Ko e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá—Ko ha Meʻangāue Liliu Mahuʻinga

ʻI HE 1455 nai, naʻe ʻi ai ha liukava ʻi he pulusi Tohi Tapú. Ko Johannes Gutenberg naʻá ne ngāueʻaki ha mīsini paaki ke faʻu ʻa e ʻuluaki Tohi Tapu kuo faifai ange pea pulusi ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e mataʻi taipe fetongitongí. Kuo iku eni, ʻo matoʻo atu ai ʻa e ngaahi haʻi naʻá ne pukepuke ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he ngaahi tatau hāhāmolofia pē kuo hiki-nimaʻi. Kuo faifai pē, ʻo lava ke faʻu ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻi he ngaahi tatau lahi ʻaupito pea ʻi he fakamole mātuʻaki siʻisiʻi. ʻIkai fuoloa, ʻe hoko ʻa e Tohi Tapú ko e tohi tufaki lahi taha ia ʻi he māmaní.

Ko e Tohi Tapu ʻa Gutenberg naʻe ʻi he faka-Latiná. Ka ko e kau mataotao ʻIulopé naʻa nau fakatokangaʻi leva naʻe fiemaʻu ha tohi alafalalaʻanga ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻi hono muʻaki ongo leá—ʻa e faka-Hepeluú mo e faka-Kalisí. Naʻe lau ʻe he Siasi Katoliká ko e Vulgate faka-Latiná pē ʻa e liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú naʻe ala talí, kae kehe, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ongo tafaʻaki mele lahi ʻe ua. ʻI he senituli hono 16, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakaí naʻe ʻikai lava ke nau mahinoʻi ʻa e faka-Latiná. ʻIkai ko ia pē, laka hake ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi ʻo ha taʻu ʻe afe, ko e potutohi ʻo e Vulgate kuo fakautuutu ai ha ngaahi fehālaaki ʻilonga ʻa e tokotaha hiki tataú.

Ko e kau liliú mo e kau mataotaó fakatouʻosi naʻa nau fiemaʻu ha Tohi Tapu ʻi he ongo muʻaki leá, pea pehē ki ha liliu faka-Latina kuo fakaleleiʻi. ʻI he 1502, ko katinale Jiménez de Cisneros, ʻa e tokotaha-faleʻi fakapolitikale mo fakalaumālie kia ʻIsapela I ʻo Sipeiní, naʻá ne fakapapauʻi ke fakafiemālieʻi ʻenau ngaahi fiemaʻú ʻaki ha tohi pē ʻe taha. Ko e meʻangāue liliu-lea fakahisitōlia ko ení naʻe hoko ia ʻo ʻiloa ko e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá. Naʻe taumuʻa ʻa Cisneros ke faʻu ha Polikoloti, pe Tohi Tapu lea kehekehe, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e potutohi lelei taha ʻi he faka-Hepeluú, faka-Kalisí, mo e faka-Latiná, fakataha mo e ngaahi konga ʻi he faka-Alameá. Ko e pulusi tohí naʻe kei langalanga foʻou, ko ia ko e lavameʻa ko ení ʻe toe iku ia ʻo hoko ko ha maka-maile ʻi he faiva pulusí.

Naʻe kamata ʻe Cisneros ʻene ngāue lahi ko ení ʻaki hono fakatau mai ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Hepelū motuʻá, ʻa ia naʻe lahi ʻaupito ʻi Sipeini. Naʻá ne toe tānaki foki ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Kalisi mo faka-Latina kehekehe. ʻE ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi meʻá ni ʻa e makatuʻunga ki he potutohi Polikolotí. Naʻe tuku ʻe Cisneros ʻa e ngāue ʻo e fakatahatahaʻí ki ha timi ʻo e kau mataotao ʻa ia naʻá ne fokotuʻutuʻu ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti naʻe toki fokotuʻu foʻou ko Alcalá de Henares, ʻi Sipeini. Naʻe ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau mataotao naʻe kole ke kaú ʻa ʻIlesimasi ʻo Rotterdam, ka ko e tufunga lea ʻiloa ko ení naʻá ne fakafisi ke tali ʻa e fakaafé.

