Kutsvaka Zvakafanosarudzirwa Munhu

NEI kudavira kufanorongerwa kwakapararira zvikuru kudai? Mumakore ose, munhu akaedza kubudisa pachena zvakavanzika zvoupenyu nokuwana chinangwa chakati muzviitiko zvave zvichiitika. “Panguva ino ndipo panoonekwa pfungwa dzokuti ‘mwari’, ‘kufanosarudzira’, uye ‘kungozviitikira zvega’, zvichitsamira pakuti zviitiko zvacho zvinokonzerwa nesimba romunhu oga here, kurayira kusingaitwi nomunhu, kana kuti pasina kana kurayira kwacho,” anotsanangura kudaro munyori wenhau Helmer Ringgren. Nhau yakazara nezvinodavirwa, ngano, nenyaya dzine chokuita nokufanorongerwa uye kufanosarudzirwa.

Nyanzvi yezvefundo yenhau nomutauro zveAssyria yekare Jean Bottéro inoti: “Chakanyanyotiumba mumativi ose etsika yedu itsika nemagariro zvekuMesopotamia,” ichiwedzera kuti muMesopotamia yekare kana kuti muBhabhironi ndimo matinowana “zviito zvinonzwisisika nokufunga kwevanhu nezvesimba rinopfuura romusikirwo, marongerwo ekare echitendero anozivikanwa.” Pano ndipowo patinowana kwakatangira kufanorongerwa.

Mavambo Ekare Okufanorongerwa

Mumatongo ekare eMesopotamia, mune yava Iraq, vacheri vematongo vakaona zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvekare kare zvinozivikanwa nomunhu. Zviuru zvemahwendefa akanyorwa necuneiform zvinotijekesera zvakanga zvakaita upenyu munyika dzekare dzeSumer neAkkad nomuguta rakakurumbira reBhabhironi. Maererano nomucheri wematongo Samuel N. Kramer, vaSumer “vainetseka nedambudziko rokushupika kwevanhu, kunyanya zvine chokuita nezvinhu zvakavanzika zvinokukonzera.” Kutsvaka kwavo mhinduro kwakavaita kuti vasvike papfungwa yekufanorongerwa.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi Babylon, mucheri wematongo Joan Oates anotaura kuti “munhu wokuBhabhironi oga oga aiva namwari kana mwarikadzi wake oga.” VaBhabhironi vaidavira kuti vanamwari “vaisarudzira vanhu vose, somunhu oga oga uye seboka.” Maererano naKramer, vaSumer vaidavira kuti “vanamwari vaidzora zvinhu zvakasikwa vaironga nokutanga uipi, manyepo nechisimba sezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvetsika nemagariro.” Kudavira kufanorongerwa kwakanga kwakapararira, uye kwaikudzwa.

VaBhabhironi vaifunga kuti zvaiita kuti vazive zvakarongwa navanamwari nokushopera—“unyanzvi hwokukurukura navanamwari.” Kushopera kwaisanganisira kuedza kufanotaura nezveremangwana nokutarisa, kutsanangura, uye kududzira zvinhu nezviitiko. Kakawanda, hope, maitiro emhuka, nenhengo dzomukati ndizvo zvaiongororwa. (Enzanisa naEzekieri 21:21; Dhanieri 2:1-4.) Zvinhu zvaiitika zvisingatarisirwi kana kuti zvisiri zvenguva dzose zvainzi zvinozivisa ramangwana zvainyorwa pamahwendefa evhu.

Maererano nenyanzvi yetsika nemagariro zvekare yokuFrance Édouard Dhorme, “tikanyatsoongorora nhau yeMesopotamia, tinowana munhu anoshopera nepfungwa yokushopera.” Kushopera chaiva chinhu chinokosha muupenyu. Chokwadi, Purofesa Bottéro anotaura kuti “chinhu chose chaigona kunzi chinhu chingangoongororwa nokuzivikanwa zvachiri nokushopera . . . Zvose zvakasikwa zvakatorwa souchapupu hunogona kuratidza zvakaita ramangwana nenzira yakati kana zvanyatsoongororwa.” Saka vaMesopotamia vaiva vaongorori venyeredzi vanoshingaira senzira yokufanoziva nayo remangwana.—Enzanisa naIsaya 47:13.

