Europe Ichabatana Zvechokwadi Here?

KANA uchiwana zvakaoma kudavira kuti Europe iri pachokwadi panhau yokubatana, unofanira kungoyambuka miganhu iri munyika yacho mishomanene. Vanhu vave kufamba vakasununguka muEuropean Union (EU). Hapasisina nguva yokumirira pakuyambuka miganhu. Zvechokwadi, vafambi vari kufadzwa nazvo—asi havasi ivo voga vari kubatsirwa nazvo. Zvino vagari vomunyika dzeEU vanogona kudzidza, kushanda, uye kutanga mabhizimisi chero papi zvapo muEU pasina chinonetsa. Izvi, zvaitawo kuti nzvimbo dzine urombo dzeUnion yacho dzibudirire mune zvoupfumi.

Kuita kuti kuyambuka miganhu kuve nyore zvechokwadi kuchinja kukuru kwakaitika. Saka, tinofanira here kugumisa kuti Europe yatobatana uye kuti hapana zvinovhiringidza kubatana kwacho? Kusiyana neizvi, zvinovhiringidza zvingaoneka mberi, zvimwe zvacho zvichitotyisa. Asi tisati takurukura izvi, ngatitarisei rimwe rematanho makuru kwazvo rakatoitwa kare kuti pave nokubatana. Nokuita izvozvo tinganzwisisa zviri nani chikonzero nei vanhu vaine tariro yakakura yokubatana.

Matanho Okubatanidza Mari

Kutarisira miganhu kunogona kudhura. Zvaiitwa pakuyambuka pakati penyika 15 dziri nhengo dzeEU zvaimboda kuti nyika idzodzo dzishandise mari inenge maeuro ane mabhiriyoni 12 pagore. Hazvishamisi kuti, mamiriro ezvinhu matsva pamiganhu yeEurope aita kuti upfumi huwedzere. Paunofunga nezvemamiriyoni 370 anogara muEU achifamba zvakasununguka kubva mune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe vachitenga nemari yakafanana, zviri pachena kuti pane mukana wakakura wokuwedzera kwoupfumi. Chii chakaita kuti kufambira mberi uku kuvepo?

Shure muna February 1992, vatungamiriri vehurumende vakaita danho rakakura pakuita kuti pave norugare nokusaina Treaty on European Union, kana kuti Maastricht Treaty. Chibvumirano ichocho chakaita kuti pave nepokutangira mukuita kuti pave nokubatana mukutengeserana muEurope, bhangi rinoshandiswa nenyika dzacho dzose, uye mari yakafanana. Asi, rimwe danho rinokosha raifanira kutevera: kubviswa kwokuchinja-chinja kusiyana kwokukosha kwemari. Pashure pazvose, kusiyana kwokukosha kwemari kunoitika mangwana kungachinja bhizimisi rose ranhasi.

Chibingamupinyi ichi chaitadzisa kubatana chakabviswa nokurongwa kweEconomic and Monetary Union (EMU) uye kutanga kushandiswa kweeuro semari yenyika dzacho. Zvino hapasisina mitengo yokusiyana kwokukosha kwemari, uye mabhizimisi haachafanirizve kuzvidzivirira panjodzi dzokusiyana kwokukosha kwemari. Zviri kuita kuti mabhizimisi asashandise mari yakawanda uye pave nokutengeserana kwenyika dzose kwakakura. Izvi zvingaitawo kuti pave namabasa akawanda nemari yokushandisa yakawanda—zvingabatsira munhu wose.

Kuvambwa kweEuropean Central Bank muna 1998 kwakaratidza rimwe danho rinokosha pakubvuma kushandisa mari yakafanana. Bhangi iri rakazvimirira, riri muguta reGermany reFrankfurt, ndiro rinotarisira mari dzehurumende dziri kubatanidzwa dzacho. Rinoedza neparinogona napo kuita kuti mitengo irambe yakaderera mune inonzi nzvimbo inoshandiswa euro, ine nyika 11 dzinobatanidzwa,a uye kuita kuti kusiyana kwokukosha kwemari kusarambe kuchichinja-chinja pakati peeuro, dhora, neyen.