Naʻe ngāue ʻa e kau mataotaó ʻi he taʻu ʻe hongofulu ke fakatahatahaʻi ʻa e ʻū tohi lahi fakaʻulia ko ení, ʻa ia ʻi he hili iá naʻe toki fai ʻa hono pulusí ʻi ha toe taʻu kehe ia ʻe fā. Naʻe lahi fau ʻa e ngaahi faingataʻa fakatekinikalé, koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi mīsini paaki Sipeiní naʻe ʻikai ha ngaahi mataʻi taipe faka-Hepelū, faka-Kalisi, pe faka-Alamea ia ʻe ala maʻu. Ko ia ai, naʻe fakakau ki ai ʻe Cisneros ʻa e ngaahi ngāue ʻa ha tokotaha pulusi mataotao, ko Arnoldo Guillermo Brocario, ke ne teuteu ʻa e ngaahi mataʻi taipe ʻi he ngaahi lea ko ení. Naʻe faifai pē ʻo kamata ngāue ʻa e ngaahi mīsini pulusí ʻi he 1514. Naʻe kakato ʻa e voliume ʻe onó ʻi Siulai 10, 1517, ko e māhina pē ia ʻe fā ki muʻa pea pekia ʻa e katinalé. Naʻe pulusi ai ha tatau ʻe onongeau nai ʻo e tohí kakato, ko e meʻa fakaolí ko ʻene hoko ʻi he taimi tonu naʻe ʻi he tumutumú ai ʻa e Fakaʻekeʻeke Anga-Fakamamahi ʻi Sipeiní.a

Fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e Tohí

Ko e peesi kotoa pē ʻo e Polikolotí ʻoku ʻomai ai ha fakamatala lahi fau. ʻI he voliume ko ia ʻe faá ʻo fakahoatatau ki he Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Hepeluú, ko e konga tohi ʻo e Vulgate ʻoku hā ia ʻi he loto-mālie ʻo e peesi taki taha; ko e konga tohi faka-Hepeluú ʻoku faʻuʻaki ia ʻa e kōlomu ʻi tuʻá; pea ko e konga tohi faka-Kalisí, fakataha mo ha liliu ʻinitaliniā ki he faka-Latiná, ʻa e kōlomu ʻi lotó. ʻI he ngaahi foʻi ʻatā ʻi he tafaʻakí, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi tupuʻanga ʻo e ngaahi kupuʻi lea faka-Hepelū lahi. Pea ʻi he konga ki lalo ʻo e peesi taki taha ʻo fakahoatatau mo e Penitātusí, ʻoku toe fakakau ai ʻe he kau ʻētitá ʻa e Targum of Onkelos (ko ha fakalea foʻou faka-Alamea ʻo e ʻuluaki tohi ʻe nima ʻo e Tohi Tapú) fakataha mo ha liliu faka-Latina.

Ko e voliume hono nima ʻo e Polikolotí ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisí ʻi he kōlomu ʻe ua. Ko e taha ʻoku ʻomai ai ʻa e konga tohi faka-Kalisí, pea ko e taha ko e konga tohi tatau faka-Latina ia mei he Vulgate. Ko e faitatau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi konga tohí ʻi he ongo leá fakatouʻosi ʻoku fakahaaʻi ia fakafou ʻi ha fanga kiʻi mataʻitohi iiki ʻa ia ʻokú ne tataki ʻa e tokotaha lautohí ki he foʻi lea tatau ʻi he kōlomu taki taha. Ko e konga tohi faka-Kalisi ʻo e Polikolotí ʻa e ʻuluaki tānekinga kakato ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisí, pe “Fuakava Foʻoú,” kuo faifai ange pea pulusí, ʻo hoko vave atu ai ʻi he hili iá ʻa e pulusinga naʻe teuteuʻi ʻe ʻIlesimasí.

Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau mataotaó ha tokanga pehē ʻi hono lau-pulufu ʻa e konga tohi ʻo e voliume hono nimá ʻa ia ko e ngaahi hala fakaepulusi pē ʻe 50 naʻe hā aí. Koeʻuhi ko e tokanga fakamākukanga pehē naʻe fai ʻe he kau mataotaó ni, kuo fakafuofuaʻi ia ʻe he kau fakaanga ʻi onopōní ʻoku māʻolunga ange ia ʻi he konga tohi faka-Kalisi ʻiloa ʻa ʻIlesimasí. Ko e ngaahi mataʻi tohi fakaʻofoʻofa faka-Kalisí ʻoku fehoanaki ia mo e fakaʻofoʻofa hā mahino ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi tohi-nima motuʻa angé. ʻI heʻene tohí, ʻa e Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century, ʻoku pehē ai ʻe R. Proctor: “ʻOku ʻa Sipeini ʻa e lāngilangi ʻo hono faʻu ʻa ʻene ʻuluaki taipe faka-Kalisí, ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ʻikai ha veiveiua ko e mataʻi taipe Kalisi lelei taha ia kuo faifai ange pea ngaohí.”

Ko e voliume hono ono ʻo e Polikolotí ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi tokoni kehekehe ki he ako Tohi Tapú: ko ha tikisinale faka-Hepelū mo faka-Alamea, ko ha liliu ʻo e ngaahi hingoa faka-Kalisí, faka-Hepeluú mo faka-Alameá, ko ha kalama faka-Hepelū mo ha ʻiniteki faka-Latina ki he tikisinalé. ʻOku ʻikai ha ofo, ko e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá kuo fakavīkivikiʻi ko ha “fakamoʻoni ia ki he pōtoʻi fakaetaipé pea ki he saienisi Fakatohitapú.”

Naʻe fakataumuʻa ʻe Cisneros ʻa e ngāué ni “ke ne fakaake ʻa e ako ʻikai longomoʻui he taimi ko ení ʻo e ngaahi konga Tohi Tapú,” neongo ia naʻe ʻikai haʻane holi ke ʻai ʻa e Tohi Tapú ke ala maʻu ki he kakaí fakalūkufua. Naʻá ne fakakaukau “ko e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá naʻe pau ke ʻufiʻufi ia ʻi he ngaahi misiteli fakapotopoto ʻo mamaʻo mei he aʻusia ʻa e tangata lāuvalé.” Naʻá ne toe tui “ko e ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapú ʻoku totonu ke fakangatangata pē ia ki he ngaahi lea motuʻa ʻe tolu naʻe fakaʻatā ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻi he tohi tongi ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he ʻulu ʻo hono ʻAlo ne kalusefaí.”b ʻI he ʻuhinga ko ení, naʻe ʻikai kau ʻi he Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá ha liliu ki he faka-Sipeiní.

Fakahoa ʻa e Liliu Vulgate mo e Ngaahi Muʻaki Leá

Ko e natula tonu ʻo e Polikolotí naʻe ʻomai ai ʻa e ngaahi taʻefelotoi ʻi he haʻohaʻonga ʻo e kau mataotao naʻa nau kau hono faʻú. Ko e mataotao Sipeini ʻiloa ko Antonio de Nebrijac naʻe fakafatongiaʻi ki hono fakaleleiʻi ʻa e konga tohi ʻo e Vulgate ʻa ia ʻe hā ʻi he Tohi Tapu Polikolotí. Neongo ko e Siasi Katoliká naʻa nau vakai ki he Vulgate ʻa Selomé ko e liliu pē ia ʻe taha naʻe fakamafaiʻí, naʻe sio ʻa Nebrija ki he fiemaʻu ke fakahoa ʻa e Vulgate mo e muʻaki ngaahi konga tohi faka-Hepeluú, faka-Alameá mo e faka-Kalisí. Naʻá ne loto ke fakatonutonu ʻa e ngaahi fehālaaki mahino ʻa ia naʻe hūhū ki he ngaahi tatau ʻo e Vulgate naʻe kei maʻú.

Ke fakaleleiʻi ha ngaahi faikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Vulgate mo e ongo muʻaki leá, naʻe fakaʻaiʻai ai ʻe Nebrija ʻa Cisneros: “Toe tutuʻi ange ʻa e ongo ama teʻeki tutu ʻo ʻetau lotú, ʻa e lea faka-Hepeluú mo e faka-Kalisí. Fakapaleʻi kinautolu ʻoku līʻoa atu kinautolu ki he ngāué ni.” Pea naʻá ne toe fai ʻa e fokotuʻu ko ení: “Ko e taimi taki taha ʻoku hā ia ʻi ha faikehekehe ʻi he ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Latina ʻo e Fuakava Foʻoú, ʻoku totonu ke tau toe foki ki he ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Kalisí. Ko e taimi kotoa pē ʻoku ʻi ai ai ha taʻefeongoongoi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Latina kehekehe pe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Latina mo e faka-Kalisi ʻo e Fuakava Motuʻá, ʻoku totonu ke tau kumi ki he tonú ʻi he matavai alafalalaʻanga faka-Hepeluú.”

Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e tali ʻa Cisneros? ʻI heʻene talateu ki he Tohi Tapu Polikolotí, naʻe ʻikai ha veiveiua ʻa Cisneros ki heʻene fakakaukaú. “Kuo tau tuku ʻa e liliu faka-Latina ʻa e ʻofeina ko Selomé ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e sinakoké [ʻa e konga tohi faka-Hepelū] pea mo ia ʻa e Siasi ʻi he Hahaké [ʻa e konga tohi faka-Kalisí], ʻo hangē tofu pē ko hono tautau ʻo e ongo kaihaʻá, ʻo na taki taha ʻa e tafaʻaki ʻo Sīsuú, ʻa ia ʻokú ne fakafofonga ʻa e Siasi faka-Lomá pe faka-Latiná.” Ko ia ai, naʻe ʻikai fakaʻatā ʻe Cisneros ʻa Nebrija ke ne fakatonutonu ʻa e Vulgate Latiná ʻo fakatatau ki he konga tohi ʻo e muʻaki ngaahi leá. Fakaʻosí, naʻe fili ʻa Nebrija ke ne liʻaki ʻa e ngāué kae ʻikai tuku ke kau ʻa hono hingoá ʻi ha liliu taʻefeʻunga.