Uyezve, vaBhabhironi vaishandisa dhaisi kana kuti mijenya pakushopera. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Randomness, Deborah Bennett anotsanangura kuti izvi zvaizo“bvisa kubvira kwokuti munhu ave nezvaanoita uye nokudaro kupa vanamwari mutoo wakajeka wokuratidza nawo zvavaida savanamwari.” Zvisinei, zvaisarudzwa navanamwari zvaisaonekwa sezvisingachinjiki. Rubatsiro rwokuti udzivise kufanorongerwa zvakaipa rwaigona kuwanwa nokuteterera kune vanamwari.

Kufanorongerwa muEgipita Yekare

Muzana remakore rechi15 B.C.E., Bhabhironi neEgipita zvakanga zvichifambidzana chaizvo. Miitiro yechitendero ine chokuita nokufanorongerwa yaibatanidzwa mukuchinjana tsika kwaiitika. Nei vaEgipita vakabvuma kudavira kufanorongerwa? Maererano naJohn R. Baines, purofesa weupenyu hwekare hweEgipita paYunivhesiti yeOxford, “zvakawanda zvechitendero [cheEgipita] zvaiva nechokuita nokuedza kunzwisisa nokuita chimwe chinhu kune zvisingagoni kufanofungidzirwa nezvisina kufamba zvakanaka.”

Pane vanamwari veEgipita vakawanda, Isis airondedzerwa sa“mai voupenyu, mutongi wekufanorongera uye wekufanosarudzira.” VaEgipita vaiukawo uye vaiongororawo nyeredzi. (Enzanisa naIsaya 19:3.) Mumwe munyori wenhau anoti: “Uchenjeri hwavo pakubvunza vanamwari vacho hwaiva husina mugumo.” Zvisinei, Egipita yakanga isiyo yoga nyika yakatora pfungwa yacho kuBhabhironi.

Girisi neRoma

Kana dziri nhau dzechitendero, “Girisi yekare haina kupukunyuka kupesvedzera kweBhabhironi kwakasvika kure asi kwakakura,” anodaro Jean Bottéro. Purofesa Peter Green anotsanangura kuti nei kudavira kufanosarudzirwa kwakanga kwazara muGirisi kudaro: “Munyika isinganyatsozivikanwi, kwaiva nevarume vaisada kuva nemutoro wezvisarudzo zvavo pachavo, uye chokwadi vaiwanzozviona sezvinhu zvinongodzorwa hazvo nerimwe simba, zvinoshandiswa nezvinodiwa zveKufanorongerwa zvakanga zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvisingachinjiki, murayiro wesvikiro ramwari [zvinofanorongwa navanamwari] yaiva imwe nzira yokuita kuti munhu anyatsorongerwa ramangwana. Zvakanga zvatemwa nokuFanoronga zvacho zvaigona kufanoonwa, zvichitsamira pakuti munhu aiva neunyanzvi hwakasiyana kana kuti kunzwisisa. Zvingasava zvinhu izvo munhu aida kuziva; asi kufanonyeverwa kwaitomboita kuti munhu afanogadzirira.”

Kuwedzera kuvimbisa vanhu ramangwana, kudavira kufanorongerwa kwakashandawo zvinangwa zvakawanda zvakaipa. Pfungwa yekufanorongerwa yakabatsira kudzora vanhuwo zvavo, uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, maererano nomunyori wenhau F. H. Sandbach, “kudavira kuti nyika yose yakanga ichitongwa noKutungamirira kwamwari kwaizofadza boka rine simba revanhu vanotonga.”

Nei? Purofesa Green anotsanangura kuti rudaviro urwu “kwaiva kugara wangozvipembedza—kwetsika, kwokuongorora zvechitendero, kwezvinoreva mutauro—nokuda kwegadziriro isingachinjiki yezvemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwe enyika: chaiva chishandiso chine simba rakakurisisa uye chinonyengera chokuzvipfuudzira changa chati chamboshandiswa neboka rinotonga rechiGiriki. Chokwadi choga chokuitika kwechinhu chero chipi zvacho chaireva kuti chakanga chakafanorongwa kuti chiitike; uye sezvo simba rinodzora rakanga richiitwa namwari kuti ritsigire vanhu, chakanga chafanorongwa chaitozobudirira zvakanakisisa.” Chaizvoizvo, chaka“pembedza udyire husina tsitsi.”

