Etsɔme Kae Li Na wo?

ESI Nyɔ! ƒe nuŋlɔla bia gbe Cheyennetɔwo ƒe ŋutifafafia Lawrence Hart la, egblɔ be kuxi siwo le fu ɖem na Indiatɔwo dometɔ ɖekae “nye be míedze ŋgɔ ŋusẽ si dekɔnu ƒe tɔtrɔ kple tsakatsaka kple dukɔ bubuwo kpɔna ɖe mía dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, mía degbe le bubum. Ɣeaɖeɣi va yi la, dziɖuɖua ƒe ɖoɖoe wònye koŋ. Wodze agbagba geɖe be ‘woaʋu ŋku’ na mí to sukudede me. Woɖo mí ɖe suku siwo me wonaa dɔƒe kple nuɖuɖu le eye woxe mɔ ɖe mía degbe gbɔgblɔ nu.” Sandra Kinlacheeny gblɔ be: “Ne medo Navajogbe le míaƒe suku la, míaƒe nufiala tsɔa adzalẽ klɔa nume nam!”

Fia Hart yi edzi be: “Nu ɖeka si de dzi ƒo nyitsɔ laa enye be to vovovowo me tɔwo va le nyɔnyɔm le wo ɖokui me. Wokpɔe be ne yewomedze agbagba kpɔ yewo degbe ta o la, ava bu keŋkeŋ.”

Ame ewo koe gasusɔ siwo gblɔa Karukgbe, si nye gbe si to siwo le California la dometɔ ɖeka gblɔna. Le January 1996 me la, Red Thunder Cloud (Carlos Westez), si nye Indiatɔ mamlɛtɔ si gblɔa Catawbagbe la ku, esi wòxɔ ƒe 76. Ƒe geɖe la, mekpɔ ame aɖeke si wòagblɔ gbea kplii o.

Amesiame kloe gblɔa Navajo alo Hopi kple Eŋlisi gbe le Yehowa Ðasefowo ƒe Fiaɖuƒe Akpata si le Navajo kple Hopi saɖaganyigba siwo le Arizona la me. Ðasefo siwo menye Indiatɔwo o gɔ̃ hã le Navajogbe srɔ̃m. Esi wònye woa ŋutɔwo degbe dzaa koe Navajotɔ geɖe te ŋu gblɔna nyuie ta la, ele be Ðasefoawo nasrɔ̃ Navajogbe hafi ate ŋu awɔ woƒe Biblia-nufiafiadɔa. Wogagblɔa Hopi kple Navajo gbewo kokoko, eye wole dzi dem ƒo na sɔhɛwo be woagblɔ wo le suku.

Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo ƒe Sukudede

Indiatɔwo ƒe kɔledzi 29 ye le United States, siwo me sukuvi 16,000 le. Woʋu gbãtɔ nu le ƒe 1968 me le Arizona. Ðk. David Gipp, si le Amerika Indiatɔwo ƒe Suku Kɔkɔ Dede ƒe Kɔmiti me la gblɔ be: “Esia nye tɔtrɔ wɔnuku siwo va le India Dukɔa me dometɔ ɖeka, gomekpɔkpɔ si wònye be míafia nu le mía ŋutɔwo míaƒe ɖoɖowo nu.” Enye nudidi be woasrɔ̃ Lakotagbe le Sinte Gleska Yunivɛsiti.

Ron McNeil (Hunkpapa Lakota), si nye Habɔbɔ si Kpɔa Amerika Indiatɔwo ƒe Kɔledzi Ganyawo Gbɔ ƒe zimenɔla gblɔ be, Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔ siwo mekpɔ dɔ awɔ o ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme nye tso alafa memamã 50 vaseɖe 85, eye Indiatɔwo ƒe agbenɔƒe ye le kpuie wu, eye suklidɔ, yɔmekpe, kple ahatsunono le wo dome wu ameha ɖesiaɖe le United States. Hehe nyui xɔxɔ nye nusiwo akpe ɖe wo ŋu dometɔ ɖeka.