Comma Johanneum

Neongo ko e Tohi Tapu Polikoloti ʻa Alcalá de Henares naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ko ha sitepu lahi fakaʻulia ia ki muʻa ʻi hono faʻu ha konga tohi fakaleleiʻi ʻi he ngaahi muʻaki lea ʻo e Tohi Tapú, naʻe mālohi ʻi he taimi ki he taimi ʻa e tukufakaholó ʻi he tuʻunga mataotaó. Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻa e Vulgate ʻi ha tuʻunga māʻolunga pehē ʻo ongoʻi moʻuaʻaki ai ʻe he kau ʻētitá ʻi he taimi lahi ke fakatonutonu ʻa e konga tohi faka-Kalisi ʻo e “Fuakava Foʻoú” ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku fehoanakimālie ia mo e faka-Latiná kae ʻikai liliu ʻa e faka-Latiná ke fehoanaki mo e faka-Kalisí. Ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi fakatātā ko ení ko e konga tohi loi ʻoku ʻiloa ko e comma Johanneum.d ʻOku halaʻatā ke ʻi he muʻaki ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Kalisí ʻa e kupuʻi lea ko ení, ʻa ia ʻoku hā mahino naʻe fakahū ki ai ʻi he ngaahi senituli lahi hili hono tohi ʻe Sione ʻa ʻene tohí; naʻe ʻikai foki ke hā ia ʻi he ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Latina motuʻa taha ʻo e Vulgate. Ko ia ai, naʻe tāmateʻi ʻe ʻIlesimasi ʻa e fakalelei ko ení mei heʻene “Fuakava Foʻou” faka-Kalisí.

Ko e kau ʻētita ʻo e Polikolotí naʻa nau ongoʻi toumoua ke toʻo ha foʻi veesi ʻa ia kuo hoko ko ha konga ʻo e konga tohi Vulgate tukufakaholó ʻi he laui senituli. Ko ia ai, naʻa nau tauhi maʻu ʻa e liliu loí i he faka-Latiná pea fili ke liliu ia ʻo fakahū ki he konga tohi faka-Kalisí koeʻuhi ke fehoanakimālie ʻa e ongo kōlomú.

Ko ha Makatuʻunga ki he Ngaahi Liliu Tohi Tapu Foʻoú

Ko e mahuʻinga ʻo e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá ʻoku ʻikai fakatuʻunga pē ia ʻi he moʻoniʻi meʻa ko e ʻi loto ai ʻa e ʻuluaki pulusinga kuo pulusi kakato ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisí fakataha mo e ʻuluaki pulusinga ko ia ʻo e Septuagint. Hangē tofu pē ko e hoko ʻa e “Fuakava Foʻou” faka-Kalisi ʻa ʻIlesimasí ko e Konga Tohi kuo Maʻu ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisí (ʻa e makatuʻunga ki he ngaahi liliu lahi ki he ngaahi lea kehé), ko e konga tohi faka-Hepelū ʻo e Polikolotí naʻe ʻomai ai ha konga tohi fakaleleiʻi tefito ki he Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Hepelū-Alameá.e Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe Viliami Tinitale ʻa e Polikoloti tefito faka-Hepelū ko ení ki heʻene liliu ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he faka-Pilitāniá.

Ko ia ai, ko e ngāue mataotao ʻa e timi naʻá ne faʻu ʻa e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá naʻe tokoni lahi ia ki he laka ki muʻa ʻa e tuʻunga mataotao Fakatohitapú. Ko e pulusi ʻo iá naʻe hoko ia ʻi ha taimi naʻe kamata ai ʻe ha mahuʻingaʻia fakautuutu ʻi he Tohi Tapú ʻi ʻIulope kotoa ke ne fakaʻaiʻai ʻa hono liliu ki he lea anga-maheni ʻa e kakaí. Naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ʻa e hoko ʻa e Polikolotí ko e fehokotakinga ia ʻe taha ʻi he sēini ʻo e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻa ia naʻe tokoni ki hono fakaleleiʻi mo fakatolonga ʻa e konga tohi faka-Kalisí mo e faka-Hepeluú. Ko e meʻá ni kotoa ʻoku fehoanaki ia mo e taumuʻa fakaʻotua ʻa ia ‘ko e folofola ʻosiʻasivi ʻa Sihová,’ ‘ko e folofola ʻa hotau ʻOtuá ʻe tuʻu ʻo taʻengata.’—Sāme 18:30; Aisea 40:8; 1 Pita 1:25.​—Sāme 18:30; Aisea 40:8; 1 Pita 1:25.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 29]

Katinale Jiménez de Cisneros

[Maʻuʻanga Tā]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 30]

Antonio de Nebrija

[Maʻuʻanga Tā]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Maʻuʻanga Tā ʻi he peesi 28]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid