Ulawulo Lomntu Lulinganisiwe Esikalini

Icandelo 7—Iphulo Lezobupolitika Lokufuna ULawulo Olululo

UbuSoshiyali: yinkqubo yolawulo ekhuthaza ukuba yonke into ibe yekaRhulumente nokulawulwa kwemveliso abayigqala abaxhasi bobukomanisi njengenkqubo ephakathi kobukapitali nobukomanisi; UbuKomanisi: yinkqubo yolawulo ekhuthaza ukungacalucalulwa kwabantu, ukuba yonke imveliso ibe yeyomntu wonke, zize izinto eziyimveliso ephambili kwezoqoqosho zabelwe wonke umntu ngokulinganayo.

KWINTSOMI yamaGrike kubaliswa ngesithixo esithile samaGrike esasibizwa ngokuba nguCronus, ebudeni bexesha lokuba elaseGrisi lalinolawulo oluseluxolweni. IDictionary of the History of Ideas icacisa ukuba, “Bonke babesabelana ngokulinganayo, kwakungekho nto yamntu uthile, yaye kwakulawula uxolo nemvisiswano engaphazanyiswayo.” Kwalo mthombo mnye wongezelela ngelithi: “Imizila yokuqala yobusoshiyali ibonakala ekunqweneleni ‘iXesha Lolonwabo’ eladlulayo.”

Noko ke, kube kuphela ekuqaleni naphakathi kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19, eyathi yaqala ukubonakala inkqubo yobusoshiyali njengombutho wezobupolitika wale mihla. Yamkelwa ngokulula, ingakumbi eFransi, apho iMvukelo yaseFransi yayisele iyiguqule ngamandla indlela yabemi yokucinga. Apho, njengakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, iMvukelo Yezoshishino yabangela iingxaki ezinkulu ezingokwentlalo. Abantu babeyamkela ingcamango yokuba ubuncwane bumele bube bobabantu bonke bungabi bobabantu abathile nto leyo eyayiya kukwazi ukubangela ukuba izihlwele zifumane umvuzo olinganayo wokusebenza nzima kwazo ngokumanyeneyo.

UbuSoshiyali abuyongcamango intsha. Izithandi zobulumko zamaGrike uAristotle noPlato babhala ngabo. Kamva, ebudeni boHlaziyo lobuProtestanti lwenkulungwane ye-16, uThomas Müntzer, umfundisi waseJamani ongumKatolika nowayengumxhasi wenguqulelo, wagunyazisa ukuba luphele ucalucalulo lwabantu. Kodwa izimvo zakhe zazibangela imbuzwano, ingakumbi ukukhuthaza kwakhe imvukelo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuze kufikelelwe olu sukelo. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, uRobert Owen waseWales, uÉtienne Cabet noPierre-Joseph Proudhon baseFransi, nelinye iqela labathanda iinguqulelo kwezentlalo, phakathi kwalo ekwakukho abefundisi abaphambili, bafundisa ukuba ubusoshiyali bulelinye nje igama lobuKristu.

Iqela LikaMarx NoMore Labafuna ULawulo Olululo

“Akukho namnye umququzeleli wobusoshiyali owaba nentsabelo entle njengoKarl Marx, ekuye kwasoloko kubhekiselwa kwiincwadi zakhe xa kucingwa ngombandela wobusoshiyali,” itsho njalo incwadi yeembekiselo ecatshulwe ngasentla.a Lo kaMarx wafundisa ukuba ngokulwa nxamnye nocalucalulo, kwakuya kubakho inguqulelo ethe ngcembe njengoko ixesha lihamba; kwakuya kuthi kwakufumaneka eyona nkqubo ifanelekileyo yokulawula, landule ke eli phulo liphele. Le nkqubo ifanelekileyo yayiya kucombulula iingxaki elalinazo ibutho langaphambili. Wonke umntu wayeya kuhlala eluxolweni, ekhululekile, enempumelelo, kungekho mfuneko yarhulumente namikhosi yakulwa.

Oku kuvakala kufana gqitha noko kwachazwa sisithethi saseburhulumenteni eBritani uMhlekazi uThomas More ngowe-1516 kwincwadi yakhe ethi Utopia. Igama lesiGrike elithetha ukuthi “indawo engekhoyo” (ou-topos) laqanjwa ngulo kaMore, yaye kusenokuba wayedlala nje ngamagama ekusebenziseni kwakhe ibinzana elithi eu-topos, elithetha ukuthi “indawo elungileyo.” ULawulo Olululo awabhala ngalo lo kaMore yayililizwe lentelekelelo (indawo engekhoyo) ekwakuthetha ukuthi, sekunjalo, ilizwe elifanelekileyo (indawo elungileyo). Ngaloo ndlela, “uLawulo Olululo” lubhekisela “kwindawo enemithetho, urhulumente nemeko yayo yezentlalo egqibeleleyo.” Incwadi kaMore yayiyimbonakaliso ecacileyo yeemeko ezazintle ngokoqoqosho nangokwasentlalweni ezazikho ngelo xesha eYurophu, ingakumbi eNgilani, nezathi kamva zafak’ isandla ekuvelisweni kobusoshiyali.

Kwakhona iingcamango zikaMarx zazifana nqwa nezesithandi sobulumko esingumJamani uGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Ngokutsho kweDictionary of the History of Ideas, “inkqubo kaMarx yobusoshiyali neyayingathi sisityhilelo esingokonqulo, yayisekelwe kwintanda-bulumko nakwimfundiso eyinguqulelo yobuKristu kaHegel.” Ukuthintela ukubuyiselwa umva “yimfundiso eyinguqulelo yobuKristu,” umbhali uGeorg Sabine ucacisa ukuba, lo kaMarx wavelisa indlela “echukumisa gqitha yokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle, eyayixhaswa ziimvakalelo ezingokonqulo. Ubukhulu becala wayekhuthaza ukulwelwa kwempucuko namalungelo.” Ubusoshiyali babuyindlela yokuqinisekisa ikamva; ekusenokwenzeka ukuba abanye babecinga ukuba, ngenene babuyindlela entsha yobuKristu yokulwela inkululeko ngokunempumelelo!

Ukusuka KubuKapitali Ukuya KuLawulo Olululo

Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe uMarx wakwazi ukupapasha umqulu omnye kuphela wokuqala wencwadi yakhe ethi Das Kapital. Emibini yokugqibela yahlelwa yaza yapapashwa ngokulandelelana kwayo ngowe-1885 nowe-1894 lelona qabane lakhe lisenyongweni, uFriedrich Engels, isithandi sobulumko sezentlalo esingumJamani. Incwadi ethi Das Kapital yaba negalelo ekuchazeni imvelaphi engokwembali yobukapitali, inkqubo yezoqoqosho efana nqwa naleyo yolawulo-melo eNtshona. Busekelwe kurhwebo olungenamiqathango nokhuphiswano olungalawulwa nguRhulumente, ubukapitali njengoko buchazwa nguMarx bunikel’ ingqalelo kwisibakala sokuba imveliso noshishino zezomntu othile okanye umbutho othile kuphela. Ngokutsho kukaMarx, ubukapitali buvelisa abemi bodidi oluphakathi nodidi lwabasebenzi, nto leyo ebangela ubutshaba kula maqela mabini nokucinezelwa kodidi lwabasebenzi. Esebenzisa iincwadi zezazi ngezoqoqosho zamandulo ukuxhasa iingcamango zakhe, uMarx waqiqa ngelokuba ubukapitali enyanisweni abululo ulawulo-melo, yaye ubusoshiyali buyinkqubo epheleleyo yolawulo-melo, buyingenelo ebantwini ngokukhuthaza umgangatho olinganayo nenkululeko ebantwini.