Saka kana totaura nezvemari, matanho makuru pakuita kuti pave nokubatana akaitwa. Zvisinei, nhau dzemari dzinoratidzawo kusabatana kukuru kuchiripo pakati penyika dzeEurope.

Dzimwe Nhau Dzemari

Nyika dzine urombo muEU dzine zvichemo zvadzo. Dzine pfungwa yokuti nyika dzakapfuma dziri nhengo hadzisi kunyatsodzipawo upfumi hwadzo. Hapana nyika iri nhengo inoramba kudiwa kukuru kwokutsigira nemari dzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzine urombo. Asi, nyika dzakapfuma dzacho dzine pfungwa yokuti dzine zvikonzero chaizvo zvokusaita izvozvo.

Somuenzaniso funga nezveGermany. Kushingaira kwenyika iyoyo kutsigira nemari kubatanidzwa kweEurope zvino kwaderera zviri pachena zvokuti chikwereti chayo pachayo chakura. Mutengo wokubatanidza East Germany neWest Germany chete wave wakakura chose—anenge matiririyoni 3,8 emadhora pagore. Ichocho chikamu chimwe muzvina chebhajeti yenyika yacho! Zviitiko izvi zvakaita kuti chikwereti chenyika yeGermany chikurumidze kukwira kusvika pakadaro zvokutoti Germany yaitofanira kushanda zvakasimba kuti ikwanise kuwana zvinodiwa pakupinda mumubatanidzwa zvakarongwa neEMU.

Nyika Itsva Dziri Kukumbira Kupinda muEU

Munguva pfupi, vanotsigira mari yakafanana vanovimba kuti nyika dzeEU dzisati dzava muEMU dzichakurira zvibingamupinyi zvadzo gore ra2002 risati rasvika, pari kutarisirwa kuti mari dzesimbi nedzepepa dzeeuro dzitsive mari dzomuEurope dziripo nhasi. Kana Britain, Denmark, neSweden dzikarega zvokuzengurira kwadzo, kunyange vanhu vari munyika idzodzo vangaona mari dzavo dzemapound, kroner nekronor dzichitsiviwa neeuro.

Zvichakadai, dzimwe nyika nhanhatu dzeEurope dziri kukumbira kupinda muEU. Nyika dzacho iCyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, neSlovenia. Dzimwe nyika shanu dziri kumirira jana radzo, dzinoti Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, neSlovakia. Mutengo wokupinda kwadzo hausi kuzoderera. Zviri kufungidzirwa kuti pakati pemakore a2000 na2006, EU ichafanira kupa mabhiriyoni 80 emaeuro kuti ibatsire nyika itsva gumi dziri kupinda dzokuEastern Europe.

Zvisinei, mari iyo nyika itsva dziri kupinda dzichafanira kuwana kuti dzisvitse zvinodiwa kupinda muEU yakatopetwa kakawanda kupfuura mari yadzichawana dzichibatsirwa neEU. Somuenzaniso, Hungary ichafanira kushandisa mabhiriyoni 12 emaeuro kugadziridza migwagwa nenjanji dzayo. Czech Republic ichafanira kushandisa mabhiriyoni anopfuura 3,4 emaeuro pakuchenesa mvura chete, uye Poland inofanira kushandisa mabhiriyoni matatu emaeuro kuti ideredze kuparadzirwa kwesulfur mumhepo. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyika dzakakumbira kupinda dzacho dzine pfungwa yokuti zvadzichawana zvinokosha kupfuura mitengo yacho. Kutanga, kutengeserana kwadzo nenyika dzeEU kuchawedzera. Asi, nyika dzakakumbira kupinda dzacho dzingafanira kumirira kwenguva yakati. Maererano nezvinofungwa nevakawanda zvino, nyika dziri nhengo itsva dzinofanira kubvumirwa kupinda kana chete EU yagadzirisa nhau dzayo pachayo dzemari.

Mafi, Urudzi, uye Urovha

Pasinei zvapo nokuedza kwose kwave kuchiitwa kuti pave nokubatana kukuru, muEurope nokunze kwayo mune kunetseka kuripo pamusoro pezviri kuitika muKondinendi yacho. Kunewo kufunganya pamusoro pokuti kurwisana kwamadzinza, kwakadai souko kuri muruwa rwuri kuparara rweBalkan kwoitwa sei—kutanga hondo iri muBosnia uye tevere kurwisana kuri muKosovo. Nyika dziri nhengo dzeEU hadziwanzobvumirani pamusoro pokuti kurwisana kwakadaro kuri muEurope nokunze kwayo kwoitwa sei. Sezvo EU isiri mubatanidzwa wenyika uye isina mutemo mumwe chete pakubata nedzimwe nyika, zvinodiwa nenyika imwe neimwe zvinowanzodzora zvakanyanya. Zviri pachena kuti zvinodiwa nenyika imwe neimwe chibingamupinyi chakakura kwazvo ku‘United States of Europe.’

Europe ichine rimwe dambudziko guru—urovha hwakakura. Paavhareji, 10 muzana yevanhu vanogona kushanda marovha. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 16 havashandi. Munyika dzakawanda vechiduku, avo vanosvika chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvina chevanhu vose vomuEU, vakaedza zvose zvavanogona kuti vawane mabasa asi zvichishaya chimuko. Ndosaka zvisingashamisi kuti vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuti kupedza urovha ndiro dambudziko riri pokutanga reEurope! Kusvika zvino, kuedza kwose kutangazve mabasa kwashaya chimuko.

Zvisinei, pachine chimwe chibingamupinyi chikuru pakuti pave nokubatana.

Ndiani Ari Kutungamirira?

Uchangamire hunoramba huri chinovhiringidza chikuru kwazvo mukuedza kuita kuti Europe ibatane. Nyika dziri nhengo dzinofanira kubvumirana kuti dzinofanira kuzosarudzirwa zvokuita nedzimwe nyika kusvika papi. Chinangwa cheEU ndechokutanga utongi husinei nemiganhu yenyika. Kana izvi zvikasaitwa, rinodaro Le Monde, kutanga kushandiswa kweeuro kuchangova “mavambo okukunda.” Kunyange zvakadaro, dzimwe nyika dziri nhengo dzinowana zvakaoma kubvuma pfungwa yokusarudzirwa zvokuita nedzimwe nyika. Somuenzaniso, mutungamiriri weimwe nyika iri nhengo yeEU akataura kuti nyika yake yaka“umbwa kuti ive mutungamiriri wedzimwe nyika, kwete kuva muteveri.”

Zvinonzwisisika kuti, nyika duku dziri nhengo dzinotya kuti nokufamba kwenguva, dzichadzorwa nenyika huru uye kuti hadzizobvumirani nezvadzinosarudza kuita zvinogona kudzvinyirira zvadzinoda kuita pachadzo. Somuenzaniso, nyika duku dzinoshamisika kuti zvichasarudzwa sei kuti inyika dzipi dzichava nemizinda mikuru yemasangano akasiyana-siyana eEU. Ichi chisarudzo chinokosha nemhaka yokuti masangano akadaro anoita kuti mabasa awande munyika idzodzo maanenge ari.

Pasinei zvapo nezvinovhiringidza kubatana zvinotyisa izvi—kusiyana kwoupfumi, hondo, urovha, uye urudzi—zvingaita sezviri nyore kunzwa waodzwa mwoyo nenhau yokubatana kweEurope. Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti kufambira mberi kukuru kwazvo kwakatoitwa. Kuti kufambira mberi kupi kuchiri mberi hazvisati zvanyatsozivikanwa. Matambudziko ari kuvhiringidza vari kuedza kubatanidza Europe, ndiwo mamwe chete ari kuvhiringidza hurumende dzose dzevanhu.

Zvichazombofa zvakwanisika here kuita kuti pave nehurumende inogona kugadzirisa matambudziko iwayo akadai sokurwisana kwamadzinza, urovha hwevakawanda, urombo, uye hondo? Zvine musoro here kufunga nezvenyika ine vanhu vanogara vakabatana zvechokwadi? Nyaya inotevera ichataura nezvemhinduro ingakushamisa.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 14]

Euro Yauya!

Chero zvazvo mari dzesimbi nedzepepa dzenyika dziri nhengo dzeEuropean Union dziri kushanda zvino dzicharamba dzichishanda kusvika muna 2002, kutengeserana pasina keshi kwave kutoitwa pachishandiswa maeuro. Kuchinja kwemari uku kwave kuri chiitiko chikuru nokuda kwamabhangi. Zvisinei, kusiyana kwokukosha kwemari dzenyika dziri nhengo neeuro kuri kugadziriswa zvino. Misika yokuchinja mari iri kuratidzawo mitengo mumaeuro. Vezvitoro vakawanda nevemabhizimisi iye zvino vari kuisa mitengo yezvinhu zvavo vachishandisa maeuro nemari yomunyika dzavo.

Kutengeserana kwakadaro kunoda kugadziridza kukuru—kunyanya kuvanhu vakura, avo vasingazokwanisi kushandisazve deutsche mark, franc, kana lira zvavakajaira. Chero matiru nemichina yamagetsi yokuisa nokutora mari zvinofanira kugadziridzwa. Kuita kuti kuchinja kwacho kuve nyore sezvinobvira, zvirongwa zvamashoko zvapamutemo zvave zvichirongwa kuti zvizivise vanhu nezvokusvika nokushandiswa kweeuro.

Pasinei zvapo nokuti pachine zvibingamupinyi zvipi, euro iri kuuya. Kutaura zvazviri, kugadzirwa nokudhindwa kwemari dzeeuro kwakatotanga kare. Uye ibasa guru chairo. Chero munyika duku dzakadai seNetherlands, munogara vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 15, michina yokugadzira nokudhinda ichave ichimhanya kwemakore matatu pasina kumira kuitira kuti panosvika January 1, 2002 pange pagadzirwa mabhiriyoni 2,8 emari dzesimbi uye mamiriyoni 380 emari dzepepa. Kudai mari dzepepa dzose idzi dzaizoitwa murwi, dzaizoita murwi unenge makiromita 20 kuenda mudenga!

[Bhokisi riri papeji 15]

“Kuparara kweEuro Here”?

Mukuvamba kwa1999 European Commission, dare guru reEuropean Union (EU), rakapona nepaburi retsono chibingamupinyi chisingatauriki. Komisheni yacho yakapomerwa mhosva yokukorovhera, uori, nechizivano. Pakaumbwa dare rokufeya-feya kupomerwa kwacho. Papera vhiki nhanhatu dzokufeya-feya, dare racho rakawana kuti kukorovhera nokusatungamirira zvakanaka zvakanga zvaitwa neEuropean Commission. Zvisinei, dare rokufeya-feya racho harina kuwana uchapupu hwokuti vakuru vakuru vacho vakanga vazvipfumisa.

Pashure pokunge zvakataurwa nedare racho zvabudiswa, European Commission yose yakaramba basa muna March 1999—danho rakanga risingambofungidzirwi. Zvakaita kuti pave nemhirizhonga yakakura muEU. Magazini yeTime yakazvidana kuti “Kuparara kweEuro.” Zvichaoneka mukufamba kwenguva kuti mhirizhonga iyi ichakonzerei pakubatanidzwa kweEurope kuri kuitwa.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Zvatova nyore kwazvo kudarika miganhu yenyika iri muEurope

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

European Central Bank, riri muFrankfurt, Germany, rakavambwa muna 1998