Anyigba Kɔkɔewo

Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo dometɔ geɖe bua wo tɔgbuiwo ƒe anyigbawo be wole kɔkɔe. Nya mae White Thunder gblɔ na sewɔhamenɔla aɖe be: “Le afisia la, míaƒe anyigbae nye nu xɔasitɔ kekeake na mí.” Zi geɖe ne wole nubablawo kple ɖoɖowo wɔm la, Indiatɔwo bunɛ be ɖeko esiawo aɖe mɔ na yevuwo be woawɔ yewoƒe anyigbawo ŋudɔ ke menye be woava xɔe eye wòazu wo tɔ keŋkeŋ o. Sioux India-towo ƒe anyigba nyui geɖe dome gblẽ esime tomenukulawo va ƒo ɖe Black Hills nutome le Dakota le ƒe 1870-awo me nɔ sika dim. United States Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe Kɔkɔtɔ gblɔ na United States dziɖuɖua le ƒe 1980 me be wòaxe dɔlar miliɔn 105 atsɔ aɖo eteƒe na Sioux-to enyi. Vaseɖe egbegbe la, toawo me tɔwo gbe ga la xɔxɔ—wodi be woagbugbɔ yewoƒe anyigba kɔkɔe si le Black Hills nutome le Anyiehe Dakota la na yewo.

Yevu ŋutigbalẽɣitɔwo ƒe dukplɔla siwo ƒe mo ƒe nɔnɔmetata woɖe ɖe Rushmore-to ŋu le Black Hills nutome la mevivi Sioux Indiatɔwo nu o. Kpedzinukpalawo le nɔnɔmetata si lolo wu kura kpam ɖe to si te ɖe afima ŋu la ŋuti. Crazy Horse si nye Oglala Siouxtɔwo ƒe aʋaŋgɔnɔla ƒe nɔnɔmetatae. Woawu eƒe mo ƒe nɔnɔmetata la nu le June 1998 me.

Egbegbe ƒe Kuxiwo

Bene Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔawo nate ŋu anɔ agbe le egbegbe xexeame la, ele be woasrɔ̃ nu vovovowo. Fifia la, wo dometɔ geɖe de suku nyuie eye woxɔ hehe le kɔledzi, eye ŋutete su wo si be woate ŋu azu ŋudɔwɔnu nyuiwo na wo tɔwo. Kpɔɖeŋu ɖekae nye Burton McKerchie, Chippewatɔ si tso Michigan, si ƒoa nu blewu. Eɖe sinima aɖewo na Dugbadza Nyakakadɔwɔƒe eye fifia la, ele dɔ wɔm le suku kɔkɔ aɖe le Hopi Saɖaganyigba dzi le Arizona, ekpɔa sukuxɔme video ɖeɖefiawo dzi le nutoa me godoo. Kpɔɖeŋu bubue nye Ray Halbritter, si nye to aɖe ƒe ŋgɔnɔla le Oneida-dukɔ me, amesi de Havard suku.

Arlene Young Hatfield gblɔ le nusi wòŋlɔ le Navajo Times me be, Navajo sɔhɛwo meto nusiwo me wo dzilawo kple wo tɔgbuiwo alo mamawo to esime wonɔ tsitsim la me o, eye wometsɔa nuwo saa vɔe abe woawo ene o. Eŋlɔ be: “Le [egbegbe] ƒe nuzazãwo ta la, womefɔ nake alo tso ati, de tɔme, alo kplɔ alẽwo kpɔ abe alesi wo tɔgbuiwo wɔ le blema ene o. Womekpea asi ɖe míaƒe ƒomewo ƒe nuhiahiãwo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ ŋu abe alesi ɖeviwo wɔnɛ le blema ene o.” Eƒo eta be: “Míate ŋu asi le hadomekuxi geɖe siwo ava kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe mía viwo dzi godoo la nu o. Míate ŋu aɖe míaƒe ƒomewo alo saɖaganyigba la ɖe aga tso xexeame gbɔ o, eye míate ŋu atrɔ anɔ agbe si mía tɔgbuiwo nɔ la hã o.”

Afisiae kuxia le na Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo—alesi woayi edzi alé woƒe towo ƒe dekɔnu kple agbemedzidzenu tɔxɛwo me ɖe asi gake aganɔ tɔtrɔm ɖe xexeme si ƒo xlã wo si le tɔtrɔm kabakaba la hã nu.

Aʋahoho Ðe Atike Vɔ̃ɖiwo Kpakple Aha Sesẽ Nono Ŋu

Vaseɖe egbea la, ahatsunono gale nu gblẽm le Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo ŋu kokoko. Ðk. Lorraine Lorch, si nye ɖeviŋutinunyala kple atike bubuwo wɔla si wɔ dɔ le Hopi kple Navajo tɔwo dome ƒe 12 sɔŋ gblɔ le gbe si Nyɔ! ƒe nuŋlɔla biae me be: “Ahatsunono nye kuxi sesẽ na ŋutsuwo kple nyɔnuwo siaa. Ame sesẽwo léa aklãlialiadɔ, wokuna kpata, wowua wo ɖokui, eye wowua wo haviwo. Ewɔ nublanui be ahatsunono va xɔ ɖe ɖeviwo, ame srɔ̃, kple Mawu gɔ̃ hã teƒe. Nukoko trɔ zu avifafa, tufafa zu ŋutasesẽ.” Egblɔ kpee be: “Fifia la, wotsɔa ahamumu kple agbegbegblẽnɔnɔ doa gu azãɖuɖu aɖewo siwo Navajo kple Hopi tɔwo buna azã kɔkɔewoe tsã gɔ̃ hã ɣeaɖewoɣi. Aha sesẽ xɔa ame nyui siawo ƒe lãmesẽ, woƒe nunya, woƒe aɖaŋuwɔwɔ, kple woƒe amenyenye ŋutɔŋutɔ le wo si.”

Philmer Bluehouse si nye avuléla le Navajo-dukɔ ƒe Ʋɔnunyawo Dɔwɔƒe si le Window Rock, Arizona la, gblɔ le atike vɔ̃ɖiwo zazã kple aha sesẽ nono ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nu ŋu ayetɔe be enye “atikewɔwɔ na ame ɖokui.” Nusiawo zazã ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nu naa woŋlɔa nuxaxa be eye zi geɖe la, woŋlɔa kuxi sesẽ si le agbenɔnɔ dɔmawɔmawɔe kple agbe si ŋu tameɖoɖo mele o me la be.

Gake, Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔ geɖe ho aʋa ɖe “nu vɔ̃ɖi” si nye aha sesẽ si duta yevuwo to vɛ ŋu, eye wodze agbagba be yeowaɖu atike vɔ̃ɖi nono ƒe numãme zuzu dzi. Kpɔɖeŋu eve aɖewoe nye Clyde kple Henrietta Abrahamson, siwo tso Spokane Indiatɔwo ƒe Saɖaganyigba dzi le Washington Nutome. Clyde nye ame titri si ƒe ɖa kple ŋku dzi le yibɔɔ. Egblɔ na Nyɔ! ƒe nuŋlɔla be:

“Saɖaganyigba koŋ dzie míenɔ tsi, eye emegbe míeʋu yi Spokane-dugã me ɖade kɔledzi. Agbe si míenɔ, si nye aha sesẽ kple atike vɔ̃ɖiwo nono medze mía ŋu o. Agbe sia tɔgbe nɔnɔ koe míenya. Esi míeva tsi la, míelé fu nɔnɔme eve siawo vevie, le fu siwo woɖe na míaƒe ƒomea ta.

“Emegbe míeva do go Yehowa Ðasefowo. Míese wo ŋkɔ kpɔ hafi yi dugã me o. Míewɔ ŋgɔyiyi kabakaba o. Ðewohĩ esi míekana ɖe amesiwo míenya o, vevietɔ yevuwo ŋutigbalẽɣitɔwo dzi o tae. Ƒe etɔ̃ sɔŋ la, míaƒe Biblia-nusɔsrɔ̃ menɔ edzi dzem ɣesiaɣi o. Asiɖeɖe le marijuana nono ŋu koŋue sesẽ nam wu. Medze enono gɔme tso esime mexɔ ƒe 14 ke eye mexɔ ƒe 25 hafi va nɔ agbagba dzem be madzudzɔ. Memuna le nye ɖekakpuimenɔɣi ƒe akpa gãtɔ. Le ƒe 1986 me la, mexlẽ nyati si nye “Amesiame Le Marijuana Nom—Nukata Nye Ya Nyemanoe O?” le January 22 lia ƒe Eŋlisigbe me Nyɔ! me. Ena mebu tame le alesi marijuana nono nye bometsinui la ŋu—vevietɔ esi mexlẽ Lododowo 1:22 vɔ megbe, si gblɔ be: ‘Ɣekaɣi mi gegemewo mialɔ̃ bometsitsi, mi fewuɖulawo miakpɔ dzidzɔ le fewuɖuɖu ŋu, eye mi bometsilawo mialé fu sidzedze ase ɖo?’

“Medzudzɔ agbenɔnɔ ma, eye mía kple Henrietta míeɖe mía nɔewo le ƒe 1986 ƒe adame. Míexɔ nyɔnyrɔ le November 1986 me. Mezu hamemegã le ƒe 1993 me. Mía vinyɔnu eve siaa xɔ nyɔnyrɔ zu Ðasefowo le ƒe 1994 me.”

Ðe Tsatsadaƒewo Kple Tsatsadada Nye Egbɔkpɔnua?

Indiatɔ aɖeke meɖo tsatsadaƒe le United States le ƒe 1984 me o. The Washington Post gblɔ be le ƒe sia me la, to 200 me tɔwo ɖo tsatsadaƒe 220 le nuto 24 me. To ɖedzesi siwo mele eme o enye Navajo kple Hopi tɔ siwo te ŋu tsi tre ɖe dzodzroa nu vaseɖe fifia. Gake ɖe tsatsadada nye mɔ si dzi saɖaganyigbadzinɔlawo ate ŋu ato azu hotsuitɔwo eye woakpɔ dɔ geɖe awɔa? Philmer Bluehouse gblɔ na Nyɔ! ƒe nuŋlɔla be: “Tsatsadada nye yi nuevee. Biabia lae nye be, Ðe wòaɖe vi na ame geɖe wu nusiwo wòagblẽ le wo ŋua?” Nyatakaka aɖe gblɔ be Indiatɔwo ƒe tsatsadaƒewo na ame 140,000 kpɔ dɔ le dukɔa me godoo gake egblɔ be esiawo ƒe alafa memamã 15 koe nye Indiatɔwo tɔ.

Cheyennetɔwo ƒe fia Hart gblɔ eƒe nukpɔsusu le ŋusẽ si tsatsadaƒewo kple tsatsadada kpɔ ɖe saɖaganyigbadzinɔlawo dzi na Nyɔ! ƒe nuŋlɔla. Egblɔ be: “Nye seselelãmewo tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu. Nu nyui si le eme koe nye be enaa toa me tɔwo kpɔa ga kple dɔ wɔna. Le go bubu me la, mekpɔe be edalawo dometɔ gbogbo aɖe nye mía tɔwo. Tsatsadada zu numãme na wo dometɔ siwo menya, eye wodzona le aƒeme kaba yia afima hafi wo viwo gbɔna tsoa suku gɔ̃ hã. Eye woawoe va ʋua aƒea ƒe ʋɔ eye woawo ɖeɖe tsia aƒea me vaseɖe esime wo dzilawo gbɔna tsoa tsatsadaƒe.

“Kuxi gãtɔe nye be ƒomeawo susu be yewo gbɔna ɖuɖu ge ale be yewoadzi yewoƒe gakpɔkpɔ ɖe edzi. Zi geɖe la, womeɖuna o; woɖua wo. Mekpɔ be woɖua ga si wodzra ɖo ɖe asimeyiyi kple ɖeviwo ƒe nudodowo ƒeƒle ŋu.”

Etsɔme Kae Li na Wo?

Tom Bahti gblɔ be ne wole nu ƒom le Anyieheɣetoɖoƒetowo ƒe etsɔme ŋu la, nya eve koŋ ye wogblɔna. “Gbãtɔ gblɔ ɖi tẽ be anyigbatɔawo ƒe agbenɔnɔ gbɔna tɔtrɔ ge kpuie wòanɔ abe fifi Amerikatɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ene. Evelia me mekɔ tututu o. . . . Eƒo nu le dekɔnuwo ƒe tsakatsaka ʋeʋeʋe ŋu, be ‘blema nuwɔna nyuitɔwo kekeake atsaka kple yeyetɔ ƒe nyuitɔwo kekeake,’ anye agbenɔnɔ ƒe tɔtrɔ nyui aɖe si me Indiatɔa agate ŋu abi ɖe eƒe asinudɔwo me, ayi eƒe mawusubɔsubɔ vovovoawo dzi eye eƒe xexemenunya aganɔ esi—gake akpɔtɔ aɖɔ ŋu ɖo ŋutɔ le eƒe nuwɔwɔ kple mí ([yevu] deŋgɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ) ŋu ale be ada asi ɖe míaƒe nukpɔsusuwo dzi.”

