Vanyori Vaizviti vaKristu—Vaitsigira chiKristu Here Kana Kuti Vaida Kuva Vazivi?

MAKUNAKUNA, kuponda vana, uye kudya nyama yevanhu—ndizvo zvinhu zvisina musoro zvaipomerwa vaKristu muzana remakore rechipiri C.E. Izvi zvakaita kuti vapedzisire vatambudzwa zvokuti vanyori vaizviti vaKristu vakafunga kuti vaifanira kutsigira zvavaitenda. Vanyori ava vakazozivikanwa sevatsigiri vezvavaitenda, vaiva nechinangwa chokuratidza kuti chitendero chavo chakanga chisina mhosva kuitira kuti vafarirwe nevatungamiriri veRoma uye nevanhuwo zvavo. Zvavaida kuita izvi zvaiva nengozi, nokuti mambo wacho nevanhu vacho kazhinji vaizofara kana vanhu vachinge vaita zvavaida ivo. Paivawo nengozi yokuti vaitozonyanya kutambudzwa kana kuti kudira mvura dzidziso dzechiKristu nokuita zvaidiwa namambo nevanhu vake. Vanyori vaizviti vaKristu ava vakatsigira sei zvavaitenda? Vakataurei? Uye zvakaguma nei?

Vanyori Vaizviti vaKristu Uye Umambo hweRoma

Vanyori vaizviti vaKristu ava vaiva vanhu vakadzidza vomuzana remakore rechipiri nerechitatu. Justin Martyr, Clement wokuAlexandria, naTertullian ndevamwe vacho vakanga vakakurumbira chaizvo.a Vainyanya kunyorera vahedheni nevatungamiriri veRoma, vaine chinangwa chokutsanangura zvavaitenda sevaKristu, uye zvakawanda zvacho vaizvitora muBhaibheri. Chinotokosha ndechokuti vanyori ava havana kuita zvaidiwa nevaivatambudza, vakaramba zvavaipomerwa, uye vakaita kuti vaKristu vaonekwe zvakanaka.

Chimwe chainyanya kurwirwa nevanyori ava ndechokuti vaite kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vave nechokwadi chokuti vaKristu vakanga vasiri vavengi vamambo kana kuti vehurumende. Tertullian akati nezvamambo, “Mwari wedu ndiye akamugadza,” uye Athenagoras akatsigira pfungwa yokuti umambo hwaifanira kuitwa zvokugarwa nhaka, zvichibva zvaita kuti apindire zvematongerwo enyika panguva iyoyo. Pavakaita izvi, havana kuteerera mashoko aJesu Kristu uyo akati: “Umambo hwangu hahusi hwenyika ino.”—Johani 18:36.

Vanyori ava vakatopawo pfungwa yokuti umambo hweRoma hubatane nechitendero chechiKristu. Maererano nezvakanyorwa naMelito, masangano acho ari maviri akashanda pamwe chete, uye akaita kuti umambo hwacho hubudirire. Munyori asingazivikanwi zita rake webhuku rinonzi The Epistle to Diognetus akati vaKristu ‘ndivo vaiita kuti nyika ibatane.’ Tertullian akanyora kuti vaKristu vakanyengeterera kuti umambo hwacho hubudirire uye kuti kuguma kwenyika kumboti mirei kwozouya pava paya. Saka izvi zvakaita sokuti kuuya kwoUmambo hwaMwari kwakanga kusina hako basa.—Mateu 6:9, 10.

“ChiKristu” Chinova Uzivi

Muzivi anonzi Celsus akatsvinyira vaKristu achivati “vashandi, vanogadzira shangu, varimi, vanhu vasina ruzivo kupfuura vamwe vose uye vanongoita zvoupenzi.” Vanyori vakatadza kutsungirira kutsvinyirwa uku. Kuti vafarirwe nevanhu, vane zvimwe zvavakatanga kuita. Pazvakangorambwa, vakatanga kushandisa uchenjeri hwenyika nechinangwa chokuti “vaKristu” vabatsirwe. Somuenzaniso, Clement wokuAlexandria akaona uzivi “sedzidziso yechokwadi inotaura nezvaMwari.” Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo Justin aiti ari kuramba uzivi hwechihedheni, ndiye akatanga kushandisa mutauro wevazivi nepfungwa dzaibudisa zvaifungwa neva“Kristu,” achiona sokuti uzivi uhwu hwakanga “husina chakaipa uye huchibatsira.”

Kubva panguva iyi, vakanga vasingachashori uzivi, asi vakanga vava kuita kuti uzivi hwemafungiro echiKristu huratidze kuti hwakakwirira kupfuura hwevahedheni. Justin akanyora kuti: “Pane dzimwe pfungwa tinodzidzisa zvakafanana nevadetembi nevazivi vamunokudza, asi pane zvimwe tinodzidzisa zvakazara uye zvinonyanya kutaura nezvaMwari kuvapfuura.” Sezvo vakanga vava kushandisa nzira itsva dzaidiwa nevanhu kuti vataure pfungwa dzavo dzouzivi, mafungiro echi“Kristu” akanga ava kuremekedzwa. Vanyori ava vakataura kuti mabhuku echiKristu akanga ava nemakore anyorwa pane evaGiriki uye kuti vaprofita vomuBhaibheri vakararama vazivi vechiGiriki vasati vatombovapo. Vamwe vanyori vakatoguma vati vazivi vaitevedzera vaprofita pane zvavainyora. Plato akanzi aiva mudzidzi waMosesi!

ChiKristu Chinokanganiswa

Nzira itsva iyi yakaita kuti vasanganise chiKristu nouzivi hwechihedheni. Vakaenzanisa vanamwari vechiGiriki nevanhu vomuBhaibheri. Jesu akaenzaniswa naPerseus; uye kubata pamuviri kwaMariya kwakaenzaniswa nokwamai vaPerseus, Danaë, ainzi aivawo mhandara.

Dzimwe dzidziso dzakachinjwa chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, muBhaibheri Jesu anonzi “Logos,” kureva kuti “Shoko” raMwari, kana kuti Munhu anotaura achimumiririra. (Johani 1:1-3, 14-18; Zvakazarurwa 19:11-13) Kwokutanga-tanga, sezvaiitwa nevazivi, dzidziso iyi yakavhiringidzwa naJustin, uyo akashandisa zvinhu zviviri zvinogona kurehwa neshoko rechiGiriki rokuti logos: “shoko” uye “kushandisa pfungwa.” Akati, vaKristu vakagamuchira shoko muna Kristu pachake. Zvisinei, shoko rokuti logos parinenge richireva kushandisa pfungwa rinowanikwa mumunhu wose, kusanganisira vahedheni. Saka akagumisa kuti, vaya vanorarama vachiti munhu anofanira kushandisa pfungwa pane zvaanoita ndivo vaKristu, kunyange vaya vaizviti havatendi kuti kuna Mwari kana kuti vaifungirwa kuti havatendi kuti ariko, sezvakaita Socrates nevamwe.

Uyezve vanyori vaizviti vaKristu, vanosanganisira Tertullian pavakamanikidzira kuti Jesu nelogos youzivi hwechiGiriki zvibatane, izvo zvaiva nechokuita naMwari, vakatanga zvinhu zvakazoguma zvaita kuti vaKristu vatende dzidziso yokuti kuna vanamwari vatatu.b

Shoko rokuti “mweya” rinowanika muBhaibheri kanenge ka750, tichisanganisira kanopfuura ka70 mumagwaro echiGiriki. Rinoreva zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinofa, vangava vanhu kana kuti mhuka. (1 VaKorinde 15:45; Jakobho 5:20; Zvakazarurwa 16:3) Zvisinei, vanyori vakamonyorotsa dzidziso iyi yeBhaibheri nokuibatanidza nouzivi hwaPlato hwokuti mweya wakasiyana nomuviri, hauoneki uye haufi. Minucius Felix akatoti kutenda kuti kuchava nokumutswa kwevakafa kwakatangira padzidziso yaPythagoras yokuti mweya unotama-tama. Zvaidzidziswa nevaGiriki zvakanga zvaita kuti vatsauke chaizvo pane zvaidzidziswa neBhaibheri!

Chisarudzo Chisina Kunaka

Vamwe vanyori vakaona ngozi yaizogona kukonzerwa nouzivi kuchitendero chechiKristu. Asi kunyange zvazvo vakatsoropodza vazivi, vakanga vachiri kuda zvaitaurwa nevazivi zvavaiona sokuti zvairatidza ungwaru. Somuenzaniso, Tatian akashora vazivi kuti hapana chakanaka chavakanga vaita asiwo chitendero chevaKristu akachiti “uzivi hwedu” achibva ataura zvaaifungidzira nezvouzivi. Ukuwo Tertullian akatsoropodza uzivi hwechihedheni pamafungiro evaKristu. Asiwo, akati akanga achida kutevera tsoka dza“Justin, muzivi uye akafira kutenda; Miltiades, muzivi wemachechi,” nevamwewo. Athenagoras aizviti “muzivi wechiKristu wokuAtene.” Kana ari Clement, zvinonzi aifunga kuti “uzivi hunogona kushandiswa zvine musoro nomuKristu kuti humuyamure kuva nouchenjeri uye kutsigira zvaanotenda.”

Pasinei nokuti vanyori ava vangave vakabudirira zvakadini pakutsigira zvavaitenda, hapana mubvunzo kuti pane chikuru chavakakanganisa pavaizvidzivirira. Sei tichidaro? Muapostora Pauro akayeuchidza vaKristu kuti pazvombo zvokunamata zvavaiva nazvo, hapana chine simba se“shoko raMwari,” “benyu uye rine simba.” Pauro akati, naro “tinoputsa kufunga nechinhu chose chakakwirira chinomutsirwa kupesana nokuziva Mwari.”—VaHebheru 4:12; 2 VaKorinde 10:4, 5; VaEfeso 6:17.

Pausiku hwokupedzisira asati aurayiwa, Jesu akaudza vadzidzi vake kuti: “Shingai! Ini ndakunda nyika.” (Johani 16:33) Miedzo nematambudziko zvaakatarisana nazvo munyika zvakanga zvisina kukunda kutenda kwake nokuvimbika kwake kuna Baba vake. Saizvozvowo, muapostora wokupedzisira kufa Johani akanyora kuti: “Uku ndiko kukunda kwatakakunda nyika nakwo, iko kutenda kwedu.” (1 Johani 5:4) Kunyange zvazvo vanyori vaida kutsigira chiKristu, vakaita chisarudzo chisina kunaka pavakagamuchira pfungwa dzouzivi hwenyika uye maitiro aiitwa nenyika okuda kuzvidzivirira. Pavakadaro, vanyori ava vakabvuma kunyengedzwa nouzivi uhwu hwenyika, uye vakatobvuma kuti nyika ivakunde ivo neboka ravo rechiKristu. Saka pane kuva vatsigiri vokutenda kwechokwadi kwechiKristu, vanyori vechechi yakatanga-tanga, zvichida vasingatozivi, vakawira mumusungo wakanga waiswa naSatani, uyo “anoramba achizvichinja kuva ngirozi yechiedza.”—2 VaKorinde 11:14.

Vafundisi vemachechi nevazivi vezvitendero vemazuva ano vari kungoitawo zvakafanana. Pane kutsigira chiKristu chechokwadi vachishandisa Shoko raMwari, kazhinji vanodira mvura Bhaibheri vachitevedzera uzivi hwenyika pane zvavanodzidzisa kuitira kuti vaite zvinodiwa noruzhinji. Pane kunyevera vanhu nezvezvakaipira kutevedzera tsika dzisiri dzomumagwaro dzinoitwa nenyika, vava vadzidzisi vanoedza nepavanogona napo kuti “vafadze nzeve” dzevateereri vavo kuitira kuti vawane vakawanda vanovatevera. (2 Timoti 4:3) Sezvakangoitwa nevanyori vaya vokutanga, zvinonzwisa tsitsi kuti vadzidzisi ava havana kuteerera nyevero yevaapostora yokuti: “Chenjerai: zvichida pangava nomumwe munhu angaenda nemi semhuka yake yaabata nouzivi uye nounyengeri husina zvahunobatsira maererano netsika yevanhu, maererano nezvinhu zvokutanga zvenyika, kwete maererano naKristu.” Uye tinoyeuchidzwa kuti “kuguma kwavo kuchava maererano nemabasa avo.”—VaKorose 2:8; 2 VaKorinde 11:15.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 31]

“Tinoputsa kufunga nechinhu chose chakakwirira chinomutsirwa kupesana nokuziva Mwari.”—2 VAKORINDE 10:5

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 28]

Justin aiona sokuti kutevedzera uzivi kwakanga “kusina kuipa uye kwaibatsira”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Clement aiona uzivi “sedzidziso yechokwadi inotaura nezvaMwari”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Uzivi hwaTertullian hwakaita kuti vanhu vatange kutenda dzidziso yokuti kuna vanamwari vatatu

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Tatian akati chiKristu “uzivi hwedu”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 30]

Vafundisi nevazivi vezvitendero vemazuva ano vari kungoitawo zvakafanana nezvakaitwa nevanyori

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 31]

Muapostora Pauro akanyevera kuti vangwarire uzivi nounyengeri hwevanhu

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 29]

Clement: Historical Pictures Service; Tertullian: © Bibliothèque nationale de France