ULawulo Olululo beluya kufikelelwa xa udidi lwabasebenzi luvukela luze lushenxise ingcinezelo yabemi bodidi oluphakathi, lumisela oko uMarx wayekubiza ngokuthi “lulawulo lobuzwilakhe lodidi lwabasebenzi.” (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 29.) Noko ke, iingcamango zakhe zashiywa lixesha. Waqalisa ukuvumela iingcamango ezimbini zemvukelo, leyo yohlobo logonyamelo naleyo ekubonakala ukuba ihlala ngokusisigxina, eqhubeka ngokuthe ngcembe. Oku kwaphakamisa umbuzo obangel’ umdla.

Ngaba ULawulo Olululo Lwaluza Kuzuzwa Ngemvukelo Okanye Ngamabona-ndenzile?

Igama elithi “communism” (ubukomanisi) livela kwelesiLatini elithi communis, elithetha ukuthi “zonke izinto zezomntu wonke.” Njengobusoshiyali, ubukomanisi bubonisa ukuba ukuzimela geqe kwamashishini kukhokelela kukungaqeshwa, kubuhlwempu, ukungazinzi kwezoshishino nakwizidube-dube ezingokwengqesho. Isicombululo kwezi ngxaki sikukwaba ubutyebi belizwe ngokulinganayo nangobulungisa.

Kodwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane edluleyo, laliselinqumil’ inqatha kubalandeli bakaMarx ngendlela yokufikelela ezi njongo zokuzingca ngolu hlobo. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1900, elo qela lobusoshiyali elalingavumelani nemvukelo enogonyamelo kwaye likhuthaza ukuba kusetyenziswe inkqubo yepalamente yolawulo-melo laba nabalandeli abaninzi, likhulela koko ngoku kubizwa ngokuba lulawulo-melo lobusoshiyali. Obu bubusoshiyali obufumaneka namhlanje kumazwe olawulo-melo anjengelaseNtshona Jamani, eFransi naseBritani. Ngazo zonke iindlela, la maqela aye ayityeshela ingcamango kaMarx yaye kuphela nje anomdla wokuvelisa urhulumente oza kubangela intlalo-ntle kubemi bakhe.

Noko ke, omnye umlandeli kaMarx ozinikeleyo, owayekholelwa ngamandla ukuba uLawulo Olululo lobukomanisi lunokufikelelwa kuphela ngemvukelo enogonyamelo yayinguLenin. Iimfundiso zakhe, ndawonye nezikaMarx, zasebenza njengesiseko sobukomanisi besithethe. ULenin, ogama lakhe lokwenene linguVladimir Ilich Ulyanov, wazalelwa kwindawo ngoku eyiRashiya ngowe-1870. Ngowe-1889 waguqukela ekubeni ngumlandeli kaMarx. Emva kowe-1900, emva kokubalekela kwakhe eSiberia, ubukhulu becala wahlala eNtshona Yurophu. Xa lwathi lwabhukuqwa ulawulo lweeczar (abalawuli baseRashiya), wabuyela eRashiya, waza waseka iQela lobuKomanisi laseRashiya, waza wakhokela kwiMvukelo yeeBolshevik. Emva koko wasebenza waba ngumlawuli wokuqala waseRashiya de wafa ngowe-1924. Wayeligqala iQela lobuKomanisi njengeliqeqesheke ngokona kona, amaqela athile emvukelo awayemiselwe ngurhulumente ayengawokukhusela udidi lwabasebenzi. Abalandeli bobuMenshevik abazange bavumelane noku.​—⁠Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 29.

Akusekho mahluko ucacileyo phakathi kwenguqulelo ebangelwa yimvukelo nokuzenzekela kwezinto ngamabona-ndenzile. Ngowe-1978 incwadi ethi Comparing Political Systems: Power and Policy in Three Worlds yathi: “Ubukomanisi buye abaqiniseka ngendlela obumele buqhubeke ngayo ukuze bufikelele usukelo lwabo lobuSoshiyali. . . . Umahluko phakathi kobuKomanisi noLawulo-melo lobuSoshiyali uye wancitshiswa ngamandla”. Ngoku, ngowe-1990, la mazwi anentsingiselo engakumbi njengoko ubukomanisi buye baguquka ngokuphawulekayo kwiMpuma Yurophu.

Ubukomanisi Bungenisa Unqulo Kwakhona

“Sifuna imilinganiselo engokomoya . . . Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha eyaveliswa lunqulo yaza yahlala ikho kangangeenkulungwane ikwanokunceda emsebenzini wokuhlaziya ilizwe lethu.” Bambalwa gqitha abantu ababecinga ukuba baya kuze baweve loo mazwi ephuma emlonyeni kasosiba jikelele weQela lobuKomanisi laseRashiya. Kodwa ngoNovemba 30, 1989, uMikhail Gorbachev wavakalisa le nguqulelo iphawulekayo ngonqulo ebudeni bexesha awayetyelele ngalo eItali.

Ngaba mhlawumbi oku kuxhasa imfundiso yokuba wona ngokwawo amaKristu okuqala ayengamakomanisi, eqhelisela uhlobo oluthile lobuKristu bobusoshiyali? Abanye abantu batsho njalo, besalatha kwiZenzo 4:​32, apho kuthiwa ngamaKristu eYerusalem: “Kwaye kungekho namnye ubesithi kukho nto iyeyakhe empahleni yakhe.” Noko ke, uphando lubonisa ukuba, oku kwaba lilungiselelo nje lokwexeshana elalibangelwe ziimeko ezingaphephekiyo, ingeyiyo inkqubo esisigxina “yobuKristu” bobusoshiyali. Ngenxa yokuba abelana ngezinto zokwenyama ngendlela yothando, “kwakungekho namnye phakathi kwabo, owayeswele.” Ewe, “elowo esabelwa njengoko ebesukuba eswele ngako.”​—⁠IZenzo 4:​34, 35.

I“Glasnost” ne“Perestroika”

Ukususela kwiinyanga zokugqibela zowe-1989, iRashiya nabanye oorhulumente abakunye nayo kulawulo lobuKomanisi kwiMpuma Yurophu baye banenguqulelo edida ingqondo kwezobupolitika. Ngenxa yenkqubo yeglasnost, okanye yokuthetha phandle, ezi nguqulelo ziye zabonwa nguwonke wonke. Abemi baseMpuma Yurophu baye bafuna ngegunya iinguqulelo ezininzi gqitha abaye, ngokomlinganiselo othile, bazifumana. Iinkokeli zobukomanisi ziye zayivuma imfuneko yenkqubo ebonakalisa ubuntu obungakumbi nebonakalisa uthando zaza “zaguqulela ubushoshiyali ekubeni lulawulo olunokhanyo olungakumbi nolukwazi ngakumbi ukwanelisa iintswelo zabantu,” njengoko esinye isazi ngezoqoqosho sasePoland sikubeka oku ngolo hlobo.

Oyena uphambili kwezi nkokeli ngokaGorbachev, othe, kungekudala emva kokuqalisa kwakhe ukulawula ngowe-1985, wamisela ingcamango yeperestroika (ukuqulunqwa okutsha). Ebudeni botyelelo lwakhe eItali, wayithethelela iperestroika njengento efunekayo ukuze kujanyelwane nocelomngeni lweminyaka yee-1990. Wathi: “Ekubeni sele kuqalisiwe kwindlela yokwenza iinguqulelo ezinkulu, amazwe obusoshiyali aqalisa ikhondo eliya kuwenza ukuba angaphinde akwazi ukuhlehlela kwimeko yexesha elidluleyo. Sekunjalo, kuphosakele ukugxininisa sisithi, njengoko abaninzi eNtshona besenjenjalo, oku kukuwohloka kobusoshiyali. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yobusoshiyali iya kuqhubeka isebenzisa iindlela zayo ezininzi zohambelo phambili.”

Ngoko iinkokeli zobukomanisi azikakulungeli ukuvumelana noko kwathethwa ngonyaka ophelileyo ngumbhali wemihlathi yamaphephandaba uCharles Krauthammer, owabhala esithi: “Umbuzo oye wazingisa minyaka le kwizithandi zobulumko ukususela kwixesha likaPlato othi​—⁠luluphi olona hlobo lulungileyo lorhulumente?⁠—​uye waphendulwa. Emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela zokuzama zonke iinkqubo zobupolitika, eli waka leminyaka siliqukumbela sinolwazi oluqinisekileyo lokuba siye salufikelela ulawulo-melo olukhululekileyo noluvumela iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobukapitali.”

Noko ke, iphephandaba laseJamani iDie Zeit liyivuma ngokuphandle imeko-bume elusizi ebangelwa lulawulo-melo njengaleyo yaseNtshona, lisalathisela ingqalelo “kukungaqeshwa, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala neziyobisi, ubunongogo, ukuncitshiswa kweenkqubo zokunceda abantu, ukutsalwa kwerhafu nokunganeli koqingqo-mali okukhoyo apho,” landula ke libe nalo mbuzo: “Ngaba ngenene lo ngumbutho ogqibeleleyo obusoloko ugqwesa kubusoshiyali?”

Kukho intetho eqhelekileyo ethi susa umqadi kwelakho iliso kuqala wandule ke ukubona isibi elisweni lomnye. Luluphi uhlobo lorhulumente olunokukwazi ukugxeka ubuthathaka bolunye? Izibakala zibonisa ukuba alukho uhlobo lorhulumente womntu ogqibeleleyo​—⁠uLawulo Olululo. Abezobupolitika basakhangela “indawo elungileyo.” Kunangoku leyo ‘yindawo engekhoyo.’

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 29]

AMAGAMA ASETYENZISWA KUBUSOSHIYALI NAKUBUKOMANISI

UBUBOLSHEVIK/UBUMENSHEVIK: IQela LobuSoshiyali Nelimele Abasebenzi baseRashiya elasekwa ngowe-1898 laqhekeka laba ngamaqela amabini ngowe-1903; ubuBolshevik, gama elo ngokoqobo elithetha “iqela elimele uninzi,” elaliphantsi koLenin, owayekhuthaza ukuwagcina amaqela emancinane, eneqela labavukeli abambalwa abaqeqeshekileyo; ubuMenshevik, gama elo elithetha “iqela elimele abambalwa,” elalikhuthaza ukuba namalungu amaninzi nelalisebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo-melo.

UDIDI LWABAPHAKATHI/UDIDI LWABASEBENZI: UMarx wafundisa ukuba udidi lwabasebenzi lwaluya kulubhukuqa udidi lwabaphakathi (kuquka nabanini bemizi-mveliso), luze lumisele “ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lodidi lwabasebenzi,” ngaloo ndlela luvelisa ibutho labantu elingenalucalucalulo.

ICOMINTERN: Isishunqulelo segama elithi Communist International (okanye, iThird International), umbutho owamiselwa nguLenin ngowe-1919 ukukhuthaza ubukomanisi; ekubeni wachithwa ngowe-1943, wandulelwa ngoweFirst International (ngowe-1864-76), owaba ngunozala wamaqela amaninzi obusoshiyali kwelaseYurophu, neSecond International (ngowe-1889-1919), ipalamente yamazwe ngamazwe yamaqela obusoshiyali.

INKQUBO YOKUBHENGEZA UBUKOMANISI: Isekelwe kwingxelo yowe-1848 eyenziwa nguMarx noEngels abaxhasi abaphambili benzululwazi yobusoshiyali eyaba sisiseko kangangethuba elide lobuSoshiyali baseYurophu namaqela obuKomanisi.

UBUKOMANISI BASEYUROPHU: Ubukomanisi baseNtshona Yurophu bamaqela obuKomanisi; obabungekho phantsi kolawulo lweRashiya nobabukulungele ukuba phantsi koorhulumente abamanyeneyo, buphikisa ngelithi “ulawulo lodidi lwabasebenzi” alusafuneki.

UBUSOSHIYALI BOLAWULO OLULULO OBUNGOKWENZULULWAZI: Amagama awayesetyenziswa nguMarx ukwahlula phakathi kweemfundiso zakhe, asenokuba ayesekelwe kuhlolisiso olungokwenzululwazi lwembali neencwadi zobukapitali nakwiimfundiso zobona busoshiyali boLawulo Olululo babo babengaphambi kwakhe.