Bahti bia nya azɔ. “Womagbe tɔtrɔ o, gake amekae atrɔ eye le susu ka ta? . . . Nɔnɔme manyomanyo aɖe le mí [yevuwo] si be míebua ame bubuwo katã be wonye Amerikatɔ madeŋgɔwo. Míebunɛ be, ele eme be woa ŋutɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ medze wo ŋu o eye wodi vevie be yewoawɔ nu ahabu tame abe míawo ene.”

Eyi edzi be: “Nya ɖeka aɖe li—Amerika Indiatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya mewu enu o, gake alesi wòawu enui alo ne ava wu enu gɔ̃ hã la, nye nusi le ŋgɔ míava kpɔ. Ðewohĩ ɣeyiɣi gakpɔtɔ li míatsɔ abu míaƒe Indiatɔ siwo susɔ la be wonye amesiwo ŋu viɖe le tsɔ wu be míabu be wonye amenuɖianuwo le hadome.”

Agbenɔnɔ le Xexe Yeye si me Ðekawɔwɔ Kple Dzɔdzɔenyenye Le

Yehowa Ðasefowo to Biblia-sɔsrɔ̃ me nya alesi etsɔme anɔ na Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo kple dukɔ, to, kpakple gbegbɔgblɔ ɖesiaɖe me tɔwo katã. Yehowa Mawu do ŋugbe be yeawɔ “dziƒo yeye kple anyigba yeye.”—Yesaya 65:17; Petro II 3:13; Nyaɖeɖefia 21:1, 3, 4.

Ŋugbedodo sia mefia be awɔ ɣletinyigba yeye o. Abe alesi Amerikatɔ Gbãtɔwo nyae nyuie ene la, anyigba la nye nu xɔasi aɖe ne wode bubu si dze eŋu eye wolé be nɛ. Biblia ƒe nyagblɔɖi ɖee fia boŋ be dziƒodziɖuɖu yeye aɖe axɔ ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe dziɖuɖu siwo tafaa ame la teƒe. Woatrɔ anyigba la wòazu paradiso eye avewo, gbadzaƒewo, tɔsisiwo, kple gbemelãwo agaɖo wo teƒe. Amewo katã akpɔ anyigba la dzi ɖokuitɔmadimaditɔe. Ametafatafa kple ŋukeklẽ maganɔ anyi o. Nuɖuɖu nyui kple dɔwɔna siwo tua ame ɖo abɔ.

Eye ne wofɔ ame kukuwo ɖe tsitre la, woaɖɔ nu madzɔmadzɔ siwo katã wowɔ va yi la ɖo. Ẽ, Anasazi (alesi Navajotɔwo yɔna na “blematɔwo”), siwo nye Pueblo Indiatɔ siwo le Arizona kple New Mexico ƒe blema tɔgbuiwo gɔ̃ hã agbɔ agbe eye mɔnukpɔkpɔ asu wo si be woanɔ agbe mavɔ le anyigba sia si wodzra ɖo la dzi. Azɔ hã, ate ŋu adzɔ be ŋgɔnɔla siwo xɔ ŋkɔ le Indiatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya me—Geronimo, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Tecumseh, Manuelito, Chief Joseph kple Seattle—kpakple ame bubu geɖe agbɔ agbe le tsitretsitsi ma si ŋugbe wodo la me. (Yohanes 5:28, 29; Dɔwɔwɔwo 24:15) Mɔkpɔkpɔ wɔnuku ka ƒe ŋugbee nye si Mawu do na woawo kple amesiwo katã subɔnɛ fifia!

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 15]

Navajotɔwo ƒe xɔ aɖe tɔgbe si wotu kple ati eye woɖo anyi ɖe eŋu

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 15]

Crazy Horse ƒe tata, eya dzie wonɔ te ɖo ɖe kpetata si le to si le megbe la ŋu

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Robb DeWall ƒe foto, Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation (menye asitsaha o) ƒe mɔɖeɖe nu

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 15]

Hopi kple Navajo Ðasefo siwo le Keams Canyon, Arizona, kpe ta le woƒe Fiaɖuƒe Akpata si nye asiƒleƒe tsã la me

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 16]

Anasazitɔwo ƒe aƒe siwo wotu ƒe 1,000 kple edzivɔe nye sia (Mesa Verde, Colorado)

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 16]

Geronimo (ƒe 1829-1909), Apache fia xɔŋkɔ aɖe

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Mercaldo Archives/Dictionary of American Portraits/Dover ƒe mɔɖeɖe nu