Bali si le New Mexico-nyigba dzi la dzi. Dziɖuɖua dɔ Aʋafia Kit Carson kple eƒe New Mexico Lɔlɔ̃nu Faa Dɔwɔlawo be woava tu nu kple Navajotɔwo eye woakplɔ wo ayi saɖaganyigba si le kuɖiɖinyigba lɛɛ si woyɔna be Bosque Redondo la dzi. Carson gblẽ Navajotɔwo ƒe nunyiametsoƒewo dome be dɔ nawu wo ne wòanyã wo ɖa le Canyon de Chelly dziŋɔ si le Arizona ƒe dzieheɣedzeƒekpa dzi la dzi. Etsrɔ̃ atɔ́ti siwo sɔ gbɔ wu 5,000 gɔ̃ hã.

Carson ƒo ame 8,000 nu ƒu eye wòzi wo dzi wozɔ “Azɔli Legbee” si adidi de kilometa 500 woyi mɔ̃ le Bosque Redondo ƒe asaɖa me le Fort Sumner, New Mexico. Nyatakaka aɖe gblɔ be: “Vuvɔ nu sẽ ale gbegbe, eye aboyome geɖe siwo medo awu nyui, heɖu nu ɖi ƒo o la ku le mɔ dzi.” Alesi saɖaganyigba la dzi nɔ la dzi ŋɔ ŋutɔ. Ele be Navajotɔwo naɖe do ɖe tome hafi akpɔ afi aɖe abe ɖo. Le ƒe 1868 me, esi dziɖuɖua de dzesi vodada gã si wòwɔ megbe la, egbugbɔ Navajotɔwo ƒe tɔgbuiwo ƒe denyigba agbleka miliɔn 3.5 na wo le Arizona kple New Mexico. Wogbugbɔ yi, gake fu ka gbegbee nye si wona wokpe ɖe eta!

Tso ƒe 1820 vaseɖe ƒe 1845 me la, wonyã Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, kple Seminole tɔ akpe geɖe le woƒe anyigba si le Anyieheɣedzeƒe nutowo me la dzi eye wozi wo dzi wozɔ ɖo ta ɣetoɖoƒe gome, le keke Mississippi Tɔsisi ƒe ŋgɔgbe ke, yi afisi woyɔna fifia be Oklahoma, si gbɔ didi kilometa alafa geɖe. Wo dometɔ geɖe ku le vuvɔŋɔli sesẽ la me. Ŋkɔ vlo si wotsɔ na mɔ si wozɔ ɖo ta ɣetoɖoƒe gomee nye Aɖatsimɔzɔzɔ la.

Amerikatɔwo ƒe aʋafiagã George Crook, amesi ti Sioux kple Cheyenne tɔwo yome le dziehe nutome ƒe nya siwo wògblɔ la gaɖo kpe numadzɔmadzɔ siwo wowɔ ɖe Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔawo ŋu la dzi. Egblɔ be: “Ƒã hafi wosea Indiatɔwo ƒe nyanuɖeɖe. . . . Ekema ne [Indiatɔawo] dze agbo hafi amehawo trɔna ɖe Indiatɔawo ŋu, woƒe vodada kple ŋutasesẽ koe wobua fɔe, gake woɖea asi le amesiwo ƒe numadzɔmadzɔwɔwɔ na woɖe afɔ sia ya ŋu . . . Ame aɖeke menya nyateƒenya sia wu Indiatɔwo o, eyata wotɔ dzɔ be womebua dzɔdzɔenyenye aɖeke na dziɖuɖu si naa wokpea fu, gake wòɖea mɔ na yevu ŋutigbalẽɣitɔwo be woada adzo wo alesi dze wo ŋu la o.”—Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.

Aleke Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔawo ƒe agbenɔnɔ le egbea esi Europatɔwo ɖu wo dzi wu ƒe alafa ɖeka enye sia megbe? Ðe woƒe tsakatsaka kple ame bubuwo na be wole vɔvɔma? Etsɔme mɔkpɔkpɔ kae le wo si? Nyati si kplɔe ɖo la adzro biabia siawo kple bubuwo me.

[Aɖaka si le axa 9]

Agbe Sesẽ si Nyɔnuwo Nɔ

Esime ŋutsuawo nye adelawo kple aʋawɔlawo le toawo dome la, nyɔnuawo wɔa dɔ gbogbo aɖewo, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye vidzikpɔkpɔ, nuku ƒaƒa kple eŋeŋe, kpakple etoto woazu wɔ. Colin Taylor gblɔ be: “Plains-nyɔnuwo ƒe dɔ veviwoe . . . nye beléle na aƒekɔa, vidzidzi kple nuɖaɖa. Woawoe kpɔa agble dzi le agbledelawo dome, . . . eye le to siwo le ɣetoɖoƒekpa dzi siwo nɔa tsatsam nɔ to wum dome la, wokpea asi ɖe lãkoko ŋu, wotsɔa lã la vaa asaɖa me eye wotrɔa asi le lã kple lãgbalẽwo ŋu hena eŋudɔwɔwɔ le etsɔme.”—The Plains Indians.

Agbalẽ bubu gblɔ le Apachetɔwo ŋu be: “Nyɔnuwo ƒe dɔe nye agbledɔ eye mefia gbɔɖiɖiame alo kluvinyenye o. Ŋutsuwo kpea asi ɖe eŋu, gake nyɔnuwo doa vevie agbledɔ wu ŋutsuwo. . . . Nyɔnuwo nya alesi woawɔ agbledekɔnuwo dzi ɣesiaɣi. . . . Nyɔnu akpa gãtɔ doa gbe ɖa esime wole tsi dem anyigba.”—The Native Americans—An Illustrated History.

Nyɔnuwo hãe tua ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe lãgbalẽxɔ alo atikpaxɔ siwo woyɔna be tepees, si nɔa anyi abe ƒe eve ko ene. Woawoe tunɛ eye ne wòhiã be toawo me tɔwo naʋu la, wokakanɛ. Ðikeke mele eme o be nyɔnuwo nɔ agbe sesẽ. Gake nenema ke ŋutsuawo siwo nye toawo ŋu dzɔlawo hã nɔe. Wodea bubu nyɔnuawo ŋu eye gome geɖe nɔ wo si. Egbea gɔ̃ hã, le to si nye Hopitɔwo dome la, nunɔamesiwo nɔa nyɔnuwo si.

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 10]

Lã si Trɔ Woƒe Agbenɔnɔ

Europatɔwo kplɔ lã aɖe va Dziehe Amerika si trɔ to geɖe me tɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ—eyae nye sɔ. Spaniatɔwoe nye ame gbãtɔ siwo kplɔ sɔwo va anyigba la dzi le ƒe alafa 17 lia me. Europatɔ siwo va anyigba la dzi la va kpɔe be Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo va zu sɔ si dzi womebla sɔkpa ɖo o dola nyuiwo kaba ŋutɔ. Sɔdodo na be anyigbatɔawo te ŋu va nɔ to wum bɔbɔe wu. Eye to siwo me tɔwo nɔ tsatsam la te ŋu va nɔ to siwo tso kɔƒe ɖe wo xa la dzi dzem bɔbɔe wu eyata wote ŋu haa woƒe nuwo, nyɔnuwo, kple kluviwo.

[Anyigbatata/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 7]

(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)

Afisiwo toawo dometɔ aɖewo ƒe nɔƒe nɔ le Dziehe Amerika le ƒe alafa 17 lia me

Kutenai

Spokan

Nez Perce

Shoshone

Klamath

Dzigbe Paiute

Miwok

Yokuts

Serrano

Mohave

Papago

Blackfoot

Flathead

Crow

Cheyenne

Ute

Arapaho

Jicarilla

Hopi

Navajo

Apache

Mescalero

Comanche

Lipan

Plains Cree

Assiniboin

Hidatsa

Mandan

Arikara

Yanktonai

Teton

Sioux

Yankton

Pawnee

Oto

Kansa

Kiowa

Osage

Quapaw

Caddo

Wichita

Atakapa

Tonkawa

Santee

Iowa

Missouri

Illinois

Chickasaw

Alabama

Choctaw

Creek

Timucua

Ojibwa

Sauk

Fox

Kickapoo

Miami

Shawnee

Cherokee

Catawba

Powhatan

Tuscarora

Delaware

Erie

Susquehanna

Potawatomi

Iroquois

Huron

Ottawa

Algonquian

Sokoki

Massachuset

Wampanoag

Narragansett

Mohegan

Montauk

Abnaki

Malecite

Micmac

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 8]

Navajotɔwo ƒe avɔlɔlɔ̃e kple sikanu dzeaniwo

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 11]

Canyon del Muerto, afisi “Azɔli Legbee” la dze egɔme tsoe