Kuti kufanorongerwa kwakanga kwava kugamuchirwa nevanhu vakawanda kunova pachena mumabhuku echiGiriki. Pamanyorerwo emabhuku ekare paiva nokudetembera gamba, ngano, uye nhamo—umo kufanorongerwa kwaibatanidzwa zvikuru. Mungano dzechiGiriki, zvakafanosarudzirwa munhu zvaimirirwa navanamwarikadzi vatatu vainzi Moirai. Clotho aiva muruki weshinda youpenyu, Lachesis aisarudza kuti upenyu hwaifanira kuva hwakareba sei, uye Atropos aigumisa upenyu apo nguva inenge yakagadzwa yainge yapera. VaRoma vaivawo navanamwari vatatu vavaidana kuti Parcae.

VaRoma nevaGiriki vaida kuziva kuti zvinonzi ndizvo zvavaive vakasarudzirwa zvaizovei. Nokudaro, vakatora uzivi hwokuongorora nyeredzi nokushopera kuBhabhironi ndokuhuvandudzazve. VaRoma vaidana zviitiko zvaishandiswa kufanoona ramangwana kuti portenta, kana kuti zviratidzo. Mashoko aipiwa nezviratidzo izvi ainzi omina. Pakasvika zana remakore rechitatu B.C.E., kuongorora nyeredzi kwakanga kwakurumbira muGirisi, uye muna 62 B.C.E., kuongorora nyeredzi kwechiGiriki kwakatangisisa kuzivikanwa kwakaonekwa. VaGiriki vaifarira kuongorora nyeredzi chaizvo zvokuti maererano naPurofesa Gilbert Murray, kuongorora nyeredzi “kwakatapukira pfungwa dzevaGiriki sekutapukira kunoita chirwere chitsva pavanhu vanogara pachitsuva chiri kure.”

Vachiedza kuziva zviri mune ramangwana, vaGiriki nevaRoma vaishandisa masvikiro zvakanyanya. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanamwari vaitaura nevanhu vachishandisa iwaya. (Enzanisa naMabasa 16:16-19.) Zvinhu izvi zvaidavirwa zvakaguma nei? Muzivi Bertrand Russell akati: “Kutya kwakatora nzvimbo yetariro; chinangwa choupenyu chaitova hacho chokupukunyuka rombo rakaipa pane kuwana zvakanaka chero zvipi zvazvo.” Misoro yakafanana yakava nhau inoitiranwa nharo muchiKristudhomu.

Kusabvumirana kwe“chiKristu” Pamusoro Pekufanorongerwa

VaKristu vokutanga vairarama mutsika yaipesvedzerwa zvakasimba nepfungwa dzechiGiriki nechiRoma dzokufanosarudzirwa nokufanorongerwa. Somuenzaniso, vanonzi vanaBaba veChechi vaishandisa zvikuru mabasa evazivi vakadai saAristotle naPlato. Rimwe dambudziko ravakaedza kupedza rakanga riri rokuti, Mwari anoziva zvose, ane simba rose, “iye unoparidza kubva pakutanga izvo zvichaitika pakupedzisira,” aigona sei kuyananiswa naMwari worudo? (Isaya 46:10; 1 Johane 4:8) Kana Mwari aiziva mugumo kubva pakutanga, vakafunga kudaro, saka ichokwadi kuti aiziva nezvekupinda kwomunhu muchivi nemigumisiro inoparadza yaizounzwa nakwo.

Origen, mumwe wevanyori vechiKristu vokutanga vaibudirira zvikuru, akataura kuti chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvaifanira kugara zvichifungwa nezvazvo yaiva pfungwa yokuzvisarudzira zvaunoda. “Chokwadi, kune ndima dzisingaverengeki muMagwaro dzinoratidza zvakajekesesa kuvapo kwerusununguko rwokuzvisarudzira zvaunoda,” akanyora kudaro.

Origen akati kupa simba rokunze mutoro wezviito zvedu “hazviiti uye hazvienderani nokufunga, asi kutaura kwouyo anoda kuparadza pfungwa yokuzvisarudzira zvaunoda.” Origen anoti nepo Mwari achifanoziva maitikire ezvinhu zvichitevedzana, izvi hazvirevi kuti anokonzera chiitiko kana kuti chinonzi chinotofanira kuti chiitike. Zvisinei, havasi vose vakabvumirana nazvo.

Mumwe Baba weChechi aiva nesimba, Augustine (354-430 C.E.), akaita kuti mashoko akataurwa acho aome nokuderedza zvinoitwa nerusununguko rwokusarudza pazviitiko. Augustine akati kufanosarudzirwa kwaiparirwa nechitendero muchiKristudhomu. Mabhuku ake, kunyanya De libero arbitrio, ndiwo ainyanya kutaurwa nezvawo muMiddle Ages. Nharo dzacho dzakazoguma panguva yoKuvandudzwa, chiKristudhomu chisingachazivi zvokutaura panhau yokufanosarudzirwa.a

Chitendero Chakapararira

Zvisinei, zvinofungwa pamusoro pekufanorongerwa hazvisi chete kunyika dzokuMadokero. Vachizivisa kudavira kwavo kusarudzirwa, vaMuslim vakawanda vanoti “mektoub”—zvakanyorwa—pavanenge vanangana nenjodzi. Nepo chiri chokwadi kuti zvitendero zvakawanda zvokuMabvazuva zvinosimbisa zvinoitwa nomunhu wacho pane zvaanenge afanosarudzirwa, zvisinei, mudzidziso dzavo mune zvinoratidza kudavira kuti zvinhu zvakafanorongwa.

Somuenzaniso, Karma muchiHindu nechiBuddha kufanosarudzirwa kwausingakwanisi kupukunyuka kunokonzerwa noupenyu hwomunguva yakapfuura. MuChina zvakatanga kunyorwa zvakaonekwa zviri pamakwati ekamba aishandiswa pakushopera. Kufanorongerwa kwakaumbawo zvimwe zvitendero zvevanhu vakazvarirwa muAmerica. Somuenzaniso, vaAztec vakagadzira makarenda okushopera aishandiswa kuratidza kufanosarudzirwa kwevanhu. Zvitendero zvokuti zvinhu zvose zvine nguva yazvo zvakazarawo muAfrica.

Kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwepfungwa yokufanorongerwa kunonyatsoratidza kuti munhu wagara anoda kudavira musimba guru. John B. Noss, mubhuku rake rinonzi Man’s Religions, anobvuma kuti: “Zvitendero zvose munzira iyi kana kuti iyo zvinoti munhu haazvimiriri, uye haagoni kuzvimirira. Nenzira inokosha akabatanidzwa uye nyange kutsamira pamasimba eMusikirwo neNzanga ari kunze kwake. Anoziva zvisina kujeka kana zvakajeka kuti haasi simba rinokosha rinokwanisa kuzvimirira rakaparadzana nenyika.”

Kuwedzera pakudikanwa kwokutenda Mwari, tinotofanirawo kunzwisisa chaizvo chiri kuitika patiri. Nyange zvakadaro, kuziva Musiki ane simba rose kwakasiyana nokudavira kuti anotema zvatinofanosarudzirwa. Tinomboitei chaizvo pakuumba ramangwana redu? Ko Mwari anoita basa rei?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Karenda rezvekuongorora nyeredzi reBhabhironi, 1000 B.C.E.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]

VaGiriki nevaRoma vaidavira kuti kufanosarudzirwa kwemunhu kwaitemwa navanamwarikadzi vatatu

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]

Isis wokuEgipita, “mutongi wekufanorongerwa uye kufanosarudzirwa”

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Zvinyorwa zvokutangisisa zveChina zviri pamakwati ekamba zvaishandiswa pakushopera

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Zviratidzo zve“zodiac” zvinooneka pabhokisi iri rePersia

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum